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Attitudes and Mindsets that can Change your Life

1. Knowing deep inside that you are good enough.

2. Believing you can do it, and believing you can make it.

3. Choosing to be grateful when you feel like complaining.

4. Choosing to hang in there when you feel you’ve had enough.

5. Knowing each new day is a true gift and fresh beginning.

6. Valuing others, and treating others well.

7. Investing in people instead of chasing things.

fyp-psychology

PSYCHOLOGY FACT #607

The smell of flowers has a positive influence on your emotions.

Read More Psychology Facts Here

vegetarianfalcon-blog

:)

fyp-psychology

What Serotonin Has To Do With Depression And How To Make More

Serotonin is a neurochemical that plays so many different roles in your body that it’s really tough to nail down its function precisely. Your brain’s prefrontal cortex, which primarily controls your personality and executive functioning, relies heavily on serotonin.

Your overall mood is greatly influenced by this neurochemical and like Goldilocks, your serotonin need to be just right. Studies have connected low levels with physical and mental problems, and too much can be dangerous, leading to a condition known as serotonin syndrome.

Keep reading

whatsthepointofphilosophy

Lyin’ Eyes

Your senses lie to you. All the time. Sight seems especially susceptible to error. In this case, “error” is a terrible word because all the sight mistakes are actually signs that your brain is working correctly.

We have a romantic idea that sight works like this: we take light bouncing off shapes and colours into our eyes, and then our brains present us with information. In reality, there is a whole bunch of crazy stuff that happens between gathering the light and becoming aware of the information.

Example 1: After Effects

If you stare at a dark mat on a pale floor for twenty seconds, and then look at the wall, you will see an after-image of the mat on the wall. This cannot be a a part of the incoming information, because there is no mat on the wall. It has to be something that’s applied to the information stream before you become aware of it.

THEREFORE: Your brain does some math on how long you’ve been looking at something before it allows you to be conscious of what you’re seeing.

Example 2: Focus Puller

Imagine you’re watching an ant walk along a path in your back yard. You think you see a bunch of stuff in your peripheral vision: trees, other buildings, etc. However, it’s entirely possible that your brain makes all that stuff up. Because you’re concentrating on the ant, it just sort of fills in the gaps with what you’re expecting to find and doesn’t “refresh” the scene until you look back up again. It performs this operation so seamlessly that you don’t notice it happening.

That sounds unlikely.

The good news is that Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris developed an experiment to prove it: watch a video and count how many times a basketball changes around.

In the middle of the video, a man in a gorilla suit walks right into centre-frame, waves at the camera, and then walks off. A lot of people do not see this gorilla.

When I took this test initially, I did not see the gorilla (and I have low latent inhibition). You’ll see it because you’re expecting it, but try it on your smartest friends and family. It’s right here.

By the way, the absolute worst conclusion you could draw from this video is “I would have noticed the gorilla”. Get that trash thinking out of your head. It’s bad for you, and it’s worse for everyone who has to deal with you.

THEREFORE: Your brain deletes entire chunks of non-focus input (and replaces with other stuff) before relaying any information.

Example 3: Shadow of a Doubt

Let me show you a computer-generated image of a cube with some colours.

On the top face, there is a dull brown square right in the middle. On the dark, shadowed face, there is a yellow square right in the middle. As you may have predicted, they are the same colour.

I know.

I refused to believe it myself. I did what I advise you to do: copy it to the desktop, fire up MS Paint and drag the brown square to the yellow square. You should get into the habit of checking for yourself the crazy stuff you read. Just do it.

THEREFORE: Your brain determines whether or not something is in a shadow before telling you what colour it is.

Example 4: Blind Spot

The world is not composed of a series of discrete objects, but of various concentrations of world-stuff. A true record of motion would be a blur of fuzzy shapes and colours.

In a process known as a saccade, your eyes in motion take in the fuzzy shapes and colours as a series of chunks. The brain then transforms these chunks into a relatable set of consistent objects, moving (or not moving) with respect to a fixed (but equally non-existent) inter-object “space”. This is not nearly as complicated as I just made it sound.

If you don’t think that’s creepy enough. the brain then removes any way you could tell that these transformations are happening in a process called “saccadic masking”. Have fun getting any sleep tonight.

THEREFORE: Your brain looks for evidence of objects in motion before letting you know what they look like (and then deletes all the evidence).

