Any Thoughts on Covid Amnesty?
Anyone read the Atlantic article on covid amnesty? Any thoughts on it?
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Any Thoughts on Covid Amnesty?
Anyone read the Atlantic article on covid amnesty? Any thoughts on it?
Corona Alone a Diary Revisited: An American’s Experience of the Covid Lockdown in Mumbai
Lockdown In Retrospect
Mediocre Graces: In any case, by the end of the Pandemic, I had somewhat been restored to good graces, not that I was ever greeted in Anand Nagar(8) at least with the Atithi Devo Bhava(11) spirit, I got on the good side of the local gang and befriended a Muslim woman who sells fish in a roadside stall, but it was too late, lonesomeness and faithlessness in humanity had grabbed a hold of me. Sadly, I am no longer able to speak to the fish merchant. She married, her husband is conservative and doesn’t allow her to speak to men.
On Lonesomeness: It’s worth noting that many endured the Corona epidemic in complete isolation. According to The Wall Street Journal, 35.7 million Americans, including myself, lived alone (Byron) around the time of writing the first journal entry. However, not just did I live alone, I was an expat, I lived alone in Mumbai, India. Regardless of the negative stigma that goes along with living alone, solitude never bothered me, in fact, ever since I was divorced, in 2012, I’ve preferred to be alone. Besides, I could always grab a cup of coffee and talk to strangers, I have the gift of gab when needed, but the double-whammy of isolation and becoming a pariah had pushed me to the brink of insanity. I’ve come to believe that those things that don’t kill us make us weaker and since the Covid outbreak I’ve become impatient, nervous and have lost faith in humanity, as I’ve already said.
Too Much Fluff: In all, the NPR article is woefully misguided and simply tried to make a buck off of Covid lockdowns, like so many other news outlets were doing at the time. A better story would’ve been on those who live alone before the Pandemic, whether for reason of mental health, a willful solitude or social ineptitude, that chronicled each persons’ descent into madness; I despise fluff journalism, maybe because it reminds me of the way that Bollywood paints India as an endless serene landscape of humorous follies in love that can easily be overcome when it’s something else all together, not easily, or that I would like to, put into words. This isn’t just fluff, there’s comedy for sure, there’s humor in all tragedy but there’s a reason for sharing the gritty details of lockdown in India, I feel it’s important to share these stories lest we live them again! In the past year, I’ve filled 6 volumes with recollections of lockdown, I hoped to get them published by a newspaper, that failed.
Diary Excerpts and Commentary
A Note to the Reader: The following excerpts are from the journal of an expat living in Mumbai (recorded between Feb 2019 and Feb 2021), during Covid lockdown(1). Dates have been replaced with titles because, unless indicated in commentary or prose, they’re irrelevant:
It Begins: There’s a few cases of Covid in China and other places but I’m not too worried, this will have as much effect on me as the 2003 SARS outbreak(6), there’ve been many such scares in my lifetime. Besides, I caught the virus from a wedding party in Sri Lanka, it was like the Flu, high fever, mild delirium and a little trouble breathing. Interesting thing about Sri Lanka, all of the land and wealth seems to be in the hands’ of the Nords, the locals have very little and the price of food is like that of America or Europe. Also, airport authorities took a child’s Queen Conch shell away right before boarding, she was clearly enamored by her seemingly magical wave machine. After they took it from her, she cried all the way back to Mumbai.
The Flasher: A few Covid cases have been confirmed and I’m beginning to feel like an unwelcome guest in a foreign land, an unusual notion in a land where the locals say “Atithi Devo Bhava(11).” Typically, Indians are hospitable, on my travels to the South they were, of course, taxi drivers tried to scam me there, but cabbies the world over are a special breed of scum, you should’ve seen the way they took me to the wringer in Hong Kong, hospitality is a source of national pride here. This afternoon, there was a knock on the door, it was my landlord. I found myself baffled by what he said. I opened the door and he began to speak, timidly and slowly in broken English: “there’s been a complaint,” he said. “What’s wrong?” “A man is walking around outside naked.” “Oh, I see. Thanks for informing me,” I said and shut the door, believing that he was telling me of a dangerous predator lurking among this slum’s numerous tightly knit alleys at night. Later, I came to find that the landlord was attempting to tell me that the neighbors had accused me of going on moonlit strolls in the buff, I was the predator. I was shocked and enraged when I found that I was, according to gossip, a flasher, but consoled myself by telling myself that none of this is the landlord’s fault, he just wants to prevent other tenants from rioting. People are scared and looking to point a finger at an invisible assailant. This will be forgotten quickly and my name restored, I guess it’s not contradictory to be both hospitable and two-faced. Why do I care about my reputation in a slum? I don’t want any trouble.
Last Days of Freedom: Worry has set in, even chain restaurants no longer accept cash, not from me at least, I tried to buy something to eat with good ol’ paper money at McDonald’s and they refused to serve me. Worse luck, as the Chinese say. I’m working on a project here and I’m paid in cash, so credit isn’t something I have access to. This doesn’t just affect me, a large portion of the population is paid, untaxed of course, in cash and most likely doesn’t have a bank account. Also, everywhere I go my temperature is taken.
Days of Optimism: Lockdown began, I went to get groceries for the 2 days that we are told we must shelter in place and plan to go to bed early. There was hoarding and ransacking of shelves at the local grocer, but I’m sure that it’s just hysteria and this whole thing will end soon. Another interesting thing happened at the store today, two women got in a fight over the last box of cookies, the first woman, a pudgy mother with a bad attitude towards everyone that I had had the bad luck of having a few encounters with before, used to admonish me saying “smoking is a bad addiction,” I wagged my finger and said “sugar is a bad addiction,” laughing my way out of the store. It was the first time I’ve laughed in days, I’ve been in a daze, everything is quickly changing and feels so dire. The fowl woman, she lost the battle and the box of cookies. A word about change, I’m often told that nothing changes in this little hamlet and I believe it. It’s hyperbole, things change here, but slowly, there’s digital gadgets for sale, but there are also oxcarts that sell food and other remnants of the past. It’s not that nothing changes, It’s that time seems to go by slower here, like the locals heartbeat at a slower pace. I always feel rushed but they take as much time as the seasons.
Two Days In: The two days passed, but lockdown continues, the food I bought didn’t last. Even worse, I wasn’t informed that lockdown part 2 had begun without the first installment ending, I slept through the grocery shopping time, 6AM. I snuck out for an evening walk despite lockdown, 2 interesting things happened on my covert walk, I saw many others outside as well, they all spoke of the cow that wandered into the open air temple that’s adjacent to my apartment complex, some are feeding here, even the Muslims, having taken up many of the folk traditions of the Hindus they live among, agree that a sickly heifer wandering into the temple is a good omen, the other interesting thing, The Green Eyed Lady (an Indian with green eyes) made me some Khichdi(24). There were also Chinese in Haiden, Beijing, a district home to many Russians, who have green eyes. Isn’t genetic splendid? In any case, the woman asked me if I had eaten, usually more of a salutation than invitation here, I said “no,” so she brought me a bite to eat. The food supposedly heals the sick.
Big Changes in a Little Town: Since implementation of the Janata(5) Curfew, many continue to sit along alleys in large groups or participate in sports, not wearing masks(4). Yet, as I walk enroute to purchase groceries, these intrepid individuals say “here comes Corona” and cover their faces with their dupatta(7) or a handkerchief. This change of attitude towards me is, although slight, I’ve always had my fans and detractors here, is palpable. Maybe it’s just my nerves. Before lockdown, I sometimes played Teen Patti(19) with neighbors at least, never understood the rules though. Anyway, the shelter-in-place decree will be lifted on Passover, this must be a good omen, not that I sincerely believe in such things, I think to myself and reiterate my resolution to weather the storm in Mumbai. One concern about the transmission of Covid, Indians don’t have a sense of proximity, they always crowd.
One Good Deed: The endless bad news has left me exhausted. A few thoughts before bed, having lived in other parts of Asia and meeting many people from Europe, India is like America in one way, heterogeneity. It’s a type of melting pot, not a melting pot of strangers from far off lands but a mixture of old kingdoms, who have their own languages and cultures, forced under one, possibly too small, umbrella. Adding it up, Indian society, due to its long history, caste system and numerous religions is exceedingly complex, for example Muslims created the first free public institutes of higher learning, yet in some regards they’re treated like would-be separatists (Khurshid). Thinking about the day’s event, I sit on the small broken cot that’s my bed, I have to get this fixed soon, it’s interesting, the cost of handwork is very cheap here, in the US, anything that artisan might do is expensive and it’s more cost effective just to throw the old away. I’m reminded of this Chinese woman I met in Beijing, she told me “I’m not Han(23).” “Interesting, which ethnic group do you belong to?” “I’m Miao.” “Is there anything unique about the Miao?” “We don’t eat dogs. All Chinese people are the same, we are one people, the only difference between Han and Miao is that we don’t eat dogs.” I was teaching adult English at the time for extra income. India is more like America than China or Europe, diversity is endless.
Anand Nagar Has a New Song: The decree wasn’t lifted. Another day, thousands more Covid cases and locals have begun to shout “go home Corona!” Despite the taunts, I’m staying where I am. I don’t have much of a choice, there aren’t any flights anyway, the airports, in a panic, have shut down, everything, with a mere 2 day warning, has come to a grinding halt. I guess this isn’t merely more sensational media. Besides, the situation is becoming bleaker in the US and airports are havens for communicable diseases, they pack people in, from all over the world, like sardines. Have you ever seen the projected distribution of an epidemic? It all starts with airports. Resolute that this virus will blow over, I buckle down for the Summer of Corona in India.
Foreigners Have it Too: Nothing good has come from lockdowns so far, it has fostered hysteria, mob mentality, greed and anti-foreigner sentiment. This “City of Dreams,” has become a nightmare! The nation has fallen into the clutches of fear of contracting the virus from a foreign national. Hysteria, I tell you! I only hope that this all ends soon. Despite an anti-foreigner hysteria, according to The World Health Organization there are a total of 1637 people infected by Covid-19, a mere 49 of which are aliens(3) (The WHO). Yet, the locals blame it all on Tablighi Jamaat(13)(BBC), why not? Trump is calling this outbreak “The China Virus.” The borders have closed, looks like I’m staying here for a while, I didn’t plan on leaving anyway. Besides, there’s talk of easing restrictions. Back to the human condition, I had always been considered an outsider here, I had always been greeted with mocking and mistrust, to some degree, but there were those who accepted me. The first day I arrived the children called me names and adults mimicked the way I speak with derisive tones and gestures, I guess imitation is the highest form of flattery? I despise epigrams, I really do.
