World Travels

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Primary Schools and Population in Bulgaria

Distribution of Schools

The statistical tables for the school year 1903-1904 show that almost all schools of the different nationalities in Bulgaria were mixed schools, including those of the Mahommedans and Tartars.

Of all the schools in Bulgaria, 75.27% were Bulgarian—this includes national, private, Protestant, Catholic, and Mahommedan schools. The remaining 24.73% belonged to other nationalities, such as Turkish, Greek, Jewish, French, German, Armenian, Roumanian, and Lipovane.

Schools Compared to Population

According to the census of January 1, 1901, the Principality of Bulgaria had a total population of 3,744,283, with 1,909,567 males and 1,834,716 females.

During the school year 1903-1904, there were 4,344 schools, which means there was approximately one school for every 862 people Customised Private Istanbul Tour.

However, this proportion varies among different nationalities:

For the Bulgarian population (2,887,860), there was one school for every 943 inhabitants.

For the Mahommedan population (539,656), one school for every 563 inhabitants.

For the Greek population (70,887), one school for every 1,337 inhabitants.

For the Jewish population (32,573), one school for every 1,018 inhabitants.

This shows that smaller minority communities often had fewer schools per person compared to the majority Bulgarian population.

Number of Students

The total number of students in all schools was 340,668, including 220,620 boys and 120,048 girls. The distribution by nationality was as follows:

Schools Boys Girls Total Students Bulgarian national 167,760 94,541 262,301 Bulgarian private 1,243 505 1,748 Bulgarian Mahommedan 805 343 1,148 Bulgarian Catholic 246 196 442 Bulgarian Protestant 113 104 217 Turkish 23,537 20,051 43,588 Greek 3,173 1,673 4,846 Jewish 2,694 1,659 4,353 Armenian — 367 793 French — 297 309 Tartar — 141 115 German — 115 88 Roumanian — 139 109 Lipovane — — 16

Observations

These statistics show that the Bulgarian schools accounted for the vast majority of students, reflecting the size of the Bulgarian population. Minority communities had smaller numbers of schools and students, but all had access to education according to the national law.

The data also highlight the importance of mixed schools, which helped promote education for both boys and girls across all nationalities in the Principality.

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Citizens’ Right to Petition

In Bulgaria, citizens have the right to petition the National Assembly. This means that any individual or group may present a request or complaint to the Assembly. The Assembly then examines the petition and takes into account the opinion of the competent ministers before making a decision. This ensures that the concerns of the people are heard and considered in the governance of the country.

Law-Making and Legislative Authority

The National Assembly has exclusive authority over laws. No law can be enacted, amended, or completed without being examined and approved by the Assembly. It also has the right to interpret the true meaning of any law. This system ensures that the legal framework of the country remains clear, consistent, and in accordance with the Constitution Istanbul Tours Guide.

All actions of the government must be based on laws that have been passed and officially promulgated. Nothing can be done unless it is explicitly allowed by a law sanctioned by the sovereign authority, acting on behalf of the nation. Citizens are informed of these laws so that they understand their rights and duties. In this way, the people are governed by laws, not by individuals or government institutions acting on their own authority.

Exceptions in Emergency Situations

In special cases, such as when the country faces internal unrest or foreign threats, this constitutional guarantee may be temporarily suspended. During these emergencies, the executive authorities may issue orders that have the force of law. Even in such cases, the National Assembly remains the final authority to decide whether the necessary conditions for the validity of a law have been met.

Rule of Law

The Bulgarian system emphasizes that citizens are protected under the law, and the actions of the state must always follow legal procedures. By granting the Assembly the final power to interpret laws and ensuring that citizens’ petitions are considered, the Constitution guarantees a balance between authority and the rights of the people. This principle forms the foundation of Bulgaria’s modern political and administrative organization.

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Ottoman Objections to the Proposed Reforms

During the Constantinople Conference, the Ottoman plenipotentiaries were allowed to present an alternative plan. They strongly protested against two key points of the Powers’ proposal: the appointment of Christian Governors and the establishment of a Commission of International Control. These points were central to the plan, as they guaranteed fairness and proper execution of the reforms.

The plan of the Powers was carefully prepared, based on notes and discussions exchanged between European Cabinets, especially the Austrian note of December 30, 1875. The Powers insisted on keeping the Christian Governors and the international supervision because no other measure would ensure that the reforms were actually carried out Guided Tours Turkey.