Example 5: Other People’s Problems

In October 1917, although it obviously did not happen in reality, around 50,000 people saw the sun spinning in the sky at Fatima in Portugal.

THEREFORE: Your brain, at least under certain circumstances, seeks a consensus on incoming information before relaying that information to you.

“But I saw it with my own eyes!”

So?

whatsthepointofphilosophy

Lyin’ Eyes

Your senses lie to you. All the time. Sight seems especially susceptible to error. In this case, “error” is a terrible word because all the sight mistakes are actually signs that your brain is working correctly.

We have a romantic idea that sight works like this: we take light bouncing off shapes and colours into our eyes, and then our brains present us with information. In reality, there is a whole bunch of crazy stuff that happens between gathering the light and becoming aware of the information.

Example 1: After Effects

If you stare at a dark mat on a pale floor for twenty seconds, and then look at the wall, you will see an after-image of the mat on the wall. This cannot be a a part of the incoming information, because there is no mat on the wall. It has to be something that’s applied to the information stream before you become aware of it.

THEREFORE: Your brain does some math on how long you’ve been looking at something before it allows you to be conscious of what you’re seeing.

Example 2: Focus Puller

Imagine you’re watching an ant walk along a path in your back yard. You think you see a bunch of stuff in your peripheral vision: trees, other buildings, etc. However, it’s entirely possible that your brain makes all that stuff up. Because you’re concentrating on the ant, it just sort of fills in the gaps with what you’re expecting to find and doesn’t “refresh” the scene until you look back up again. It performs this operation so seamlessly that you don’t notice it happening.

That sounds unlikely.

The good news is that Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris developed an experiment to prove it: watch a video and count how many times a basketball changes around.

In the middle of the video, a man in a gorilla suit walks right into centre-frame, waves at the camera, and then walks off. A lot of people do not see this gorilla.

When I took this test initially, I did not see the gorilla (and I have low latent inhibition). You’ll see it because you’re expecting it, but try it on your smartest friends and family. It’s right here.

By the way, the absolute worst conclusion you could draw from this video is “I would have noticed the gorilla”. Get that trash thinking out of your head. It’s bad for you, and it’s worse for everyone who has to deal with you.

THEREFORE: Your brain deletes entire chunks of non-focus input (and replaces with other stuff) before relaying any information.

Example 3: Shadow of a Doubt

Let me show you a computer-generated image of a cube with some colours.

On the top face, there is a dull brown square right in the middle. On the dark, shadowed face, there is a yellow square right in the middle. As you may have predicted, they are the same colour.

I know.

I refused to believe it myself. I did what I advise you to do: copy it to the desktop, fire up MS Paint and drag the brown square to the yellow square. You should get into the habit of checking for yourself the crazy stuff you read. Just do it.

THEREFORE: Your brain determines whether or not something is in a shadow before telling you what colour it is.

Example 4: Blind Spot

The world is not composed of a series of discrete objects, but of various concentrations of world-stuff. A true record of motion would be a blur of fuzzy shapes and colours.

In a process known as a saccade, your eyes in motion take in the fuzzy shapes and colours as a series of chunks. The brain then transforms these chunks into a relatable set of consistent objects, moving (or not moving) with respect to a fixed (but equally non-existent) inter-object “space”. This is not nearly as complicated as I just made it sound.

If you don’t think that’s creepy enough. the brain then removes any way you could tell that these transformations are happening in a process called “saccadic masking”. Have fun getting any sleep tonight.

THEREFORE: Your brain looks for evidence of objects in motion before letting you know what they look like (and then deletes all the evidence).

Example 5: Other People’s Problems

In October 1917, although it obviously did not happen in reality, around 50,000 people saw the sun spinning in the sky at Fatima in Portugal.

THEREFORE: Your brain, at least under certain circumstances, seeks a consensus on incoming information before relaying that information to you.

“But I saw it with my own eyes!”

So?

whatsthepointofphilosophy

Final Solution

The phrase “final solution” should chill your bones for historical reasons, but philosophers fear Endlösungen for other reasons.

When a man tells you that he knows the exact truth about anything, you are safe in inferring that he is an inexact man.

- Bertrand Russell, The Scientific Outlook, 1931

Anyone who says there are no final solutions (and therefore no real truths) may come across as weak, but in reality, it’s a strength.