Nostalgia for Slightly Better Days: Before lockdown, there was a woman with a fish tattoo on her arm who often invited me to play cards but I shied away from her after neighbors had told me that she “accuses people of rape to blackmail them for money.” I don’t usually listen to gossip but wanted to play it safe. Other than that, I was at least invited to weddings, funerals and dances during the Graba(22) celebration. Funny story, the first year I refused to dance, a man jokingly told me that if I dance with a girl I have to marry her. I didn’t actually believe him, I’m not that gullible, I’m just not fond of Indian music. Back to the present, it’s not the time for nostalgia, although I can’t think of a better pastime right now, maybe if foreigners in India practice social distancing, unlike the locals, they won’t catch the virus and the stigma will dissolve. The other night I went for a walk just to break the monotony of watching time go by and hoping the world would heal. This morning, I was again accused of perverse behaviors by my landlord. I wasn't walking the alleyways naked, but I am being watched. On the walk, locals barred the alley and told me “no foreigners allowed.” Yet, they daily gather to play Cricket while sentinels watch for cops so that they can quickly disperse.
There’ Gestapos In This Movie Too: I guess I should mention something good too. Lockdown has caused a sort of hush here and now daily I can hear the sound of an infant being bathed through the one tiny window my studio apartment has. Through the 4 foot square aperture I can hear the infant laughing as warm water rushes over it. I now hope that things will return to the way they were before, just subpar not “holy crap the world is on fire and we are all going to die!” A combination of police and concerned citizens, working with the police, now stand along the main road with bamboo canes in hand. They remind me of stories my grandfather told of the Gestapo. Both are poised for violence. The police, they resound the sentiment of the concerned citizens, ridicule the foreigner. Now, I usually get an escort, something that is only afforded to me, to stop “roaming” as I go to get essentials. There are now dots painted on the sidewalk, we are supposed to stand on them to ensure social distancing, the locals don’t obey this. If I do the same, I’m informed, thwack would go the cane. I’ve begun to see in black and white, not metaphorically but literally, I feel as though I’m watching a movie about a distant authoritarian time. The brutalist architecture(24) is reminiscent of Russia and North Korea, it doesn’t take much imagination for the arabesque attributes to obscure. I haven’t slept much.
Building a Wall: This hamlet is bluffed by a river by a river on one side with a small foot bridge for crossing into Neilam Nagar. The police have blockaded the entrance to the crossing and are building a wall to, I believe, keep the several hundred thousand impoverished residence of this hamlet trapped like mice on a sinking ship. I truly fear the wall, perhaps it’s because of my education, having been forced to read the line ‘Something there is that doesn’t love a wall(20),’ throughout school, it’s almost a national anthem. Walls and golf courses have always seemed as despicable things to me. Neither the rich nor the influential politicians are suffering the same as we are in the slums. They play golf in their gated communities…
The First Stone Tossed: As the situation in India worsens, so do the jeering. Now, a few individuals throw rocks at me, a tactic usually reserved for thwarting the region’s menacing wild dogs, as I venture into the ever more dangerous streets at the permitted time, 6AM, to get essentials, in an attempt to diffuse their frustrations over the region’s spreading epidemic. Yet, returning to the political quagmire that is America keeps me hopeful that sheltering in Mumbai will become easier. Rocks tossed or not, I’m staying in place. Oddly, despite not eating much, I’m gaining weight, it must be stress. Supplies have run thin, some are hoarding and there’s talk of a 2 week prohibition on supply trucks entering Anand Nagar.
Insomnia: Depression has set in and money has mostly ran out. Immediately before lockdown, I was given a promotion but as of yesterday, the company I worked for has permanently shut their doors. I’ve just now realized that I haven’t left my house, let alone gotten out of the broken cot for days. I look at the clock, it’s 5:50 AM, the allotted time for shopping. Getting groceries at dawn isn’t a matter of waking at dawn; I haven’t slept in days either, just sat on this cot watching time go by. Insomnia is starting to take a toll, I’m beginning to hallucinate, time has lost all meaning, at times days go by in minutes yet other times, minutes last for a small eternity. It has been days since I’ve had a face to face conversation with another human.
Home Invaders: Somewhat dazed, I sit on my bed contemplating the meaninglessness of time when there’s nothing to do. Jolted from my daydream-like state, there’s a pounding sound on the door. The sound is getting louder. I hear shouting. The words come into focus, “foreigner, we’re coming in! We’re breaking the door down,” says the unfamiliar voices. I spring to my feet and bolt the door. The pounding becomes more and more rapid and fear takes a hold of me. But then I hear a familiar voice, the voice of my neighbor, she shouts something in Marathi and the marauders leave. I fall into a sleep and don’t wake for 2 days. Food was cut off for 2 weeks, I had to get a bite to eat from the Hanuman Mandir(18). They handed out plates of rice and lentils.
Vigilantes: Days go by and panic worsens among residents of this Mumbai chawl(8). Due to rising fears, vigilantes begin to safeguard the streets from “roaming.” These sentinels attempt to impose restrictions of their own device on me: they inform me that I am not permitted to walk along certain roads because they are afraid that I carry the virus, this happened once before on a late night walk but now it’s the norm, although I’m merely in search of a store to buy necessities and wearing a mask. In the end, these vigilantes won’t cause a reduction in hanging out on the street, this I know, but a few of this slum’s inhabitants get to feel empowered because they are the new sheriff in town. I guess we all need a whipping-post and there’s good among the wicked, a local temple and a few individuals are handing out grains to the needy. We are all needy here. At this point, the lockdown has gone on for months.
The New sheriffs in Town: Currently, there’s two police along Mumbai’s backstreets, those who were given authority by the Mumbai Municipal Corporation (MNC) and vigilantes. Feeling harassed and completely rejected by society, loneliness takes hold of me, I begin to search for a way out of this “city of dreams,” maybe returning home while a buffoonish leader (Trump) who makes a mockery of the US isn’t so bad, I think to myself. All things considered, it’s nearly impossible to abide by laws set by both the government and a hysteric mob anyway.
No Payment Until April: At least I have a roof over my head, I think to myself, an article in Aljazeera, Foreign Tourists Face Hostility in India Amid Coronavirus Panic informs that an Israeli woman was evicted from her home in Goa due to locals fear of contracting COVID-19 and others were forced out of their hotel (Purohit), I can go a day without milk, but not without a bed, not to mention, the police had recently found tourists living in a cave because they are trapped in India and have ran out of money (NBC). I haven’t yet been evicted, but am also out of funds and live under constant threat of eviction. Rent payment is suspended until April (Delhi High Court). I lay on my broken cot, I will try to get it fixed on the black market, and continue to doom-scroll taking note of the day’s death tally and searching for any sign of things getting better. Passover has passed but Covid hasn’t.
Nobody Goes Home for That Price: I do some research and come to find that the US Department of State is offering “repatriation flights,” these flights carry a $2000 price tag (a promissory note for the aforementioned amount must be signed before boarding the plane) and a random port of arrival is where I’ll end up if I choose to return home through the ever so benevolent government, how can anyone pay this price during a Pandemic (this thing has been upgraded to a Pandemic, how lovely words are). Upon arriving at this port, the returning expat must find their way home through barricades and the threat of being infected by Corona (Genter). I harden my heart and again resolve to weather the storm in Mumbai. Besides, if the promissory note isn’t paid, I will be banned from international travel. I’m a Digital Nomad. I travel, work at an incredibly low rate and can only afford to survive in developing countries.
August’s Heat: The death toll jets upward and 75 degree angle, it’s updated daily. While bombarded with an endless stream of bad news, jeering has morphed into threats of violence, sleep is still a rare occurrence, heat rash has caused the parts of my body covered by clothing to become as freckled as Little Orphan Annie, I’m as poor to boot, my field of vision is filled sprawling geometric patterns and my temper is quick.
Worse Than the Daughters of Temperance: As the situation thickens, stores begin to deny me service. A shopkeeper refuses to sell me certain items that are in stock and we aren’t barred from sale, I have just been informed that liquor and tobacco have become contraband. The more than nagging need to satiate addictions during lockdown aside, this proprietor allows Indian nationals to purchase products, but denies me the same goods. He’d have me starve to death! I, like all outsiders, have become the face of a faceless virus that has ruined lives, in fact “Muslims were initially blamed for the spread of infection (Siddiqui),” a group that is no less a part of India than Sikhs(10), yet, like Jews anywhere in the world, are perpetual outsiders. All things considered, this is mass hysteria! Nobody I know has died from Covid yet. A sampling error? Perhaps. Nonetheless, I sit in my room without a breeze (I don’t have A/C) and ponder what society has come to, Freud’s mob mentality.
They’re Trying to Starve Me Out: That shopkeeper has changed his mind, I returned to him to buy groceries but he yelled “go away foreigner white face.” He then insisted that a clerk not give me an old box, although I was carrying a heavy load and had no tote. The hypocrisy of people here is an in the face classism, a rule for me and a rule for them. The Covid cases are increasing exponentially! So are my headaches. They’re not headaches as much as a feeling that every nerve ending in my body is being prodded with a needle and the inside of my brain shrinking. Now, I sit at home alone, the rats scurry across the floor, the heat comes in waves, time stands still and there’s nothing to laugh about, Covid cases are in the hundred thousands and the death toll is staggering as well.
Befriending the Gang: August’s heat, insomnia, constant dread and lack of nutrition are getting to me, I don’t know how much longer I can go on. Even local pharmacists have begun to convey a fear of me and insist that I have a cough when I go in to ask for something for heat rash. Unlike the grocers, the pharmacists sell me goods, but with great hesitation and suspicion in regards to my presence in this chawl. Finding tobacco is now the chief task of every day. It’s sold on the black market, along with chocolate, alcohol and meat, at exorbitant prices. So, like a heroin addict, I slink up to a back alley leant-to and buy a pack of smokes. It’s just like buying illicit drugs: there’s an obligatory period of making small-talk, ambiguity over whether or not the man actually has tobacco, razzing, phone calls and scurrying about to find it. In the end, I walk away with cigarettes at European prices and a dirty feeling.
Suicide Among Death: Lockdown continues and most in this chawl have lost morale. The neighbor sent her son over to tinker on my electric piano. She told me of what has been dubbed The Flower House Girl. A young woman hung herself from rafters due to endless confinement to her home and the bleak picture of tomorrow that the daily news paints. What a shame! I had wondered what the fire department was doing on the main street. They took her out of the third story window with the truck’s ladder.
Another Year Another Onion: Did I mention it’s a New Year? I didn’t even notice that the year had changed, the date passed unceremoniously and with festivities. Again, the police have rebuilt the wall that surrounds this chawl, tightening the perimeter, I’m not sure if it’s to keep Covid out or us in. In any case, food has scarcely made it through the makeshift wall and news is that food supplies will be cut off for 2 weeks, again. In any case, that which makes it in is mostly sequestered by the gangs, anyhow. It’s that I’ve got the most onions mentality(12). Despite rarely eating, I continue to gain weight. Speaking of onions, there are now over nine million confirmed Covid cases and farmers are protesting the price gouging of seeds, stating that “We are the ones who have provided food, milk, vegetables when the whole country was in lockdown, we were still toiling in the fields. It is the government” not gathering in New Delhi “that has put us at risk by introducing these laws during Covid (Hollingsworth et al).” My heart is with these brave men and women and if I had the strength I would be beside them. All things considered, despite the news and friends’ proclamations that a new year brings new hope, this may be an onion of a year too.