Failure of the Conference

Despite some concessions on minor points, the Ottoman representatives refused to compromise. They would not accept the presence of Christian governors or foreign supervision. As a result, the Conference ended without any agreement. The situation in the Balkans was growing tense, and the threat of war loomed over the region.

The Outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War

War finally broke out on April 12, 1877, when Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government, which had stubbornly refused reforms, was forced to yield by military action. The conflict led to the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, signed in March 1878.

Creation of the Autonomous Bulgarian Principality

The Treaty of San Stefano established Bulgaria as an autonomous Principality, still technically under Ottoman suzerainty (Article 6). Importantly, Bulgaria was granted a Christian government, reflecting the demands of the Bulgarian people, and a national militia for defense and internal security. These measures marked a major step toward independence, correcting decades of injustice and oppression under Ottoman rule.

Significance

The refusal of the Ottoman Empire at the Constantinople Conference and the subsequent victory of Bulgarian interests through war demonstrate how diplomatic efforts and armed struggle together shaped the foundation of modern Bulgaria. It also shows the critical role of international support in securing national rights and autonomy.

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Repairs and Attacks on the Harbour Walls of Constantinople

Early Defenses and the Role of Manuel Phakrase Catacuzene

In the 14th century, the Byzantine Empire was often under threat from both external enemies and local rivals. Among the defenders of the empire was Manuel Phakrase Catacuzene, who gained distinction during the defense of Selivria in 1341 and later in the siege of Galata in 1351. His efforts symbolized the constant vigilance needed to protect Constantinople from ambitious powers such as the Genoese.

The Genoese Attack of 1434

Almost a century later, in 1434, the Harbour Walls of Constantinople once again required attention. The reason was another Genoese attack. At that time, Genoa had sent an expedition to capture the city of Kaffa in Crimea. When the expedition failed, the Genoese turned their attention toward a much larger prize: the capture of Constantinople.

With a fleet carrying nearly 8,000 troops, they boldly approached the capital. Their attack, however, was successfully repelled by the Byzantines, and the defeated Genoese fleet had no choice but to return to Italy Bulgaria Tours.

Continued Genoese Resistance

Despite this setback, the Genoese colony of Galata refused to give up the struggle. They began bombarding Constantinople’s walls with cannon fire, destroying several warehouses and even damaging a tower near the Gate Basilike. This act of aggression shocked the city, but once again, the defenders held firm.

The attack ended in failure, and as punishment, the Genoese colony was forced to pay an indemnity of one thousand gold pieces to cover the damage caused. This event highlights both the determination of the Genoese and the resilience of the city’s defenses.

Inscriptions Recording Repairs

Historical evidence of these events and repairs comes from two inscriptions preserved by Dr. A. D. Mordtmann in his work on the last siege of Constantinople. These inscriptions are particularly valuable because they record who was responsible for certain repairs made to the Sea of Marmara fortifications, at a time when the empire was trembling before the advancing Ottoman power.

The Inscription of Lucas Notaras

One inscription was found on a section of wall between Ahour Kapoussi and Tchatlady Kapou. It read:

“Of Luke Notaras, the Interpreter.”

This Lucas Notaras later became the Grand Duke of Constantinople, one of the most prominent figures during the tragic fall of the city in 1453. At the time of the repairs, however, he held the position of interpreter (dragoman) for Emperor John VII Palaiologos, helping to conduct delicate negotiations with Sultan Murad II.

The office of interpreter was highly respected, having grown in importance because of the frequent diplomatic interactions between Byzantium and foreign states. It had also been held earlier by Nicholas Notaras, the father of Lucas.

The Inscription of George Brankovitch

The second inscription stood on a tower between Koum Kapoussi and Yeni Kapou. It recorded that repairs in 1448 were carried out at the expense of George Brankovitch, the powerful Despot of Serbia. His contribution shows how allies and neighboring rulers sometimes invested in the defense of Constantinople, understanding that its survival also protected their own interests.

The attacks and repairs of the 14th and 15th centuries show the strategic importance of the Harbour Walls of Constantinople. They were not only a defense against foreign fleets like those of Genoa but also a symbol of Byzantine resilience in the face of decline. Figures such as Lucas Notaras and George Brankovitch demonstrate how individuals and neighboring states played roles in maintaining the city’s defenses.

Though the empire would ultimately fall in 1453, these efforts reveal the determination of Byzantium to defend itself until the very end.