Pretty much all the most horrific damage in the world has been caused by people who felt strongly that they were right about some universal abstract concept and everyone who disagreed was wrong. Not that they had a different opinion, but that they were objectively wrong.

The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.

- WB Yeats, The Second Coming, 1920

Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot, Mao Zedong; all their crimes against humanity were fueled by their ostensibly superior access to some absolute truth which later turned out to be bullshit.

It is impossible to be equivocal about committing genocide.

The fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt.

- Bertrand Russell, The Triumph of Stupidity, 1933

Once you accept that you have discovered some absolute truth, it follows logically that you’re done. You don’t need to do any more thinking. Why would you? This is the truth, is it not? Champagne all around.

Certainty obviates progress. A final solution cannot allow for special cases or changes in circumstances. However, the real world is full of special cases and changes in circumstances.

The problem is that bad writers tend to have the self-confidence, while the good ones tend to have self-doubt.

- Charles Bukowski, Arete, 1989

Sometimes the best way to learn something is to make a mistake. And to make a mistake, you have to be wrong. As you may have discovered if you’ve ever discussed religion with fundamentalists, the corollary is that until you accept that your truth might be wrong, you will never learn anything.

The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.

- Socrates, c. 400 BC

We should keep our minds open for new approaches, new ideas, new ways of thinking, new opinions which might be better than the ones we have. Always keep in the back of your mind: “I could be wrong about this.”

Our experience should make us wiser and teach us to have more empathy, but how can that be possible if you refuse to accept that what seem like objective truths can always be improved.

What hope is there for you?

whatsthepointofphilosophy

Lyin’ Eyes

Your senses lie to you. All the time. Sight seems especially susceptible to error. In this case, “error” is a terrible word because all the sight mistakes are actually signs that your brain is working correctly.

We have a romantic idea that sight works like this: we take light bouncing off shapes and colours into our eyes, and then our brains present us with information. In reality, there is a whole bunch of crazy stuff that happens between gathering the light and becoming aware of the information.

Example 1: After Effects

If you stare at a dark mat on a pale floor for twenty seconds, and then look at the wall, you will see an after-image of the mat on the wall. This cannot be a a part of the incoming information, because there is no mat on the wall. It has to be something that’s applied to the information stream before you become aware of it.

THEREFORE: Your brain does some math on how long you’ve been looking at something before it allows you to be conscious of what you’re seeing.

Example 2: Focus Puller

Imagine you’re watching an ant walk along a path in your back yard. You think you see a bunch of stuff in your peripheral vision: trees, other buildings, etc. However, it’s entirely possible that your brain makes all that stuff up. Because you’re concentrating on the ant, it just sort of fills in the gaps with what you’re expecting to find and doesn’t “refresh” the scene until you look back up again. It performs this operation so seamlessly that you don’t notice it happening.

That sounds unlikely.

The good news is that Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris developed an experiment to prove it: watch a video and count how many times a basketball changes around.

In the middle of the video, a man in a gorilla suit walks right into centre-frame, waves at the camera, and then walks off. A lot of people do not see this gorilla.

When I took this test initially, I did not see the gorilla (and I have low latent inhibition). You’ll see it because you’re expecting it, but try it on your smartest friends and family. It’s right here.

By the way, the absolute worst conclusion you could draw from this video is “I would have noticed the gorilla”. Get that trash thinking out of your head. It’s bad for you, and it’s worse for everyone who has to deal with you.

THEREFORE: Your brain deletes entire chunks of non-focus input (and replaces with other stuff) before relaying any information.

Example 3: Shadow of a Doubt

Let me show you a computer-generated image of a cube with some colours.

On the top face, there is a dull brown square right in the middle. On the dark, shadowed face, there is a yellow square right in the middle. As you may have predicted, they are the same colour.

I know.

I refused to believe it myself. I did what I advise you to do: copy it to the desktop, fire up MS Paint and drag the brown square to the yellow square. You should get into the habit of checking for yourself the crazy stuff you read. Just do it.

THEREFORE: Your brain determines whether or not something is in a shadow before telling you what colour it is.

Example 4: Blind Spot

The world is not composed of a series of discrete objects, but of various concentrations of world-stuff. A true record of motion would be a blur of fuzzy shapes and colours.