The Walls Close In: Yet again, the police have reduced the circumference of the wall. I feel claustrophobic or like I’m slowly, very slowly drowning. I go to bed, but sleep doesn’t come. I hear the rats fight over the last morsels of food in this chawl, when I wake, there’s inevitably a rodent corpse on the footpath in the ally that leads to my house. Food has been cut off for 2 weeks. I gave the last of my supplies to a family, in total it amounted to a pound of rice and a pound of lentils. Now, the cot is less of a fishing net with big holes and more of an empty frame. I lay on the floor instead, will I be able to get somebody to fix it, I don’t know. I have to get my family to send money first.
An Altercation: We are now allowed an evening walk, so I venture out to the usual chants, a ragtag team of would-be thugs follow me. A wave of exhaustion washes over me and my pace slows to a crawl in front of the BJP(14) Office. As I cross in front of the office, beneath the flag, a scrawny slum-bastard walk up and says “are you British?” “I’m American,” I reply. “I hear they call you Hari(15).” I can smell the alcohol on his breath as he speaks. “What of it?” “More like Harry Potter.” “I guess that’s funny,” I say and try to walk away, but he grabs me by the collar and takes a swing, he misses. I return the blow, my fist makes contact with his face. My heart is racing. I fear an all out retaliation when, like roaches from beneath rot-wood, members of the local gang emerge from the alleys and come to my aid. I had been buying tobacco from them, at highway robbery prices for weeks, and so it’s in their interest to act as my vigilante guardians, in some regards, the gangs are better than the police, or at least their corruption and self service is laid out on the table for all to see, where the cops are supposed to protect and serve, protecting and serving often isn’t the case here, it comes down to ethnic and caste schisms.
Two Deaths and a Ghost: It’s another day and the death toll has spiked again. Feeling that I escaped death and death being the only thing the news reports on I begin to wonder, had I been killed by a mob, would my death have been reported as a Covid death? Is the death toll real? There’s a little hospital in this chawl, it’s certainly not inundated with the dying and morticians don’t walk the streets singing “bring out your dead,” as they did during the Black Plague of 1665. In fact, of the 3 who purportedly died in Anand Nagar, one was an elderly with Emphysema, the other was a suicide and the last one, I saw him walking down the street the other day, risen from the grave as by some Covid era miracle. Truth be told, he had gone back to his family home and returned. Not an easy task, much like during the Holocaust, traveling papers are required to go anywhere, there’s not even any trains, minus a few for displaced workers. A combination of lack of food, a growing mistrust of the government’s intention with regards to lockdown and dire times brings these lyrics to mind: My wife fixed up a tater stew/ We poured the kids full of it/ Mighty thin stew, though/ You could read a magazine right through it. Always have figured/ That if it’d been just a little bit thinner, Some of these here politicians/ Coulda seen through it(21).
Are the politicians duped or am I? What about herd immunity? I feel like I’m living in the Dust Bowl, except there’s no storm of dust and the sky isn’t black. The enemy is invisible. Or, am I the enemy? So much for relativism.
Police and Indians: On another outing, again attempting to purchase essentials, those things that whether for sustenance or pleasure, an invisible hand has decided that I may indulge in, I find that even local authorities seem misinformed about the number of foreign nationals in India with Covid. Recently, police stopped me for questioning and informed me that “foreigners are the cause of Corona Virus.” After looking for a quarantine stamp on my hands several times and not finding one they insisted that I run back home and followed me on motorcycles. This was witnessed by several locals who cheered the police on. As the police resounded sentiments of this chawl’s inhabitants, it reinforced negative feelings. I didn’t eat that night. The days following the police harassment, locals continued jeering me by saying “the police will come and hit you,” while mimicking the thwack of a cane on their posterior. Not just are they misinformed, they’d like to see me hung.
Read the Sign: In case you feel incredulous in regards to my claims about placing a stamp on the hands of foreigners and the police’s blindingly Orwellian allegiance to the BJP, the party who blamed Covid on Muslims and foreigners, The National Library of Medicine has this to say about it: tourists who arrived in India from affected countries were put in quarantine for 14 days in their port of arrival, their “left hand was stamped with ink” to maintain the date and time of their home quarantine, “a move that could risk assault, due to stigma towards Covid suspects [foreigners].” Individuals violating the quarantine can be penalized via Indian penal code Section 188, 269 and 270 (Siddiqui). The police, like the locals, are looking for a whipping-post and have a draconian view about foreign nationals in India during this crisis, what a hoot it would be to cane them. Bollywood is no “City of Dreams,” in fact, misinformation abounds here, signs, obviously posted by Conservative and nationalistic Hindu Vegans, reads as so: ‘Ways to avoid Covid/ Don’t eat meat/ Don’t smoke/ Don’t talk to foreigners.’ I no longer see the good that I jotted down in an earlier journal entry. Also, tired of the word “misinformation,” not sure who gets to decide what’s misinformation, although I myself used it in this entry, just tired: days crawl by and the feeling of isolation causes a pressure on my cranium and a meaninglessness to all things.
Mending a Bed: Despite having become a pariah, I was able to get the cot fixed, for a small fee, a tailor was willing to come over, and work against the law, they despise me, but like money enough to look past it. The work doesn’t look great, it’s rigged. Most everything here is rigged. I’m never sure if this is the ingenuity of a race of impoverished people or the result of an attitude that declares good enough is good. In the end, most everything is a hodgepodge of corrugated steel, broken bits of wood and rope with exposed electrical wires that run through water and the elements in general. I’ve always said, if the manpower here became a collected force and decided to stop pollution, get the rivers clean, enforce something like an ADA, demand fair housing they would be an unstoppable force. Instead, they divide themselves along ethnic schisms.
A Pickpocket: Food has returned to the stores and shopkeepers are serving me, but I was pickpocketed at the register. I took my wallet out to pay, right before my eyes a man reached in my wallet and took a 500 out, it was the last of the money I had. I came home empty handed. For the first time since my divorce, I broke down and cried. Now I sit wiping my eyes. Is all hope for humanity lost? I cannot answer. Besides Covid, there’s so much political turmoil! It looks as though there won’t be a smooth transition of power this time.
What I’ve Learned From the Steppenwolf: I’m concerned for the nation’s migrant workers, other visiting foreign nationals and those who descend from Mizoram and Assam, these individuals may be more prone to the psychological effects of loneliness than myself. Culturally, Indian life centers around an extended family, whereas I’m more akin to Herman Hesse’s Steppenwolf. All in all, it’s tough to live overseas in the best case scenario and down-right depressing when you’ve become public enemy number one. But, as I said, I have a tough enough skin to survive this, but there are those who’ve been cannibalized by their own society. Anyway, lockdown should end in 3 weeks, the infection rate is on the decline. We are now aloud out in the evenings and I have taken to sitting with friends in front of the Rukhmini(16) Temple. It’s like the opening line of a joke, a Jew, a Muslim and a Hindu… Among us, there’s a Muslim, a Jew, a Christian and a Hindu priest. All in all, I need them not, but it’s nice to have some companionship, even if there’s little communication. I have returned to good graces.
Family Matters: Although I feel alone, I’m not jealous of India’s family structure. Locals often ask me about my family, casual things like “how is your mother?” “I don’t know. I don’t keep in touch with my family very much,” I respond. It’s a matter of privacy and staying out of gossip. Here, grown men never grow up, they are fed and coddled by their mothers. I had recently met a man who can’t cook for himself, nor wash his own clothes and still occasionally sleeps in bed with his mother. Speaking of men, spouse abuse, along with drinking, is on the rise. It’s not uncommon to see and hear it. Too often, after dark, I witness, when I sneak out for a walk to break the munatiny, men hitting women by the open air temple that my house is adjacent to. Speaking of temples, Hanukkah recently passed. I lit a makeshift menorah, but even that gave me little joy. As for now, the best thing is drinking chai by the little Rukmini temple.
Down With the Wall: The wall has come down! Lockdown isn’t over, but the wall has come down. Alas, air travel has returned, the government has announced “air bubbles” and I’m returning to America. After everything, I was never again treated as more than a second-class citizen in that chawl but it matters not, I’m leaving! In the end, the locals’ reaction to me and the psychological impact of the loneliness, their words and actions heave upon me, have caused deep scars. On a more disappointing note, all local newspapers have declined to publish my recollections of lockdown. An earnest question, were we fed false dichotomies, ones that stated wear a mask or everyone dies and get the vaccine or everyone dies, just for some political experiment or agenda? It’s just odd that after the farmers protested the Covid number began to decrease.
Integrity Intact
No Amnesty for the Wicked: One might say, you’ve survived the worst, why bring this up at all? Isn’t it time for amnesty? I feel the answers to this was best put into words in the video Pandemic Amnesty: Do you Forgive and Forget and so I will summarize what the author said, “there were things that happened that there needs to be a recognition of, and there needs to be a public apology. There needs to be a promise that this never happens again. There needs to be people who actually pay for their behavior, potentially criminal behavior. […] Until the people who did harm admit that they did harm this kind of thing will just keep repeating itself. […] Some people were victims, other people were perpetrators, and then there [were] also enablers (Wand).” For instance, The Deccan Herald reports that there have been “attacks on people from India’s northeastern region […], suspecting them of being carriers of the virus.” Assaulting your own people is like cannibalism, that’s all there is to it! As it was written in the newspaper, apart from being called “Corona” or “Chinki(9)” India’s [Asiatic] people were spat on and forcibly quarantined, despite showing no Covid symptoms, all because of their looks and an ignorant fear that anyone who looks different are the root cause of the Pandemic. Also, they were denied entry into their apartment complexes, evicted, merely threatened with eviction or forced out of restaurants to make others comfortable and none wanted to share transport with them (Karmakar). Of all things, it’s not time for amnesty.
Ignorance isn’t an Excuse: There needs to be punishment for these wicked deeds! There’ll be no retribution for foreigners who suffered in India, but locals, those from minority communities, who had just days before lockdown been upstanding citizens, deserve retribution and possibly reparations. There those who died from the virus and those who died at the selfishness and ignorance of mankind, for those who died by the hand of man have this to say: “To forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time ( Elie Wiesel).” Ignorance, for good reason, has never been, nor shall it be an excuse for breaking laws and committing atrocities. The Atlantic is wrong in their assertion that we should just forgive and forget (Oster). Perhaps, in the name of healing, it’s time to forgive, but should never forget!
A Clear Conscience: During The Covid Outbreak, I may have lost my mind, found myself in complete isolation and on the brink of starvation at times, but at least I kept my dignity. I threw no stones and attempted to obey the laws, even those that actively brought hardship into my life. I defended myself when needed, I live by the adage “walk gently and carry a big stick.” As for the war of the ethnicities in India, I guess it’s none of my business, alone, I can’t defend the minorities. And in regards to retribution for the wicked, my hands are also tied. However, I won’t give amnesty, not in my heart. Forgetting and moving on, as Oster’s article suggests (Oster) is, to reiterate, akin to allowing the cycle to repeat again. In the end, my travels have provided me with armor to protect against cabin fever, I’ve endured hardships and loneliness in remote villages of Nepal and have been “the stranger” in the metropolitans of Hong Kong, Bangladesh… But there are those among the Indians whose identity and self-worth come from a tightly knit family and friend structure, many of which took their own lives due to isolation. Others starved to death because of lack of income and others died due to the rejection of medical services. Luckily, I was not immune to the effects of isolation, but well insulated from the threat of Corona by a chawl that exists off the radar and societies’ fear of foreigners, local inhabitants keep me at arm’s length and so, I didn’t catch the virus during lockdown.