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Entering Hellenic Ground

When you leave Brindisi, heading east, you enter Hellenic land, the land of Greece. The Adriatic Sea, though often praised for its beauty, is known to have an unpredictable temperament. While it’s often called “the blue Adriatic,” “the gem of seas,” or “the sapphire sea,” it is also known as “the stormy Adriatic.” An experienced sailor once told me, “It can stir up more waves than the Atlantic Ocean with the slightest provocation.”

Steamers to Greece

The steamers to Greece usually leave Brindisi at midnight, so they can arrive at the Greek coast early in the morning. When you wake up, you might be able to see the sunrise over the Albanian mountains of Turkey, which are often covered with snow. This marks your arrival in the land of mythology. Every island, mountain, and valley here is linked to a Greek legend or an ancient battle from the classical world. You’ll find that the places and names of ancient history feel real and familiar as you look at them from the deck of the steamer.

The Island of Corfu

The first stop in Greece is Corfu, a beautiful island located off the coast of Turkey. Here, you get your first look at oriental life and its customs. Tourists often get excited and start taking pictures of everything, from the ruins to the unique scenes that remind them of the warriors, heroes, and philosophers they read about in their studies. Greece is full of such historical sites Private Sofia Tours.

Ithaca and the Odyssey

Ithaca, the island connected to Odysseus, stirs strong memories. According to Homer’s Odyssey, after being shipwrecked, Ulysses (Odysseus) landed on Corfu. He swam to the shore and, to protect himself from the cold, made a bed of dead leaves on the rocks. After enduring great hardships and dangers, he fell into a deep, dreamless sleep. There, he was discovered by Nausicaa, the daughter of King Alcinous. Homer describes Nausicaa’s beauty in detail, and she led Ulysses to her father’s palace. The palace had lovely gardens with delicious fruits, marking the beginning of Ulysses’ return journey after many years.

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Agriculture and Economy of Bulgaria

Almost 47% of Bulgaria’s land is used for pasture. The country raises a variety of livestock, including sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and pigs. Among these, wool is the most valuable product, and it is primarily exported to Austria and Germany. Another significant source of income is the export of hides and skins. Each year, Bulgaria ships over five million sheep pelts to international markets.

The main agricultural product in Bulgaria is wheat, which is exported mainly to Germany and Turkey. Additionally, Bulgaria has a very profitable industry that involves the distillation of attar of roses, a highly valued oil. This industry is especially important in the provinces along the Black Sea, and Bulgaria is famous for producing some of the best rose oil in the world Private Tour Ephesus.

The Bulgarian Language

The Bulgarian language is unique and is a type of Slavonic language. It shares some similarities with Russian, but it is not the same. It can be compared to how Scotch is related to English. Although Bulgarian includes Greek letters in its alphabet and has some Greek words in its vocabulary, it is fundamentally a Slavonic language.

A Bulgarian and a Greek would not understand each other because their languages are completely different. Similarly, a Russian peasant would not be able to easily communicate with a Bulgarian peasant due to the difference in local dialects. However, educated Russians and Bulgarians can understand each other even when speaking in their own languages.

In terms of writing, Russians can read Bulgarian newspapers quite easily. Linguists believe that the Bulgarian language is very similar to the ancient Slavonic language. Interestingly, many Bulgarian words can be traced back to the ancient Thracian and Illyrian languages, showing the historical depth of the Bulgarian culture.

The Origins of the Bulgarians

The origin of the Bulgarian people is somewhat mysterious. There is no clear answer to where they came from. Some experts believe they might have been Finns, while others think they were Tartars. However, the strongest evidence suggests that their ancestors lived along the Volga River.

The history of the Bulgarians is not well-documented, which is unusual for such a strong and intelligent group of people. The Bulgarians lost their original language but kept their name. On the other hand, the Slavs they conquered lost their name but kept their language. This is an interesting and unique part of Bulgaria’s history.

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The Trojan Porticoes

One important landmark along the course of the Constantinian Wall were the Trojan Porticoes. These were located so close to the wall that the wall was sometimes called the Trojan Wall after them. The Trojan Porticoes were in the Twelfth Region of the city, and they likely lined the street leading from the Porta Aurea into the city. These porticoes were significant in architecture, and there are records that they were damaged by fire or earthquake. The exact reason for their name is unclear, and unfortunately, no remains of them exist today.