In a process known as a saccade, your eyes in motion take in the fuzzy shapes and colours as a series of chunks. The brain then transforms these chunks into a relatable set of consistent objects, moving (or not moving) with respect to a fixed (but equally non-existent) inter-object “space”. This is not nearly as complicated as I just made it sound.

If you don’t think that’s creepy enough. the brain then removes any way you could tell that these transformations are happening in a process called “saccadic masking”. Have fun getting any sleep tonight.

THEREFORE: Your brain looks for evidence of objects in motion before letting you know what they look like (and then deletes all the evidence).

Example 5: Other People’s Problems

In October 1917, although it obviously did not happen in reality, around 50,000 people saw the sun spinning in the sky at Fatima in Portugal.

THEREFORE: Your brain, at least under certain circumstances, seeks a consensus on incoming information before relaying that information to you.

“But I saw it with my own eyes!”

So?

compoundchem

Introducing students to balancing chemical equations - using Lego!

anonymousintp

10 Things I’d Tell My Teenage INTP Self

1. You’ll be interested in many things, want to be many things, and that’s good!

Always go for what interests you. You will always be motivated and inspired that way. Learn many skills, read up on many things. All of them will become useful later, for sure. You will have the advantage of combining skills that people don’t usually learn together, and might be able to find your own niche that didn’t exist before. You like programming and making music? Maybe you can combine those things and create something new.

2. Everyone will be unsure in life. Expect to change your path in life and to be able to adapt.

You can’t choose your major or decide on your future career? Don’t worry. Everyone is on the same boat, even your xNTJ friends who seem ultra confident with their 10 year plans. I changed my major 4 times and worked in completely different fields each year for 5 years after I graduated (psych research, fundraiser/social media organizer, musical theatre performer, animator in a game studio, now freelancing many things and creating my own app). My INTJ best friend switched jobs 3 times in 4 years (on his own initiatives) after he’s finished his master’s. The ENTJ left his civil engineering job (he’s been recruited by this engineering firm since first year uni) to open his own fashion company.

3. You can totally make a comfortable living off being a freelancer in many areas.

Right now my main focus is working on my own app. I’m also freelancing in animation, illustration, graphic design, UI/UX, acting (mostly ads and musical theatre), singing gigs at various events, video editing and color grading, and occasionally translating books. All of these were skills I picked up as hobbies. I didn’t go to an art school. These were my passion, and I decided to make them all my jobs. This path is possible, despite being unconventional. A bonus point is that I can get clients online, which means I can work from anywhere in the world. You do have to be good at what you do, however.

4. Go out to meet people and find opportunities.

Surprisingly, in the working world, everyone wants to help one another. I haven’t really experienced jealousy or petty competition. People are more than willing to help with your career or connect you with someone else that could help. They will also tell you about opportunities that you wouldn’t be able to find on your own. Go out and find these people and do the same for them. (Read: How to meet new people, How to make any conversation interesting).

5. Find friends you actually like and can connect with as soon as possible.

They exist, and they will totally understand your mind. You just have to be proactive in finding them. It makes a world of difference to be surrounded by people who bring value to your life, to help your grow (as a person and in your career), to encourage creativity and critical thinking, to always stimulate your brain.

6. Be your true, quirky, controversial self when you’re making friends.

You might be slow to warm up and really be who you are around other people. This is a mistake. You’d want to know as quickly as possible if these people can connect with who you truly are. You might scare off some people, and that’s good. They will be scared eventually anyway, and you don’t want to waste time with them. The people who stay are the ones who appreciate you for being you, and those are the ones you want to keep. (Read: How happy can an INTP really get?)

7. Learn to be confident, assertive, and a little selfish with your own needs.

No one has time to play passive-aggressive, or to repress negative feelings only to explode later. If something annoys you, voice it as soon as possible. If you want to do something that’s different from the group, tell them. If you need some alone time, decline your friend’s invitation tactfully. (Read: Developing inferior Fe, What is “Victim Mode” & how to get out of it?, How to say no with no strings attached)

8. Time is your only limit (not society or money or your own mentality).

If you truly want to do what you love and be who you want to be, there’s always a way. People who failed or give up before they started are the ones who placed limits on themselves. Don’t believe people who tell you certain things are not possible because it didn’t work for them. Be smart about it.