Notes
1: The views herein are not the of WTDA but the author. At WTDA we publish a variety of news, depending on what we deem to be an interesting story at the moment.
2: At the time of writing, Covid hadn’t yet been declared a Pandemic.
3: Citation no longer available at The World Health Organization.
4: The author of this journal wants it to be known that they don’t, nor did they ever, believe that masks are/were an effective way of preventing Covid-19 but were forced to wear a face covering by Indian law. At the time, they obeyed the law.
5: Public.
6: Hyped media, having no real effect on the life of the author.
7: A long scarf worn by Indian women.
8: The Marathi word for neighbourhood which is colloquially used to denote a slum.
9: North Indian slang for India’s Asiatic population.
10: A religion that combines attributes of Islam and Hinduism and originated in India.
11: Guests are G-D.
12: In 2019, due to flooding, there was an onion shortage. An entrepreneur had been hoarding onions. At the time, not only did he declare that “onions are the new gold” he purportedly sold the onions for 3 times the market value. To the author, it serves as a symbol of the selfish psychological state that caused some of the worst aspects of Covid lockdown.
13: A 3 day Islamic spiritual event in India’s capital hosted by a 100 years Islamic Missionary Movement. Due to the cases reaching over 300 after the event, the meme was coined: China is the “producers” of the virus, and Muslims are the “distributors.”
14: A political party, of which Prime Minister Narendra Modi is the leader of. Every neighborhood has a BJP office.
15: A common male name in India and regional pronunciation of the Anglo name Harry.
16: The primary wife of the Hindu G-D Krishna.
17: The name of the slum in which the writer lived during lockdown.
18: A temple in the slum in which the foreigner lived during lockdown. The temple is dedicated to the monkey G-D, a deity who helped Rama in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana.
19: A poker-like card game in which the players make melds with three cards.
20: Mending Wall by Robert Frost.
21: Talkin’ Dust Bowl Blues by Woodie Guthrie.
22: A dance form native to the west Indian state of Gujarat, performed in October to honour the Hindu Goddess Durga. It is also celebrated in Maharashtra. People gather on the streets, dancing in pairs of men and women where they rhythmically click sticks together.
23: The largest ethnic group in mainland China, about 91% of the population.
24: A South Indian dish made of rice and lentils. It’s a comfort food that’s supposed to aid in healing.
25: Brutalist architecture emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era.These buildings characterised by minimalism and bare building materials. They are commonly seen today in old Soviet Union countries and Central Asia, reminding many of totalitarianism.
Podcasts Coming Soon: The King of Hong Kong
He might’ve been crazy. His family disowned him, stating that he was mentally unbalanced and a public nuisance. To make matters worse, his wife grew tired and left him for his obsessive scribbling on walls and lunacy. Who was he? Tsang Tsou Choi was disputably the King of Hong Kong and undoubtedly a prolific graffiti artist. Nowadays, due to the march of time and politics most of his oeuvre is nothing more than an artifact of memory. He was a graffiti artist and the self declared KING OF HONG KONG....
Jews of Early America and the Wild West: Bringing the Forgotten from the Grave and Rethinking Their Lives
Back in 1660, the Puritan Minister Thomas Thorowgood speculated that certain Native Americans and Mexican Indigenous Groups, because they practised circumcision, cannibalism (as mentioned in Ezekiel) at times, used certain literary devices (parables) to communicate ideas and some seemingly Judaic rights, descended from Jewish stock(9). How did Jews find themselves in the Americas? It’s supposedly the fulfillment of Ezekiel 5.10, where as punishment for idol worship, the tribes of Israel were to be “scattered to the wind.” It’s all hokum based on conjecture and aspects of culture that are shared across the human experience, except circumcision and cannibalism of course.
Jewish Voices from the Past
Unsurprisingly, many years later, Jews were among those who settled America and the Wild West as well as peopled Ferdinand II’s expeditions to the New World. The West represented a land of hope and new beginnings for many disenfranchised Jews. This experiment in the birth of a new country based on equality was a place “where everything was just beginning and in the process of becoming and, to a certain extent, still is in that condition, where it is still possible to plant the seed of civilization in virgin soil, where the foundation of the structure of the new state of necessity implied the acknowledgment of the common origin of all men and their common right to equality (Israel Joseph Benjamin, My Year in California and the West (6)).” The New World had an allure, despite the potential dangers, it beckoned to those who were Zionists and those who sought a simpler life or merely freedom from persecution alike. In fact, In the earliest days of the American experiment, Isaac Isaacs can be found in Virginia’s public records. By the late 1800’s, Jews could be found as far west as California.
At the offset of the American experiment, conditions looked favorable for Jewish immigrants. In fact, Jews voted if no one challenged them to take a Christian oath and conducted public worship. And, in 1718 Jews won the privilege of naturalization through special acts of the Assembly, a privilege that enabled them to own land (3). However, life on this new frontier wasn’t easy for anyone, especially those Jews who came to the New World in pursuit of religious and economic freedoms. For instance, to obtain the same rights that other immigrants enjoyed, in 1706, Jews of New York City resorted to writing a kind of constitution for their own regulation (3). The years between 1906 and 1718 were hard for even those Jews living in metropolitan centers, business disregarded the rights that were granted by special assembly. In rural areas, the situation was even worse.
Rights aside, there’s a certain pain to becoming American, a loss of identity that only the immigrant understands. In less populated regions hardships were worsened by the lack of a Jewish community and antisemitic ideals forcing those who newly arrived in the New World to take on Gentile customs. For instance, Rebecca Samuels, a polish immigrant living in Petersburg Virginia, a small and isolated town, wrote this in a letter to her family during 1791:
Dear Parents,
I know quite well you will not want me to bring up my children like Gentiles. Here they cannot become anything else. Jewishness is pushed aside here. There are here [in Petersburg] ten or twelve Jews, and they are not worthy of being called Jews. We have a shochet here who goes to market and buys trefah [nonkosher] meat and then brings it home. On Rosh Hashanah and on Yom Kippur the people worshipped here without one sefer torah and not one of them wore the talit or abra kanfot [the small fringes worn on the body], except Hyman and my Sammy’s godfather. The latter is an old man of sixty, a man from Holland. He has been in America for thirty years already, for twenty years he was in Charleston, and he has been living here for four years. He does not want to remain here any longer and will go with us to Charleston. In that place there is a blessed community of three hundred Jews.
You can believe me that I crave to see a synagogue to which I can go. The way we live now is no life at all. We do not know what the Sabbath and holidays are. On the Sabbath all the Jewish shops are open, and they do business on that day as they do throughout the week. But ours we do not allow to open. With us there is still some Sabbath. You must believe me that in our house we all live as Jews as much as we can.
All the people who hear that we are leaving give us their blessings. They say that it is sinful that such blessed children should be brought up here in Petersburg. My children cannot learn anything here, nothing Jewish, nothing of general culture. My Schoene [my daughter], God bless her, is already three years old, I think it is time that she should learn something, and she has a good head to learn. I have taught her the bedtime prayers and grace after meals…(5)
As early as 1759, Newport Rhode Island had a vibrant Jewish community and synagogue, but places like Richmond Virginia didn’t get a place of worship until 1789, Temple Beth Shalom (5).Despite writing the letter in 1791 and the Thomas Jefferson have written the Bill to Establish Religious Freedom in 1779 church and state hadn’t been fully pulled. Besides, Rebecca would’ve still been pressured to live and raise her children like a Gentile.
In contrast, Abigail Minis is, in my opinion, one of the most heart warming biographies herein, she was the embodiment of the spirit of the western frontier. She was a 70 year old widow at the time of the Revolutionary War who made kosher meals for the revolutionary army and fled British occupied Savannah for Charleston. She wrote this to Mordacai Sheftall Esquire, the highest ranking Jewish officer in the colonial forces:
Dear Sir,
Enclosed I have sent you a copy of certificates given me for sundry Articles provision, [?] delivered the Allied Army When before the lines of Savannah in September 1779 immediately after the Surrender of this Town to the British I gave the Original Certificate to General Lincoln. Who promised to have settled and paid, but the communication between Philadelphia [the US capital at the time] and this place being totally stopt [I] have not heard from him(5).
If Jews had few rights at the time, even in metropolitan centers rights were granted and revoked or granted and dismissed by businessmen (3) Jewish women of the Frontier had even fewer rights and freedoms. Most women of this period made a name for themselves by proxy, Betsy Ross, for example, only became the seamstress of the flag through marriage. Early American women lived through their husband’s accomplishments. Yet, Abigail Minis bumped elbow’s with the elite and even ran her own inn. She broke the rules, where Rebecca lived the life of the Jew who was broken by Gentile society, Abigail made her own rules. Minis is the embodiment of the American experiment and the westward expansion.
It wasn’t just Abigail and Rebecca who had to buck the system and carve their own path. Michael Allen was a chaplain for Northern Jewish soldiers during the Civil War. “Although Allen had never been ordained, he was allowed to act in place of an ordained Rabbi because there were so many Jewish soldiers in the Cameron Dragoons, who were mounted soldiers with heavy arms.” Interestingly, a special act of Congress had to be passed in order for Allen to perform his duties, because he wasn’t a Christian(4). This incident occurred well past it was declared that the “free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship without discrimination or preference, shall forever hereafter be.” In New York, Jews had won the right to bury their dead within city limits(5), but on the battlefields, where the dangers of both being scalped and killed by the Confederate Army prevailed, a special act was required for a Rabbi to say the Kaddish with mourners.
Between 1848 and 1888 the Gold Rush drew people from all walks of life out west. The promise of financial freedom and overall freedom was alluring to Jewish pioneers. You may be surprised to find that Jews “constituted on of the more prominent ethnic groups of the California Gold Rush (10).” A modern, hands-on approach was used to determine if individuals of the Gold Rush era or any period in American history were Jews. To find the forgotten Jews of the Gold Rush the writers of The Jews in the California Gold Rush used the inscriptions of gravestones, public documents in county courthouses, probate records, newspaper and Jewish organizations. It’s said that “the Gold Rush was a significant event in Jewish history because it placed Jews side by side with a large and diverse group of races, religions, and nationalities. At first, the Jews were strangers who made their homes among strangers, but they became friendly with their Gentile neighbours and were soon important figures in the communities in which they lived. They established themselves in business, and they also remained true to their ancestral faith by forming benevolent societies, establishing separate cemeteries, and conducting worship services (10).” Too bad these histories were largely forgotten until recently, not to mention, this is a somewhat optimistic notion of living among less than accepting Gentiles.