Monastery of St. Dius and the Convent of Icasia

The course of the Constantinian Wall is not well known in some areas. For instance, it is stated that the wall passed beside the Monastery of St. Dius and the Convent of Icasia, but the exact locations of these places are hard to identify. These establishments are believed to have been located near each other on the Seventh Hill.

The Monastery of St. Dius is said to have been from the time of Theodosius I and was mentioned by Antony of Novgorod in connection with the Church of St. Mokius and the Church of St. Luke. The Convent of Icasia was founded by a lady named Icasia, who was known for her beauty and intelligence. Emperor Theophilus had once considered marrying her, but he rejected her after she disagreed with his belief that women were the source of evil Private Sofia Tour.

The Cistern of Aspar

The Cistern of Aspar is another important landmark near the old city wall. According to the Paschal Chronicle, this cistern was located near the ancient wall. The Tchoukour Bostan, also known as the Byzantine reservoir, is located in the same area. It is situated along the road that leads from the Mosque of Sultan Mehemet to the Adrianople Gate in the Theodosian Walls.

The Tchoukour Bostan is a large Byzantine reservoir, and it is close to the Monastery of Manuel, which was founded by the general Manuel during the reign of Theophilus. The church of this monastery is now the Kefele Mesdjidi Mosque in the Salmak Tombruk quarter. The Tchoukour Bostan is the largest Byzantine reservoir in the area and is a significant historical feature.

In conclusion, the Constantinian Wall passed several important landmarks, including the Trojan Porticoes, the Monastery of St. Dius, and the Cistern of Aspar. While some details about their exact locations are unclear, these landmarks provide important clues to the history of Constantinople and the development of the city’s defenses during the reign of Constantine.

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Budget Hotels in Sofia

Aris Hotel

Location: F-7, ul. Knyaz Boris 203 Contact: Tel: [phone]

Aris Hotel is a small and quiet hotel located on a leafy street. It is very close to Sofia’s main train and bus stations, which makes it perfect for travelers who need easy transport connections.

The hotel offers simple but comfortable rooms. The rooms have soft, relaxing colors and high ceilings that make the rooms feel open and airy. Each room includes a TV and a hairdryer for guests’ convenience.

If you are traveling with family or a group, the apartments with fold-down sofa beds are a great option. These provide extra space and comfort without costing too much.

Brod Hotel

Location: H-8, Simeonovsko Shose 66 Contact: Tel: [phone]

Brod Hotel is a suburban hotel recently built to offer excellent value for money. It is located on Simeonovsko Shose, a busy road on the outskirts of Sofia. Although this street is not the most exciting part of the city, the hotel itself is welcoming and comfortable Bulgaria Private Tour.

The rooms are nicely decorated in soft pastel colors mixed with warm terracotta tones. The “luxury” rooms include large bathtubs for relaxing baths, while standard rooms have simple shower units.

The staff at Brod Hotel are friendly and helpful. They will gladly tell you where to find local cafes, shops, and bus stops. Also, taxis from the hotel to the city center are affordable and convenient.

Park Hotel Vitosha

Location: H-8, ul. Rosario 1 Contact: Tel: [phone]

Park Hotel Vitosha is a brand new hotel designed in a modern Scandinavian style. The hotel uses light colors and natural wooden surfaces that create a fresh and calm atmosphere.

The rooms come with cooking facilities, which is great if you prefer to prepare your own meals. The hotel is also well equipped with wellness and spa amenities for guests who want to relax and enjoy some pampering.

Located in a peaceful park-like area on the southeastern edge of Sofia, Park Hotel Vitosha offers a quiet escape from the city’s busy streets.

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Greek Army Actions and the Murder of Eulogius

The Bombardment and Surrender

On June 17th, the Greek Army bombarded a house in Salonika where a small Bulgarian force was stationed. By the next day, June 18th, the Bulgarians surrendered.

On June 18th, the Greeks arrested Eulogius, the Vicar of the Bulgarian Archbishop of Salonica. He was put on board a Greek steamer called the “Mariette Ralli”. Later that evening, he was transferred to another ship, the “Catherine”, where he was treated cruelly Guided Turkey Tours .

On June 19th, the ship set sail, but only three hours later, Eulogius was stabbed and thrown into the sea. The official Greek account claimed that he was killed while fighting in the streets of Salonika, but the Carnegie Commission states that this is not true.