9. Get life experiences. Travel. Join clubs and activities.

There’s so much more to see and learn than you could imagined. The more you experience things that are very different from your comfort zone, the more you grow as a well-rounded person. It’s easy to take cheap backpacking trips or staying at cheap dorms these days (or even couch surfing). There are also many clubs that you could gain very important skills from. I recommend Toastmasters and Model UN.

10. Read eilamona’s blog and her glorious INDEX.

-eilamona [ MBTI Merch | Support eilamona on patreon ]

Note: Again, this post was inspired by the intriguing conversations with awesome people on my live chat widget (right on my blog). It’s become so much more than I expected. Thanks for the brain food!

anonymousintp

So are there any ways that you criticize people in a tactful way? If so what are some of them? :) hahahaha thanks a lot and have a happy new year!! :)

How to Give Critiques the Right Way

1. What’s your intention?

It’s ok to give critiques if:

You’re helping someone improve themselves or their quality of work

You want to address the root cause of a problem or misunderstanding between you

Avoid it if:

You’re showing your superiority/their inferiority

You’re trying to prove you’re right

You’re coming from a place of anger or hurt (there are better ways to express yourself like talking through your issues instead of criticizing the other person)

You’re criticizing unimportant individual differences or personal choice (e.g. someone’s choice of fashion)

2. Do they want it?

If someone isn’t willing to hear you out, you’re wasting your time. They won’t follow your advice and may feel hurt or resentful towards you.

You should have a rapport before giving a critique. If not, it’s usually fine if you have their respect, or if they explicitly ask for a critique.

If you must critique to someone who is generally sensitive or defensive, make sure they’re in a good emotional state first. Let them know you can help comment on the fiction they’re writing, for example, and set up a time you’re both comfortable with.

3. Is it a good time and place?

It’s better to give critiques in a private environment (i.e. not in front of their friends or coworkers)

Make sure they’re not busy with something else or have other concerns clouding their minds

4. Is your critique constructive?

Here are the components of a constructive criticism:

What they’re already doing well

What’s not working well and why

How to improve it

The how is the key. It distinguishes a helpful critique someone can actually use, from a useless attack that only points out faults.

As I wrote in a previous post (Learning How to Take Criticisms Well):

There’s a difference between someone saying “wow, your drawing is bad.” (negative criticism) and “the anatomy is kinda off, fix it” (unhelpful criticism), and “hey, the balance of that character you drew is a bit off. That right leg looks like it can’t fully support the weight of the body with this pose. Try increasing the size of the thigh and shifting it to the right a bit” (constructive criticism).

-eilamona[ Shop MBTI Merch ]

anonymousintp

5 Factors of Emotional Intelligence

Empathy: The ability to shift perspectives and gain a better understanding of others, or, in fancy-pants language, “inter-subjectivize.”

Motivation: The driving force(s) of your actions. Your compass, north star, wayfinding. Your interior cartographic prowess.

Self-regulation: Being able to deal with your own emotions before they deal with you. Linked with delaying gratification and not eating the marshmallow.

Social skills: Knowing what to say in order to engage your team—and knowing how not to offend them.

Self awareness: Understanding your own emotions improves your interactions, since getting intimate with your feelings lets you better understand how they affect others.

(from the book Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ by Daniel Goleman )

-eilamona [ MBTI Merch ]

anonymousintp

How do you forget about toxic people you've already cut out from your life, and how can you learn to open up again without fear?

Moving on from toxic people

There are 2 ways of responding to this kind of situations:

1. You can place a limit on yourself. Close yourself up completely. Build up a wall so that no one can hurt you. You won’t make an effort to make friends or meet new people anymore because there are possibilities of getting hurt. When someone gets too close, you push them away. You’re living in your own box in constant fear.

Or…

2. You can be firm with your standards. Have standards for people you want around you. You’re still open to new experiences and new people. However, anyone you keep in your life from now on will have to meet these standards without fail. Your standards may be that they are not a gossip (not even a little bit), or that they have never cheated ever in previous relationships, or that they respect your decision to do something different from the group without any drama. You know that these are your needs and what you want in a friend/relationship, and you will not bend them in any way.

Does the first way work? Sure. Does it seem easier and more natural? Yes. But can you be truly happy like this? I wouldn’t think so. You will not learn and grow this way.