Why were early American Jewish contributions to the Wild West and Frontier left out of history books? This is because, the chronicles of Jews in America had always focused on “the metropolitan centers of the East and Middle West(6).” Accounts of Jews in the American West had long been considered “peripheral to mainstream Jewish America, at best and tributary and derivative and of no serious interest(6).” But there were Jewish pioneers wearing kippah under their ten gallon hats. It just took 100 years to discover this. In the 1960’s, among Social Scientists, methods of research became more hands-on, as earlier noted, and historians and the like scoured dusty genealogies left to rot in old west courthouses and microfiche to unearth the forgotten, or never known, legacies of Jews of early America and the Wild West(6). Most Jews of this American era disguised themselves as Gentiles to escape persecution and fit into the society at large. Jewish rights in the old west were tentative at best, granted and revoked or just ignored. For example, during the election of 1737 Jews were disallowed to vote for assemblymen or give testimony in a court of law(3). Those rights that were granted in 1718 suddenly evaporated. In the end, those rights that the Jews of New York made a “constitution of their own ‘’ to protect had been taken away again. It was best to fiend the life of a Gentile on the new Frontier.
Despite the tentative status of Jewish rights in the New World, Jewish communities in America were established in New York as early as 1654, followed by communities in
A few small communities in the original colonies withstanding, Jews didn’t begin to see America as a possible place to recreate Zion, a new land to prosper without persecution until much later. In fact, the first attempts to create communes didn’t happen until in the 1820’s in Florida. Later, in 1881 Jews attempted to make a colony on Sicily Island Louisiana. In 1882 there were several attempts to establish Jewish colonies in S. Dakota but all 6 colonies failed due to crops and malaria. And, in 1904 a colony was established in Colorado but it too failed. Some of the most notable examples of the American Kibbutz are the New Odessa and Clarion colonies. To make forge this community, JACA and The Jewish Agricultural Aid Society purchased 6,085 acres of public land in Sanpete County, Utah. The initial plan was to settle roughly 200 families on the colony, with the number eventually growing to 1,000 families(6). The New Odessa Community was a land where Russians could escape persecution from the Russian Czar.
Biographies of Early American Jews
To Carvalho’s dismay, the expedition already had a photographer, a man who I can only find his last name, Bomar. Bomar used the wax method but Carvalho championed the daguerreotype method for processing film. Fremont held a contest between the two men, speed was the deciding factor. In the end, Bomar’s wax process required more time and would have caused delays(4).
So, Carvalho became the expedition’s official photographer. Along this voyage, Carvalho met Brigham Young, the founder of the Church of Latter Day Saints and Governor. It was in Utah, in the midst of a massacre, with Brigham Young that Carvalho met the Ute Chief, Wakara. He said of the Ute Indians:
“The first principle among them was life for life; it made no difference whether, in their wrath they massacred an innocent, or an unoffending man; a white man slew my brother, my duty is to avenge his death, by killing a white man. Their first Open demonstration was the massacre of Gunnison; and the allied troops of Utahs, Pahutes, Parvains, and Payedes determined to continue in open hostility, both to the Mormons, and Americans(1).”
When Young’s cavalcade arrived at the Ute camp he sent the message that he was ready to meet with Wakara. Wakara responded with “If Gov. Young wanted to see him, he must come to him at his camp, as he did not intend to leave it to see any body.” When this message was delivered to Young, he gave orders for the whole cavalcade to proceed to [the] camp. If the mountain will not come to Muhomet, Muhomet must go to the mountain(1).” When the cavalcade entered the camp, they found Wakara surrounded by 15 old chiefs.
Carvalho noted that “[Wakara] stood upon the dignity of his position, and feeling himself the representative of an aggrieved and much injured people, acted as though a cessation of hostilities by the Indians was to be solicited on the part of the Whites, and he felt great indifference about the result.” Negations for a peace treaty went on and Carvalho remained in camp, near Wakara’s Village until next day, he was able to get Wakara agree to sit for his portrait as well as Chief Squaeh-head, Baptiste, Grosepine, Petetnit and Kanoehe, the Chief of the Parvain Indians(1). Of Carvalho’s work, portrait of an Ute Chief, 1854, is the most striking.
Later, accompanied by two interpreters and several other gentlemen, “we proceeded to the Indian’s camp, to see their celebrated Chieftain, Kanoshe, whose portrait I was anxious to obtain. I found him well armed with a rifle and pistols, and mounted on a noble horse. He immediately consented to my request that he would sit for his portrait; and on the spot, after an hour’s labor, I produced a strong likeness of him, which he was very curious to see. I opened my portfolio and displayed the portraits of a number of other Ute chiefs, among which he selected Wakara, the celebrated Terror of Travellers, anglicised Walker, (since dead). He took hold of it and wanted to retain it(1).” Throughout this article, I’ve given my interpretation of the scene, but this needs none. I don’t know if one might say that Carvalho found the best of all possible worlds in Utah, living among Indians and in constant danger, or if life would’ve been better for him in the relative safety of New York. The painting now resides in the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Rather than give a single biography of a Gold Rush era Jew, I believe that the reader is aware of life during the period, if was wrought with hardship, it was a time of physical labor and a time of feast and famine for the average panhandler, I’d rather include excerpts from newspapers that describe the general attitude towards those who ventured to California to unearth what lay beneath the ground.
A Jew of our acquaintance came in to his neighbor’s place of business, yesterday morning, bringing an intolerable smell with him, and, “fast as a little wagon,” made the announcement that he had killed a “vesel [weasel],” in his “schicken house.” He said the animal was “black, mit a vite tail, and schtinks like de tuyvel [with a little tale and stinks like a turtle].” A wicked wag, next door, persuaded the victor to bring in his trophy, as he wanted to buy the skin. The Jew soon appeared and drew from his pocket a half grown pole cat(10).”
The Wild West wasn’t Zion, nor a land of dignity where “acknowledgment of the common origin of all men and their common right to equality” existed. In fact, The Grass Valley Union posted this:
Dead at Last… We had almost forgotten to say that it undertook to run all the disloyal Irish and Jews out of the State…. It is now thoroughly dead, we are assured — dead beyond the power of resurrection — and the general opinion is that it lived too long. Sorrowers over its death are found only among the poor printers who were swindled out of their wages(10).
Gold Rush California was yet another land of antisemitism. On the few occasions when local Jews battled Gentiles, the newspaper editor was likely to report the event in as much detail and as humorously as he was able.
Volcano Items. The Spring Fights Commenced. — What the boys call the “spring fights,” in Volcano, commenced on Sunday last. On the forenoon of that day, a son of Isreal [tit], whose proportions are not gigantic, desired and insisted that a portly Gentile, of robust dimentions [ski, should pay to him, the said son of Israel, a sum of money due for a rig of “store clothse” [sk]. Hard words ensued, whereupon the Gentile seized the Jew by the capillary substance that vegetates upon the summit of the cranium. The Jew seized a hatchet, and cut the Gentile on the hand. So ended the first heat. — In the afternoon, they again met at the store of the Israelite. Big Gentile seized little Jew by the aforesaid capilary [sic] substance; this time, the latter had a “sticker” that horses are bled with, and the Gentile was cut in divers and sundry places, insomuch that blood flowed profusely. The Gentile was cared for by a physician, and the Jew was terribly frightened lest the populace should become excited and hang him and all his friends(10).
Sadly, exaggeration and biased media existed during the Gold Rush too. Where the first example was merely supposed to be humorous, the last may be perceived as an incitement of violence. Something that was common in Gold Rush era California. In fact, because Jews were upright citizens and posed a threat to General Grant’s election, it was stated that:
For alleged trading infractions along Union and Confederate lines during the Civil War, General Grant had issued General Order №11 from Holly Spring, Mississippi, December 17, 1862, concerning the military department of Tennessee: The jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the department within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order(10).
You may have strongly mixed emotions about this but the hero of The Battle of Beecher Island, 1868, was Sigmund Schlesinger, there he fought off 1,000 Cheyenne, Oglala Sioux, Arapahos, Kiowas and Comanches over 9 days. The band of Indians was led by the great Cheyenne warrior, Chief Roman. Schlesinger was a darkhorse. General B. Fry had this to say about Schlesinger: “[he] seemed to be inferior, in all respects unfit for service; a Jew, small with narrow shoulders, sunken chest, quiet manner and pipey voice, and little knowledge of firearms or horsemanship; he was indeed unpromising(4).” Yet, this Hungarian immigrant, despite seeming unfit for battle, was victorious.
Later, in 1895, there was much disbelief about Schlesinger’s role in the battle, to clear this up Colonel Forsysth recounted the story to Harper’s Magazine: “as for the little Jew…! Well, the Indian that from dawn to dusk was incautious enough to expose any part of his person within the range of his rifle had no cause to complain of a want of marked attention on the part of that brave and active young Israelite…in fact, he most worthily, proved himself a gallant soldier among brave men(4).”
This is one of the most interesting tales of Jews in the Wild West. During 1885 Solomon Bibo was married to an Acoma Indian, a Pueblo native group who inhabited New Mexico, named Juana Valle. Valle was the daughter of the Acoma Governor. Because he bought the rights to the Pueblo land and married a Acoma Governess, Bibo eventually became the Jewish Indian Chief.
Song of Manuel the Navajo Chief, sung by Sol Bibo : Bibo, Sol, singer : Free Borrow & Streaming …
Sol Bibo sings Song of Manuel the Navajo chief, recorded by Charles Lummis in Los Angeles, 1904.Lummis announces that…
archive.org
During 1846, the United States acquired New Mexico. At that time, Indians lost their land. In 1848, in accordance with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the Acoma were no longer considered Indians and eligible to get their land back. But, “when a survey of Acoma lands was finally taken in 1858 the Indians could offer little proof of their original boundaries, since they had no maps or stakes before the arrival of the first explorers. Even though additional surveys were made in 1876 and 1877, the outcome for their claims were unfavorable. In 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes agreed with the survey of 1858 and [the] Acoma received its share of 94,196 acres, which was far less than the residents believed themselves entitled to(4).” In April. 1884. a year before Solomon’s marriage to Juana, the Acoma tribe leased the entire 94.196 acres to Solomon Bibo. A period of thirty years the Indians signed away their rights to Bibo. On October 1888 it was declared that:
That’s how Solomon Bibo became Don Solomono, the Jewish Indian Chief. Many believe his motivations to have been nefarious, they believe that he simply wanted the right to trade with this indigenous population, something he had applied for and was rejected for several times.
In his defense, reports from the Bureau of Ethnology substantiates by inference that Solomon Bibo could not have persuaded the Acomas to do what they did not desire to do. In fact, Solomon Bibo was accepted and trusted by the Acomas. Or as stated by Leslie A White:
Acoma’s early reputation for vigorous unfriendliness to the whites has been maintained to this day [1929] … Government officials and employees, representatives of religious organizations, and tourists well know the difficulties which confront a white man or woman at Acoma. The Acoma people are suspicious, distrustful and unfriendly. In addition to their constant fears that they may have their land taken away from them … they are even on guard to prevent any information concerning their ceremonies from becoming known lest they be suppressed (or ridiculed) by the whites(8).