Greek Army Actions Begin

The violent actions of the Greek Army began on July 4th with the first conflict in Kukush. On July 7th, further violence occurred in Demir-Hissar.

On July 12th, King Constantine ordered reprisals based on the events in Demir-Hissar. However, the Carnegie Commission notes that the Greek reprisals started several days before the Bulgarian provocation.

Destruction of Kukush

When the Greek Army entered Kukush, the town was still intact. But today, Kukush is nothing but ruins. The Carnegie Commission points out that the Greek Army started the second war by deliberately burning a Bulgarian town—Kukush.

A Call for Reflection

The Commission concludes by highlighting that if the Greeks had remembered the biblical saying, “Let him who is without sin cast the first stone,” they might have hesitated before launching a campaign based on falsehoods and violence that ended up hurting them severely.

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Bulgaria's Involvement in the 1968 Prague Spring

During the Prague Spring of 1968, Bulgaria took part in a Soviet-led invasion to suppress the political reforms happening in Czechoslovakia. The Bulgarian military played an active role in this operation, which was part of the larger Soviet effort to maintain strict control over Eastern Europe.

Bulgarian Military Units’ Tasks

As part of the intervention, the 12th Regiment of the Bulgarian army was assigned to take control of the cities of Banska Bistritsa and Zvolen, located in Slovakia. Their mission was to disarm the Czechoslovakian military units stationed in these areas. Meanwhile, the 22nd Regiment was tasked with taking control of the airports near Prague, specifically the Ruzyne and Vodohosti airports.

The soldiers involved were conscripts, meaning they were required to serve in the military, and most of them were unaware of their exact mission until the very last moment. For many of these young soldiers, the situation was a shock, especially when they encountered protesting students in the streets of Czechoslovakia. As some soldiers later reported, they were deeply disturbed by the sight of Czechoslovakian boys and girls, who were about the same age, standing in front of their tanks, protesting the invasion Customized Tour Istanbul.

One soldier from the 22nd Regiment lost his life during the mission. Although this may seem like a small casualty in the larger context, it highlights the violence and danger involved in the invasion.

Psychological Impact on Bulgarian Soldiers

The conscripted soldiers were shocked and experienced psychological trauma after being sent to Czechoslovakia. Many of these young men were not prepared to face the moral dilemma of having to suppress a peaceful protest led by people their own age. This emotional burden stayed with them long after the events ended. The trauma caused by seeing their peers stand up against their tanks remained a deeply troubling memory for many soldiers.

Political Repression in Bulgaria After the Prague Spring

In the wake of the Prague Spring, the Bulgarian Communist Party, led by the Politburo, pursued a hardline approach to prevent any similar movements within Bulgaria. The party’s primary goal was to maintain strict control over information that could influence Bulgarian society. The Communist regime tightened its grip on freedom of speech, especially among intellectuals and young people.

The Communist authorities increased their surveillance and pressure on artists, writers, and anyone who might oppose the regime’s policies. This period marked a return to the cultural stagnation that had occurred earlier between 1947 and 1958. Artistic freedom was restricted, and the government closely monitored anyone expressing non-conformist views.

The Role of State Security

As writer Georgi Markov later noted, following the events in Czechoslovakia, the State Security and its ideological departments grew significantly in strength. They expanded their power and took full control over all forms of ideological expression. Markov himself became a target of the State Security after he criticized the Bulgarian Communist regime. In 1978, Markov was murdered in London, likely because of his outspoken opposition to the government.

The events of 1968 had a profound impact on both Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. For Bulgaria, the military intervention marked a strong commitment to Soviet-led policies. However, it also caused significant psychological trauma for the Bulgarian soldiers involved, who were forced to take part in an invasion they did not fully understand. Meanwhile, in the political and cultural sphere, the Communist regime tightened its control, ensuring that any form of dissent would be harshly suppressed, leaving a lasting impact on Bulgarian society.

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Kurşunlu Monastery

The Kurşunlu Monastery is located about 10-12 kilometers from Davutlar. It can be reached by an unpaved road to the right of Cumhuriyet Square. The monastery is built at an altitude of 600 meters, similar to the House of Mary in Ephesus. It was constructed during the Byzantine period.

The monastery has a courtyard with a church surrounded by several buildings, including a storeroom, dining hall, kitchen, friar rooms, cistern, and a cemetery.

The Greeks called this monastery “Panaghia Kurshuniatissa.” The word “Panaghia” means “The Saints of all Saints” and refers to the Virgin Mary. They also called the House of Virgin Mary in Ephesus “Panaghia Kapulu,” which means “the door of the Saint of all Saints.”