Instead, by having standards, you are taking responsibilities for your own life. You are being firm with what you want. You are in charge of choosing whoever you want to be around. Will there still be crappy, drama-filled, toxic people that you come across? Of course, but know that you have the power to decide.

You’ve been through shit and you’re sharper than ever with detecting early signs of unwanted personalities. Trust your intuition and observe people well. Things like these are easier to detect than you think, but we tend to rationalize their importance.

Also, don’t go overboard with the “standards” and have a 100-item list of things you want in a relationship, including that they have to organize their books in alphabetical order and call every day at 7pm. That’s just going into the crazy zone. Your standards should be values that are extremely important to you - i.e. deal breakers. I don’t think it’s very healthy to have too many deal breakers.

-eilamona

(Part 2: What are NOT standards?)[ MBTI Merch ]

anonymousintp

if there's a school that divides classes by the students' mbti personalities, could you imagine the situations from the INTPs class?

An INTP-only classroom

Depends on whether you’re talking about a traditional (assuming, high school) classroom, or a university classroom, or a unique classroom specifically catered to INTPs’ learning style.

I’m being a typical INTP by asking for clarification now, aren’t I?

Let’s say it’s a traditional high school classroom. INTPs prefer learning visually, or by reading or solving theoretical problems by themselves. Traditional classes rarely provide this. INTPs know they won’t get a lot out of being 100% mentally present the class, even though they are required to be physically present and to keep quiet. However, INTPs generally don’t care enough to keep up the appearance of a ‘good student’ or even try to look interested. You will get a lot of zoned out INTPs, INTPs who try to make use of their time by doing things that actually appeal to them such as reading a completely unrelated book, doodling, writing fanfictions, doing homework for other classes, or sleeping (I’ve done all of these). Once in a while, a teacher will say something intriguing enough to register in the INTPs’ mind, usually a logically inconsistent statement, prompting them to ask questions that point it out. A decent teacher will appreciate the question and give a proper explanation, and thus holding the INTP’s attention for a few minutes longer. While another kind of teachers will get their ego bruised and see said INTPs as threats to their authority, and an unjustified punishment may ensue, causing the INTPs to resent the teacher, the class, and school even more. The last group is the utterly bored INTPs who decide to troll teachers for the sake of it. This may come in a game of let’s make the teacher feel as stupid as possible, let’s make the teacher cry, let’s see if we can get the teacher to stop teaching and do random fun stuff, etc (I’ve also done this…)

Moving on to a university classroom. This is where the materials get more interesting (because we can choose our own classes), and the pace of university classes are more suited to INTPs’ learning curve. This is also where we’re not required to be physically present. If a professor teaches by the textbooks, I can guarantee that you will have 0% attendance unless there’s a quiz or test that day. If the professor doesn’t adhere strictly to textbooks, there will be more INTPs in class, namely, INTPs who don’t own a recorder. INTPs who have a recorder (like me) will go to the beginning of class to leave it there, escape the presence of a hundred other students to go nap or play computer games in their dorm room, then come back to pick it up 3 hours later and listen to it late at night on their own time. Now on the other hand, if the INTPs like the professor (it’d probably be an NT professor) or if the class allows for stimulating intellectual discussions, they will not miss this chance and will study very hard to keep up with the discussions. They’d also be very absorbed in the material, understand it with an incredible depth, and able to ask intriguing questions that lead the course in a direction the professor has never seen before. There will also be numerous potential research studies coming out of this class alone.

Now, an ideal classroom for INTPs. INTPs learn best by researching, reading, reflecting and conceptualizing in individual settings. They prefer learning to understand abstract ideas and theories and are put off by the repetitiveness of homework exercises. They generally don’t like the slow pace and the distractions of a study group. Let me speculate on what an ideal classroom for INTPs would be (assuming all students are INTPs):

An open-minded, intelligent, logical, creative professor who can explain their ideas clearly.

A course where lecture recordings/videos can be listened to/watched at any time.

Reading materials are assigned in advance, so that students can study on their own.

You only need to come to class for a discussion/debate session where students can present their own theories related to the class and discuss them with other students, or a Q&A session with the professor.

Assignments are in the form of essays where students are allowed to research a variety of relevant topics (and strict deadline or we would procrastinate forever).

There is a discussion forum specifically for the class (where the professor is involved).

There is opportunities to conduct or assist with research studies.

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