Moreover, friend of Juana and Solomon, the historian and archaeologist Charles Lummis, dedicated one of his books to Solomon and Juana. It rend:
To Sol and Juana Bibo. whom I have known and loved for forty years. since the dear old days in New Mexico, when they were beginning that married life which has been, to this day, so beautiful an example and so rare an inspiration. Dona Juana. of the oldest aristocracy in this country. worthy daughter of the First Americans, whose noble grandfather first told me the story of the Enchanted Mesa. is a much finer type than the storied Pocahontas. and of hatter blood. Don Solomon has; left his mark all across New Mexico as one of the wisest. shrewdest, high-minded, most just and most generous of men that ever dealt with the natives of the Southwest(4).
Wrapping Up and Reinterpreting a Stereotype
Ending at the beginning much like the Torah, a 2000 year old tefflin was supposedly found in Pittsfield, Massachusetts in 1815(2). It is said to have ancient Hebrew on the scroll it contained. However, it was likely, if not a hoax or misinterpretation of the Paleo-Hebrew script for any text that originated by carving into stone or bone (constructed of straight lines), dropped by a Jewish Settler In 1851, Elkehah Watson wrote:
“I am more inclined to believe that [the tefflin] belonged to the well-known Connecticut family of that name which was early settled in Greenwich, Stamford, and Norwalk. But whether lost by an early settler or dropped by some pioneer traveler, the finding of the phylacteries at Pittsfield affords only another indication of the ubiquity of the Jew in early colonial America(2).”
There’s no evidence that Native Americans descend from Jews or that the exodus from Israel was G-D casting the Jews to the 4 corners of the earth as prophesied in Ezekiel, however, not surprisingly, there were Jews who settled America, lived among the Indians and herded cattle. There’s a ubiquity to it, Jews needed a home, a place to regroup and start again, America offered that. As Jews, we are tenacious as the Olive Tree’s root, resourceful and full of fortitude, both emotional and physical. Like the rest of Jewish history, our history on the American Frontier is turbulent, human, filled with ups and downs… Yet, we’ve survived and some of us will be recalled as pioneers of the Wild West.
Finally, I would like to leave you with this poem written by Colonel Forsyth about Sigmund Schlesinger but it refers to all Jews in the Wild West and those brave souls who reclaimed Israel and continue to fight today in the face of another wave of antisemitism:
When the fee charged on the breastworks,
With madness and despair,
And the bravest souls were tested,
The little Jew was there.
When the weary dozed on duty
And the wounded needed care,
When another shot was called for,
The little Jew was there.
With the festering dead around them,
Shedding poison in the air,
When the crippled chieftan ordered,
The little Jew was there.
In the mind’s of many, we may be little, but we are there, America, leading in innovation and working towards the greater good of humanity, despite a cultural climate that sometimes despises us or uses us as a scapegoat. As an endnote, I’ve neglected to mention many pioneering Jews of early America, like the man who transported the Liberty Bell on a voyage from the West Indies, the man who saved Mote Cello… There’s just not enough room to mention everyone who contributed to what we now know as America.
Works Cited
1 Billington, R. A. (1956). The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA84415206
2 Friedman, L. M. (1917). The Phylacteries Found at Pittsfield, Mass.
3 Hirschman, E. C., & Yates, D. N. (2012). Jews and Muslims in British Colonial America: A Genealogical History. McFarland.
4 Maidens, M., & Marks, M. (1997). Jewish Heroes of the Wild West. Bloch Publishing Company.
5 Malamed, S. C. (2003). The Jews in Early America: A Chronicle of Good Taste and Good Deeds. Daniel & Daniel Publishers.
6 Rischin, M., & Livingston, J. (1991). Jews of the American West. Wayne State University Press.
7 Song of Manuel the Navajo Chief, sung by Sol Bibo : Bibo, Sol, singer : Free Borrow & Streaming : Internet Archive. (1904, July 20). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/WC.A.41
8 The Impact of the Frontier On a Jewish Family: The Bibos | Southwest Jewish Archives. (n.d.). https://swja.library.arizona.edu/content/impact-frontier-jewish-family-bibos
9 Thorowgood, T. (1660). Jews in America, Or, Probabilities, that Those Indians are Judaical, Made More Probable by Some Additionals to the Former Conjectures: An Accurate Discourse is Premised of Mr. John Elliot, (who First Preached the Gospel to the Natives in Their Own Langua.
10 Gartner, L. P., & Levinson, R. (1980). The Jews in the California Gold Rush. The American Historical Review, 85(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1853609
Would anyone be interested in podcasts of these articles?
Finding and Identifying Archeological Antisemitism
It’s bewildering that seemingly intelligent men believe that Jews never were enslaved in Egypt when oral traditions, which do have some validity although not ultimately, and historic records demonstrate a Jewish population in a land where slavery was the norm. Certainly, like all immigrants, this migrant population was given, unless they came with coins in hand, less desirable career options, to understate the milieu of exiled Jews during the Middle to Ptolemaic periods of Egyptian history (2040–30 BCE). I will do my best to demonstrate that there was slavery in Egypt, which isn’t disputed, and Jews were among those who were enslaved.
It’s believed, in antisemitic archaeological circles, that there’s a lack of evidence for Jewish slavery in Egypt during the Middle (2000–1700 BCE) and Intermediate Period (1700–1550 BCE), the era that scholars believe that Exodus is making reference to(14). However, a dearth of findings doesn’t rule out Jewish slavery, this hypothesis can’t be disproved until there is concrete evidence to say that there weren’t any Semitic slaves in Egypt. The onus of this lays on scholars to prove inequivalently that lack of certain materials, that may yet to be unearthed, such as Judaic coins (I highly dispute the notion that slaves would have been buried with coinage or rituals object), demonstrates that there wasn’t an enslaved Jewish population in Egypt.
As a note, I’m not looking into anything later than 2000 BCE, the written record before this time has mostly, if it existed at all, been lost to the sand of time, not to mention this era may predate the ability for the Israelites to explore any further than Assyria and Mesopotamia.
If not slaves, what were Jews in ancient Egypt? Free and dangerous. Unsurprisingly, many scholars are quick to believe that there was an influential Jewish population in Egypt during the Middle and Intermediate Period (1700–1550 BCE) who tried to overthrow the government, left with stores of gold in hand and returned to bring war upon the Egyptians but no Jewish slavery(17). These scholars come to this conclusion through the same method they claim to be inaccurate, a few written records, namely Exodus 12:36 and the Histories of Manetho. However, The Torah isn’t our guide as to the facts, merely a pointer in the right direction. I would be remiss to base any evidence solely on the Torah, a document that is flawed by generations of a game of telephone, before scribes wrote the passages down, and a mixture of magico-folklore and historical record. Scripture alone, to the chagrin of many Rabbis, can’t be solely relied on as proof of slavery in Egypt, research must use the art of synthases. Returning to the point at hand, this notion echoes of 1860’s America, freed black would become the Black Brute, lurking in the shadows and waiting for any opportunity to inflict violence on the white man or foster the fall of civilization.
What if the Torah is completely inaccurate or outright lying about the exodus from Egypt? It’s noted that passages that refer to Exodus were written hundreds of years after the fact. For instance, Song of the Sea, one of the oldest passages in the Torah that refers to the Exodus was written around 1000 BCE(3), yet, the Exodus is considered, by Jewish historians, to have happened around 1400(14) BCE. Four hundred years is a long time for a story to evolve, however, the natural evolution of folklore doesn’t imply lying on part of the culture that retells that story nor does it imply that that specific narrative is void of truth. There’s been many cases where a piece of text that remains in the collective unconscious has been used to find the truth it hides, notably, the Gullah people of South Carolina identified their African roots through a funeral dirge.
Most importantly, even if Jews are wrong about their sojourn in Egypt, they aren’t, no ill intent is implied.
What about an alternative theory to a monolithic exodus? Although I don’t doubt Semitic slavery occurred in Egypt, I, for one, don’t believe that 600,000 Semites exited Egypt at once. Slavery was, and continues to be in countries like Mauritania and Saudi Arabia, ongoing in the region and perhaps exodus happened in waves. In the Jewish collective unconscious these waves are recollected and cause an insistence that exodus was a monolith and happened in 1400 BCE. It could be that the Song of the Sea refers to one wave and other passages refer to other waves in the continual Semitic exodus, something that, in many ways, continues until this very day. Yet, this is purely a hypothesis.
Something that rarely comes in up these discussions is that Jews were, according to a number of tablets and papyri like the Lachish relief(25), Sennacherib’s Annals(27), Nebuchadnezzar’s Chronicles(25) and ETC enslaved in Assyria, a region that may have been conflated with Egypt due to the plastic nature of folklores before scriptures were committed to tablets or papyri becoming cannon and the habit of scribes accidentally copying the notes of Rabbis into scripture or other mistakes that can alter Hebrew. Simply, Rabbis may have scribbled notes in the margins of scrolls comparing events and those notes could’ve been copied into later addition of scripture binding what was previously known to be waves in exodus into one event. This doesn’t suggest that Jews never were enslaved in Egypt, just that
The aforementioned tablets and papyri were written between 700–400 BCE, much after scholarly consensus on the date of The Exodus. Considering these events happened after The Song of the Sea had been committed to tablets and papyri, it certainly couldn’t have been what the author was referring to when they wrote this portion of scripture. Despite Rabbis attesting that the Torah was written at once by Moses, it’s an anthology of writing and some Linguists have noted that, based on the various ways in which YHWH is spelled in manuscripts of Exodus, portions of it could’ve been written as recent as 750 BCE(28).. It could be that Jews were enslaved in Egypt as well as other places and Exodus, existing in many iterations prior to the Council of Jamnia, the council that set the writings of The Torah in stone, combined a number of writings from different times and authors to construct the text. The fact is, folklore is plastic and dates details change over retelling of a narrative. Nonetheless, an outright denial of Semitic slavery in Egypt remains an act of antisemitism.
So, what is the point of going against scripture to find evidence of a downtrodden Jewish population in Egypt? And, I am aware that I’m bucking the system with these theories. It’s not that I strongly desire that my ancestors were enslaved idol worshippers, I simply desire to establish that it’s antisemitism that blinds archaeologists from considering the evidence. Without a doubt, contextual evidence suggests that Jews were among those enslaved in Egypt, giving credence to the fact that a Semitic people hail to the region and possess ancestral rights to land.
Upon examination, it’s easy to see antisemitism brewing among those who work with histories of the region, whether they be archaeological, religious or socio-political figures, so many organizations attempt to silence any talk of Jews legitimately making claims of homestead to the Middle East, Asia or North Africa. The plain fact is that even among members of the UN:
“Israel routinely faces more criticism and condemnation at the United Nations than any other country, including those that systematically kill their citizens or deny them the most basic human rights. Even today, both the [UN] General Assembly and Security Council continue to pass one-sided resolutions that single out and condemn the Jewish State(22).”
Not to mention, an overwhelmingly powerful bloc of Arab nations promotes a slanderous docket meant to isolate Israel that has met little resistance. What influence the politics or the region have over archaeological inquiry is yet to be discovered. However, influence over the general western zeitgeist can be seen in a shift in the ways in which Israel is portrayed in media(8). Jews are considered the oppressor and Palestinian and Muslims the oppressed. Certainly, this is cause for cognitive bias among archaeologists.