The monastery is surrounded by forest and unfortunately, treasure hunters have destroyed most of its frescoes over time. The name of the monastery comes from its leaded dome Customized Tour Bulgaria.

Priene

Priene is located next to Güllubahçe Village. It sits on a terrace that overlooks the plain, which was once silted by the Meander River. Founded around 350 BC, Priene was not a large city, but it was politically very important. It housed the sacred Altar of Poseidon, a symbol of the twelve cities of the Panionian Confederation.

Priene is famous for its well-preserved architecture, including the temple of Athena, a sanctuary dedicated to Alexander the Great, and an amazing theatre. The theatre has the altar of Dionysus, the god of spectacle and enjoyment, and the special seats for local dignitaries are still intact.

The Bouleterion (the council chamber with 640 seats) and the Prytaneion (office for the executive committee) are other interesting places to visit in Priene.

Miletus

Miletus is a quiet, ancient ruin that has little visible evidence of its golden age during the 7th and 6th centuries BC. Few cities in ancient times achieved such power and brilliance.

Miletus was a center for gathering knowledge from civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Asia Minor. Great thinkers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes studied nature and developed ideas that were as advanced as today’s modern science.

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A Difficult Journey to Berat

Starting the Journey

Berat is located almost directly south of Elbasan, but I don’t know the exact distance. In the East, people don’t measure by distance but by how long it takes. The journey to Berat took fourteen hours, with only two short breaks of half an hour each. It rained for almost the entire trip, except for the last half hour.

We were supposed to leave at 2 AM. My Albanian guide, my dragoman, and I were ready, but the Turkish soldiers didn’t want to leave in the rain and darkness. After two days in Elbasan, with its coffee houses and cheap tobacco, the soldiers had become lazy Istanbul Day Tours.

Delays and Difficulties

Eventually, some of the soldiers were ready, and we started our journey. The guide led the way on a slow horse that made a lot of noise but didn’t move very quickly. We made our way through the dark streets of Elbasan, passing ducks and soldiers.

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Traveling to Kavala

To the south of Drama is the old town of Kavala, located on the coast. It takes about four hours to ride there. The journey passes through the flat Drama plain, miles of tobacco fields, and the remains of the ancient city of Philippi.

The Ruins of Philippi

The only building left in Philippi is a rundown coffee house with a muddy floor. It is a place where travelers can rest their horses and have a break. The people in the coffee house, who were Turks, didn’t know much about the city’s history. There was a step made of marble with a Roman inscription, and marble blocks were scattered around. One side of the coffee house was part of a large block of marble. This marble was likely built to honor the Romans after their victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, where Augustus and Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius. The marble had holes for tying horses. When I asked the Turks what the marble pillar meant, they looked confused and said it was built in honor of a great Turkish general!

The History of Philippi

Not much is left of Philippi. The few ruins that remain tell the story of a town that lived and thrived for about 30 centuries. The first people in the area were probably Thracians who mined gold in the nearby mountains. They built a town to protect themselves from invading tribes who wanted to steal the gold. The town, called Datus or Datum, existed as early as 11 centuries before Christ. It was a prosperous town until the 4th century BC Who we are.

The fame of the gold mines was so great that the ancient Athenians tried to take control of the town. They attempted this many times, and in 360 BC, the Thasians, encouraged by an Athenian leader named Callistrates, captured Datus and renamed it Krenides. However, the Thasians only held the town for two years before the original inhabitants fought back. They forced the Thasians to seek help from Philip of Macedon, who had long wanted to take the town. Philip used this chance to capture the town, expand it, and build beautiful structures. He renamed the city Philippi after himself. The gold mines he developed made him a lot of money, with a revenue of a thousand talents.

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Bulgaria’s Agricultural Potential

Bulgaria has huge opportunities for agriculture. The country is about the same size as Ireland and Wales combined. The soil is fertile almost everywhere, although there are some areas that are hard to farm because the soil has too many stones. Bulgaria has many smaller trees, and its vegetables, fruits, and vineyards are of high quality. There are also many wheat and tobacco fields, and plenty of cattle.