To be clear on the subject of the widespread subjectivity of Jews in Egypt when it comes to archaeology, especially when it comes to the past there’s not much we can be sure of, neither history nor the archaeological record can exist unadulterated by politics and human perception. The entirety of our knowledge of historical events is filtered through human interpretation and politics. As many have noted, the winners write the history books. In the milieu of 2023 all sympathy goes to the Islamic world, so much so that geopolitical histories have been revisioned, by many, to exclude Jews as the inhabitants of their homeland, demonstrating that antisemitism has become the norm. Or, as Alexander Cudsi, Professor Emeritus on Middle East Politics states “history finds no evidence of any people, race, tribe or culture known as Palestinian who attempted at any time to reclaim any lost land to any domestic or foreign colonizer. The anthropological miracle called the Palestinians only came into existence in the 1960’s.” Today’s Palestinians are invaders from Greece and the Philistines, not an indigenous group who predated the Canaanites(2). These invaders first arrived in the region around 500 BCE. Despite this, the narrative and general zeitgeist, at least among westerners, has shifted. Nowadays, Palestinians have been granted the role of the oppressed and Jews the villains.
Archaeological antisemitism has been long in the works, so long it’s a reflex for many. Cudsi also notes that the The Roman Emperor Hadrian, after ransacking Jerusalem, believed that renaming the area after the Jews’ immortal enemy, the Philistines, would be the ultimate act of hostility(2). Yet, this fact has been intentionally forgotten, almost reflexively. It has been quietly swept under the rug that the region was renamed by a man who destroyed The Second Temple, banned circumcision and reading of the Torah(10) and possibly encouraged the migration of the Greek to the Palestinia as a means of erasing Jews from the archaeological record and memory. Why not, based on this washing of history, for political reasons, deny Jews were enslaved in Egypt as well as deny their right to a homeland? Antisemitism is so ingrained in the current milieu, those so inclined to believe that Jew weren’t enslaved in Egypt and consequentially have no right to lands in Israel never consider their actions or words to be those of hatred.
Originally, the attempt at removal of Jews from the archaeological record and denying rights to the region was enacted through destruction of toparchies (administrative districts made up of central towns and the rural areas surrounding them, a system that dates back to the reign of King Solomon)(19), razing of The Second Temple and etymology. Yet, not even Emperor Hadrian was completely successful at this. The fact is thus, the typology of ceramic shards found in Palaestina, although there are few intact pottery shards, are glazed with Northwest Semitic epigraphy(26). However, this is ignored as a fluke in the archaeological record just like those papyri, written as inventories of slaves owned, are dismissed as too vague.
Findings of pottery shards in North America, for example, are used to identify which tribe inhabited the examined region. But somehow this, along with papyri and oral tradition, falls short when establishing Palestine as the Jewish homeland. Still today there are many who attest that Jews never inhabited the region and that the region had been inhabited by a non-semitic tribe called the Palestinians. A desire to completely remove Jews from the region, dating back to the time of Emperor Hadrian and continuing into the modern era of Muslim theocracies, denying Jews any claims to a homeland in the Middle East or North Africa, may be the original motivation behind archaeological antisemitism.
Most dishearteningly, antisemitism is perpetuated by today’s media. A growing Western love of all things Islam perpetuates this prejudice, as I’ve noted. This symptom, which without a doubt effects at least American born archaeologist, has been exacerbated by the Black Lives Matter movement, member of can be seen, during the protests of 2020, demanding that Jews who showed up to the demonstration as an act of solidarity “get the [expletive] out of here, this isn’t your fight, Revelation Two and Nine synagogue of Satan(16).” Hatred is casually baked into the western zeitgeist affecting archaeologists and everyone in equal measure. I, for one, have experienced both overt and covert antisemitism, made to feel as though I should apologize for being a “Zionist” to other members of my political party.
Despite an attempt to erase Jews from Egypt and the surrounding lands, pottery fragments found in Tell El-Dab’a were chemically derived from Palestine(20). The fragments dated to between 1663–1555 BCE and demonstrate that a population who hailed from Palaestina was at least in Egypt during the Intermediate Kingdom (1700–1550 BCE), if not enslaved, as merchants. It’s known that trade between Israel and Egypt has been going on since the beginning of the Middle Period, around 2000 BCE. To demonstrate, the tomb of the high priest Khnumhotep II depicts a Semitic traders bringing offerings to the dead(1). There isn’t much dispute of a Semitic population in Egypt during the Intermediate and Middle Kingdoms, history has, as a small consolation prize, awarded a consensus that the burial and religious practices of Tell El-Dab’a were influenced by Canaanites. I guess in the antisemitic mind it’s somewhat OK if Jews were there as long they were nothing more than Bedouin, if they were landowners or enslaved, they might have ancestral rights to the region’s land.
How did the majority of Jews end up in Egypt? I feel that the best answer is in the book Egypt and the Exodus. Some arrived as family units, some were brought to Egypt as captives, as indicated by Harris I Papyri (a document that calls Jewish slaves The Sea People and numbers them in the thousand), during the reign of Ramesses III. Most were exploited as a ready labor force in the Nile’s eastern Delta. Interestingly, The Harris I Papyri is undisputed, a document that accounts for 2000 slaves, yet archaeology continues to deny the existence of Semitic captives in Egypt(3). Too often, those who’ve lived in the dark refuse to see the light, the light, after such a long sojourn in the dark, hurts their eyes.
What’s most fascinating about the migration pattern noted in Egypt and the Exodus, which I find to be more plausible than Exodus’s account, all Jews in Egypt descending from Jacob (Exodus 1:1–1:3), is that the Jews entered Egypt in waves, among them were both free men and slaves, creating a socio-cultural system that contained both free and enslaved Semitic peoples. In sum, both arriving at and leaving Egypt happened in waves. Those who entered, entered for a number of reasons, both reputable and nefarious (ancient Jews were, afterall, human) and as various socio-economic classes.
This notion is certainly supported by Egyptian customs. Egyptian slavery is identified as corvée labor(29), a system in which a workforce is organized for specific projects from among the available people, which could include both locals and foreigners.
Although it’s debated whether or not Jews were enslaved during Egypt’s Middle (2000–1700 BCE) and Intermediate Period (1700–1550 BCE) there exists plenty of records documenting slavery in Egypt. According to Dr. Mark Janzen the Satire of the Trades outlines the dangers and misfortunes that accompany seemingly every occupation but that of the scribe.” Various phrases referring to a types of forced labor are found in the Satire:
w Hr bAk.f (“drawn/made to work”),
w Hr bAk.f mni.ti (“made to work in the fields”),
tw.f m Ssm 50 (“beaten with 50 lashes” for a day’s absence), etc(23).
Although these terms don’t directly name Semitic peoples as slaves, possibly as a form of dehumanization or the fact that details about the lowest of socio-economic status are typically left out of the annals of antiquity (consider the burial practices of women in orthodox Islamic countries that continue till this very day). These terms do establish that there was slavery in Egypt during the aforementioned period. Interestingly, a reference is made to “Western Asiatics” in The Satire of Trades which is possibly a translation of Hyksos, Manetho’s term for Semitic peoples. There’s little to no dispute whether or not slavery occurred in the ancient world. It’s simply a question of where Jews enslaved there and why would anyone in this day and age care if they were.
The Hyksos(17), whose history was written down by the scholar Manetho, although hundreds of years after the fact, gives an alternate story of the Jews in Egypt. Manetho claims that the Hyksos established a capital in Tell el-Dabʿa, the eastern Delta and controlled the Nile Valley as far south as Hermopolis. Although this is most likely a revisionary history by an armchair scholar, most of the Hyksos personal names are west-semitic(17). However, this only states that names of Canaanite origin were known during the lifetime of Manetho, the reign of Ptolemy I. The only other point of interest in The Histories of Manetho is that early archaeological antisemitism can be seen. The document states that the Hyksos inherited their religion from a leprous Egyptian priest and insinuates that the Jews were the Black Brute of their day. Just as the Torah is disregarded as solid evidence, The Histories of Manetho should be as well, after all, they are merely a record of folklore.
Moreover, I’m not here to dispute the origins of Judaism, but in short, I’m certain that concepts were borrowed from regional folklore, Baalism and Zoroastrianism, not handed down by a sickly Egyptian Magi. Yet, there are some who believe that the tetragram YHWH originated with the Edomites, descendants of modern Jordan, and migrated to Israel ``Edomites split from the main body of Edomites, moved northwest, and became one of the tribes of the Israelites, taking their god YHWH and YHWH became the G-D of the Israelites(21). Although I find this disagreeable, I am certain that, despite biblical and Talmudic edicts against it, Jews of antiquity practised exogamy(5) and adapted customs from other cultures along the way.
Lastly, The Brooklyn Papyri gives an interesting inventory of Asiatic slaves captured during war:
[O]f the seventy-nine servants presented in the list on the verso side of the Brooklyn Papyrus as belonging to a single owner, at least thirty-three were Egyptians(23)!
Taken as a whole, both native-born Egyptians and foreigners could be compelled into slavery. Yet, the trouble with defining a “slave” status in ancient Egypt and thus declaring concrete evidence of Jewish slaves is that there is no consensus as to the precise legal statuses of those called “slaves/servants” (Hm.w) or “workers” (bAk.w)(23). Just as women in conservativity Islamic countries are buried in unmarked graves, those without rights weren’t often described in depth in legal documents, legal documents typically boiling down to ‘a nameless slave was sold to so and so.’
Aside from circumstantial evidence, what proof of Jewish slavery do archaeologists intend to find in the Egyptian sands? What would be concrete evidence? Archeologically speaking “any notice of slavery was done through historical written records. It was believed to be the only way of seeing slavery, that there was no way to know that slaves existed unless you knew they were there. Ropes deteriorated over time, and chains were often repurposed(11),” not to mention, the sands of Egypt are a monster with a voracious appetite, the pyramids were engulfed by sand for thousands of years. Moreover, the desert may be an excellent environment for preserving papyri, but so much is lost beneath the sand and anything of value was pillaged by the intermediate years between burial and archaeological excavation. What remains in the ground are objects that most considered to be useless or cursed. Finally, the places in which Jewish slaves inhabited, the east bank of the Nile, was prone to seasonal flooding, water, like sand storms, is a destructive force that man is useless in fighting against.
If any artefacts of Jewish slavery remain, where would they be found? The setting described in Exodus is most likely Egypt’s east Delta, on these fertile grounds, the Nile floods yearly. Although, as I mentioned, the desert readily preserves objects, even naturally mummifying the dead, the shores of the Nile do not. Perennial flooding destroys almost everything not buried. Moreover, the area has no source of stone, and mud-brick structures, the kind that would’ve housed slaves, fortified merchant tombs and were used to make storehouses, melted back into the mud and silt from which they were formed(9). Besides the lack of available material, slave quarters, as they are globally known to be, wouldn’t have been made of lavish or durable materials. Heavy limestone was used to construct pyramids, not the houses of peasants. At best, archaeologist may find hearths, sacrificial pits or other circumstantial evidence that more than anything else points to habitation along the east banks of the Nile or scrolls, like the Papyrus Bologna 1094, from the Ramissede Period (1292 BC to 1189 BCE). Papyrus Geneva D 187(30) tells how two workers fled their taskmaster because he beat them. On its own, not the most compelling evidence. Moreover, due to damage, the papyrus is largely unreadable, but some speculate that it is referring to Semitic slaves. All in all, it seems that little concrete evidence of slavery exists under the Egyptian sands. Worst of all, no other culture is expected to produce concrete evidence of slavery because asking for these artefacts is like asking for a shoehorn with teeth, it just doesn’t exist. But, this is the ever changing nature of antisemitism.