The Peasant Farming System

I’ve already mentioned the work of the peasants. The way they own and use their land is partly a holdover from when the Turks ruled. Under Turkish rule, landowners had to give a tenth of their produce to the Sultan’s tax collectors. If the land was not worked for three years, or if the owner died without heirs, the Sultan would take the land. After Bulgaria’s independence, the state took over this role. Under Turkish rule, peasants paid taxes with goods, but in recent years, the Bulgarian government has tried to make them pay in cash. This has not worked well, because it is easy for peasants to give away part of their harvest, but once they turn it into cash, it is much harder to part with it Customized Tours Bulgaria.

Christian and Muslim Villages

Along the Turkish border, there are villages with both Christian and Muslim people. When Bulgaria became independent, many Turks left for Turkey because they feared revenge for the violence the Bulgarians had suffered under Turkish rule. However, in recent years, many Turks have returned. Today, about three-quarters of a million of the 3.5 million people in Bulgaria are Muslims.

The Pomaks: Bulgarian Muslims

I took a trip into the mountains south of Philippopolis, a region that is mostly unknown in Europe. There, I saw the Pomaks, who are Bulgarian Muslims. Some experts believe the Pomaks might be a separate ethnic group.

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Current Conditions for Bulgarians

The plight of the Bulgarian population is increasingly dire, as they face numerous challenges and systemic injustices. Many are forced to pay for the right to harvest their own crops, and their livestock—essential for their livelihoods—are routinely seized. Those who dare to complain or show any resistance are met with violence, often suffering beatings or even worse.

Exploitation and Abuse

In addition to the economic exploitation, women in these communities face horrific abuses. Instances of women being seized and assaulted are alarmingly frequent. During our visit to Kritchina, we encountered individuals from the neighboring village of Tchanaktchi. These villagers had come to plead for financial assistance to buy back their cattle, which had been taken by the Turks. The Turks were willing to return the animals, but only if the villagers could pay a specified sum for each head of cattle. Unfortunately, the villagers had no funds available, leaving them in a desperate situation.

Forced Labor and Unfair Conditions

In another nearby village, whose name I have unfortunately forgotten but is known to Mr. Schuyler and Mr. Baring, the locals were permitted to gather their harvests only on the condition that they surrender half of their entire crop to their Turkish neighbors. This was only ten miles from Philippopolis, underscoring the extent of the oppression faced by the Bulgarian people Private Bulgaria Tours Yachting.

At Perushtitsa, which is even closer, those who survived the recent massacres and pillaging found themselves further victimized. They still had some cattle left in the fields after their homes were burned, but these were seized by Turks from the nearby village of Ustuna. Despite the villagers’ pleas for the return of their livestock, the Turks refused to comply. Following our visit, they drove the cattle into a distant area and sold them, fearing that we might report their actions to the governor.

Ineffectiveness of Local Authorities

While Mr. Schuyler was in Avrat-Alan, we learned of an incident where Turks from a nearby village seized six horses that were working in the fields, located no more than a mile away. When we raised this issue with the local Mudir, he expressed his helplessness. He claimed he had no authority over the Turks from the village where the horses had been taken. Furthermore, he warned that if he sent his zaptiehs (police officers) to intervene, they would likely be beaten and sent back without taking any action.

This systemic failure of local authorities to protect the rights and safety of the Bulgarian people reveals the depth of their suffering. They are left vulnerable and without recourse, forced to endure economic exploitation and violent oppression without any means of seeking justice.

The situation for the Bulgarian population is one of unrelenting hardship and injustice. The combination of economic exploitation, physical violence, and systemic abuse paints a grim picture of life in these communities. It is essential for the international community to recognize these issues and advocate for the rights and dignity of the Bulgarian people. Only through awareness and action can we hope to bring about meaningful change and relief for those suffering in silence.

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Current Conditions for Bulgarians

The plight of the Bulgarian population is increasingly dire, as they face numerous challenges and systemic injustices. Many are forced to pay for the right to harvest their own crops, and their livestock—essential for their livelihoods—are routinely seized. Those who dare to complain or show any resistance are met with violence, often suffering beatings or even worse.

Exploitation and Abuse

In addition to the economic exploitation, women in these communities face horrific abuses. Instances of women being seized and assaulted are alarmingly frequent. During our visit to Kritchina, we encountered individuals from the neighboring village of Tchanaktchi. These villagers had come to plead for financial assistance to buy back their cattle, which had been taken by the Turks. The Turks were willing to return the animals, but only if the villagers could pay a specified sum for each head of cattle. Unfortunately, the villagers had no funds available, leaving them in a desperate situation.

Forced Labor and Unfair Conditions

In another nearby village, whose name I have unfortunately forgotten but is known to Mr. Schuyler and Mr. Baring, the locals were permitted to gather their harvests only on the condition that they surrender half of their entire crop to their Turkish neighbors. This was only ten miles from Philippopolis, underscoring the extent of the oppression faced by the Bulgarian people Private Bulgaria Tours Yachting.

At Perushtitsa, which is even closer, those who survived the recent massacres and pillaging found themselves further victimized. They still had some cattle left in the fields after their homes were burned, but these were seized by Turks from the nearby village of Ustuna. Despite the villagers’ pleas for the return of their livestock, the Turks refused to comply. Following our visit, they drove the cattle into a distant area and sold them, fearing that we might report their actions to the governor.

Ineffectiveness of Local Authorities

While Mr. Schuyler was in Avrat-Alan, we learned of an incident where Turks from a nearby village seized six horses that were working in the fields, located no more than a mile away. When we raised this issue with the local Mudir, he expressed his helplessness. He claimed he had no authority over the Turks from the village where the horses had been taken. Furthermore, he warned that if he sent his zaptiehs (police officers) to intervene, they would likely be beaten and sent back without taking any action.

This systemic failure of local authorities to protect the rights and safety of the Bulgarian people reveals the depth of their suffering. They are left vulnerable and without recourse, forced to endure economic exploitation and violent oppression without any means of seeking justice.

The situation for the Bulgarian population is one of unrelenting hardship and injustice. The combination of economic exploitation, physical violence, and systemic abuse paints a grim picture of life in these communities. It is essential for the international community to recognize these issues and advocate for the rights and dignity of the Bulgarian people. Only through awareness and action can we hope to bring about meaningful change and relief for those suffering in silence.

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Current Conditions for Bulgarians

The plight of the Bulgarian population is increasingly dire, as they face numerous challenges and systemic injustices. Many are forced to pay for the right to harvest their own crops, and their livestock—essential for their livelihoods—are routinely seized. Those who dare to complain or show any resistance are met with violence, often suffering beatings or even worse.

Exploitation and Abuse

In addition to the economic exploitation, women in these communities face horrific abuses. Instances of women being seized and assaulted are alarmingly frequent. During our visit to Kritchina, we encountered individuals from the neighboring village of Tchanaktchi. These villagers had come to plead for financial assistance to buy back their cattle, which had been taken by the Turks. The Turks were willing to return the animals, but only if the villagers could pay a specified sum for each head of cattle. Unfortunately, the villagers had no funds available, leaving them in a desperate situation.

Forced Labor and Unfair Conditions

In another nearby village, whose name I have unfortunately forgotten but is known to Mr. Schuyler and Mr. Baring, the locals were permitted to gather their harvests only on the condition that they surrender half of their entire crop to their Turkish neighbors. This was only ten miles from Philippopolis, underscoring the extent of the oppression faced by the Bulgarian people Private Bulgaria Tours Yachting.

At Perushtitsa, which is even closer, those who survived the recent massacres and pillaging found themselves further victimized. They still had some cattle left in the fields after their homes were burned, but these were seized by Turks from the nearby village of Ustuna. Despite the villagers’ pleas for the return of their livestock, the Turks refused to comply. Following our visit, they drove the cattle into a distant area and sold them, fearing that we might report their actions to the governor.

Ineffectiveness of Local Authorities

While Mr. Schuyler was in Avrat-Alan, we learned of an incident where Turks from a nearby village seized six horses that were working in the fields, located no more than a mile away. When we raised this issue with the local Mudir, he expressed his helplessness. He claimed he had no authority over the Turks from the village where the horses had been taken. Furthermore, he warned that if he sent his zaptiehs (police officers) to intervene, they would likely be beaten and sent back without taking any action.

This systemic failure of local authorities to protect the rights and safety of the Bulgarian people reveals the depth of their suffering. They are left vulnerable and without recourse, forced to endure economic exploitation and violent oppression without any means of seeking justice.

The situation for the Bulgarian population is one of unrelenting hardship and injustice. The combination of economic exploitation, physical violence, and systemic abuse paints a grim picture of life in these communities. It is essential for the international community to recognize these issues and advocate for the rights and dignity of the Bulgarian people. Only through awareness and action can we hope to bring about meaningful change and relief for those suffering in silence.