Perhaps, graves of Jewish slaves are yet to be discovered, where DNA testing can be conducted, but slaves may have been thrown into the Nile as a final insult. For these reasons, and the repurposing of tools of slavery along with pillaging of graves (though slaves were most likely not buried with tools or ritual items if they were buried at all) no physical evidence of slaves working along the east Delta is likely to have survived the ravages of millennia seasonal flooding and man’s need to repurpose objects that are no longer of use. I feel no need to defend the notion of continual repurposing aside from this one note, even temples in the region were recommissioned to serve new deities with the coming and going rulers and religious customs.
Besides, what trinkets were the Jewish slaves allowed, bits of cloth to cover their nakedness and a few Shekels? In 1981, Mauritania became the world’s last country to abolish slavery. But, it wasn’t until 2007 that the government passed a law allowing slaveholders to be prosecuted(7). Yet, the ownership of slaves continues to this very day. In this land, there’s an unknown quantity of slave graves. Perhaps, archaeologists should inspect the slave graves of Mauritania to find if the region’s downtrodden are buried with anything more than the clothes they were wearing upon death. My hypothesis is that the slaves are buried in shallow graves, against local Islamic custom, without the mandatory funeral shroud(12). At least no one denies that ex–slaves rest beneath the sand of Mauritania.
Why exhume the slave graves of Mauritania? Mauritania is relatively close to Egypt, shares a commonality in dialect of Arabic spoken (many speak Arabic in an Egyptian fashion), is known for burial rites as rich as those practised during the Egypt’s Middle Period (both regions are known for cultural heteronomy) and these peoples culturally and biologically share ancestry along with a long history of slavery with Egypt(15). Degraded peoples have little or no belonging and what they did possess may be lost to the sands of time. Looking at the slave graves of Mauritania will demonstrate that expecting to find concrete evidence of slavery is either an oversight by archaeologists or antisemitism disguised as a dilemma in archaeological practices. As noted before, archaeologically speaking, any notice of slavery has been gathered through historical written record, which, when it comes to Jews in Egypt, there is a plethora of.
Furthermore, to say that a lack of physical evidence of a denigrated people inequivalently proves that said people never inhabited the region or fell to servitude there is remiss. In fact, it seems counterproductive to not rely on both documentary and archaeological sources to find the remains of people who were treated as subhumans. As I’ve noted, remains might not have been interred with either the Judaic or Egyptian burial traditions. To reiterate, it’s a false sense of intellectualism and modernism that says that oral traditions have no validity and, although admittedly flawed, of no use in scientific inquiry. In man’s collective unconscious heroes become gods and exact dates become obscured but free men don’t become slaves. It is our human, and especially Jewish, nature to celebrate those, even if small, victories that have kept our ethno-religious group extant. After all, we are purportedly the founders of The Protocols of Zion and the murders of the only incarnation of the Abrahamic G-D. Thus being, we are villainized by all, including both of the dominant political parties of America (see Beri Weiss: How to Fight Antisemitism) and large portions of the Islamic world, we have more than enough reason to celebrate those small victories over those who wish another holocaust upon us. For a reference, apocryphal writings, those texts, like the Maccabean Revolt and Enoch, in which the Jews were victorious over an almost unstoppable force, in the above cases the force being a Roman invasion and death demonstrate that Jews, like all peoples, create heroes of the fallen not slaves. This just goes to show that among the downtrodden, formidable enemies may become nepheline, but again free men don’t become slaves in the annals of history, not when those free men control the narrative. There certainly wasn’t a global flood, as it’s said in the Torah, but a number of events noted in other folklores, notably, The Fires of Queensland have been demonstrably proven. There is a kernel of truth to Jewish slavery in Egypt, it’s contemporary media enforced antisemitism that continually denies this truth and resists further inquiry.
A piece of Gugu Badhun folklore, an Aboriginal people, has been passed down through 230 generations. A tape recording made in the 1970s documented an elder talking of a huge explosion shaking the land, followed by the forming of a massive crater. An acrid dust swept through the skies and if people walked into the haze, they were never seen again(6). It was later found that a meteor had struck Queensland and such a fire did occur. Is it just a coincidence that the Gugu Badhun mentions a fire and a fire occurred? I’m not here to say, but most oral traditions include tales of fire, famine and flood because throughout human history these events have occurred and these tales serve to warn that these events will occur again.
It is antisemitism that causes archaeology to find the folklore of Oceania and Asia as endearing and worth investigating, but dismisses Jewish oral traditions. It’s antisemitism that causes archaeology to declare that “there’s substantial evidence to suggest that the Gugu Badhun oral tradition is about an actual fire but Jewish slavery is a myth, when there is enough evidence to at least admit the possibility that among the inhabitants of Egypt there were both free and enslaved Jews and those Jews assisted in constructing large scale projects. Those who worked on these projects, granaries and palaces, may have been a combination of out of work farmers, free and enslaved Jews. For a project this size, this is a plausible explanation.
Transitioning from folklore to written text, Exodus makes two basic assertions, Jews were forced to make mud-bricks and they built “supply cities.” There exists documentation of forced Semitic mud-brick making, Louvre Leather Roll 1274(13), from the time of Ramses II, between 1279–1212 BCE, reads “Paherypedjet son of Paser is one of the brickmakers who fails to deliver his quota of 2,000 bricks.” This scroll predates Semitic references to Exodus, the oldest verse about the Exodus, The Song of the Sea, was written between 1125 and 1000 BCE. The date of The Song of the Sea was derived via textual considerations, the historical and cultural context presented in the hymn. This may not be the strongest piece of evidence, but as a piece of the whole, the fact that this does mirror the Torah, the inventories of Asiatic or Hyksos slaves and, murals that depict slave life in Egypt (especially those that present Jewish slaves as smaller than their Egyptian counterparts) and text that mention a Semitic forced labor population.
It must be antisemitism that causes an irrational denial of Jews being in the region and some of the Jew having been forced into labor. If they didn’t contribute to building the pyramids, which may have been nothing but a Hollywood trope and isn’t supported in scripture, it was other projects at least, palaces, storehouses and works made of, As Jews in Egypt were noted to work with, mud-brick. It’s no stretch of the imagination that texts that predate the oldest known portions of Exodus and collaborate with the Torah, combined with other evidence, stands as fairly sound evidence. It’s simply personal incredulity that causes archeologists to deny Jewish slavery in Egypt with absolute certainty.
The second assertion of Exodus 1:11, as mentioned above, is that the Jews must build supply cities. Archaeologists had been puzzled by the potential location of the biblical supply city, properly known as Pithom, until it was identified by E. Naville. The city is just as expected to be, a group of granite statues representing Rameses II standing between two gods, a city wall encircled the compound, a ruined temple and the remains of a series of brick buildings with very thick walls that contained rectangular chambers of various sizes and opened only at the top and without any communication with one another were unearthed at the site(18). However, archaeologists continue to refuse to find this compelling evidence on the grounds of lack of implements of slavery, this is simply antisemitism, again, what would they expect to find? Shackled remains holding a shekel?
Evidence like The tomb of vizier Rekhmire, circa 1450 BCE, shows foreign slaves fashioning bricks for the workshop-storeplace of the Temple of Amun at Karnak in Thebes as well as building a ramp. They are labelled “captures brought-off by His Majesty for work at the Temple of Amun(9).” Yet, antisemitism continues to act as a blinder in the archaeological community. Even more textual evidence, The Harris Papyrus I, a writing from the reign of King Ramses III, during the Middle Period reads:
“I brought back in great numbers those that my sword has spared, with their hands tied behind their backs before my horses, and their wives and children in tens of thousands, and their livestock in hundreds of thousands. I imprisoned their leaders in fortresses bearing my name, and I added to them chief archers and tribal chiefs, branded and enslaved, tattooed with my name, their wives and children being treated in the same way(3).”
The author refers to the conquered people as the Sea People. They are those who hail from Israel. It’s not just scrolls and folklore that indicate Jewish slavery in Egypt. As I’ve noted, pottery fragments found in Tell El Dab’a are of Palestinian origin, murals depict Semitic slaves and a recent discovery, a mass grave, may contain the remains of Jewish slaves.
In Akhenaten’s City, two biblical era workmen mass burial grounds have been unearthed, the South and North Tombs Cemeteries. The graves contain youths of 3–25 years old and “paint a picture of poverty, hard work, poor diet, ill-health, frequent injury and relatively early death,” stated Archaeologist Mary Shepperson. The South Tombs Cemetery has almost no grave goods for the dead and only rough matting used to wrap the bodies, exactly what one might expect to find in the graves of Semitic slaves. However, the origins of the inhabitants of these tombs are debated, but the debate is one of the most transparently antisemitic arguments for not investigating if the remains are of enslaved peoples. Shepperson stated that as far as I’ve seen, the inhabitants of the tomb are heterogeneous, the type of population one might find in a metropolitan, according to bone structure, so none of the interred could be of Jewish descent(4). This just goes to show how blinded even archaeologists are by their biases. In the end, only DNA testing can inequivalently determine origin. Sure, Anthropology, by examining skull bones may take a stab at a person’s origin, but it’s not a perfect science and the results, especially in this instance, may be obscured by interpreter bias.
Pottery fragments, oral tradition, papyri and murals made for pharaohs all attest that Jews were enslaved in Egypt. When combined with the writings of Manetho, we see that there was a socio-economic system that contained both free and enslaved Jew in Egypt between 2000–1000 BCE. Why would any intelligent man who is able to extrapolate data based on synthesizing findings deny there were Jewish slaves in Egypt along with the free, those who either lead a revolt or simply left with gold and silver, I can only attribute to the antisemitism the began with Emperor Hadrian and continues, through the media, to be disseminated until this very day. It seems that fools will only coincide to an enslaved population in Egypt if shekels and shackles are found, two things most likely pillaged and reused, not the type of artifacts left in the unceremonious burials of second class citizens. Most frustratingly, this is not the standard applied to other cultures when it comes to proof of historical servitude.
One final piece of evidence of Jewish slavery in Egypt is the presence of a four room house(3), dating back to Ramses III or IV, built in a Jewish style. However, I don’t find this as compelling as others do. Architectural styles change and the genesis of an aesthetic may pop up in several cultures at about the same time, notice how many cultures claim “we invented the number zero.” Yet, I do find documents like The Harris Papyrus I to be undeniable proof of Jewish slavery in Egypt. Unlike other writers, the author of this papyrus had no intention of telling a good story, it’s simply an inventory of what Ramses III believed to be his, thousands of Semitic slaves. Those who deny the proofs either have something to gain by it or themselves are slaves to the media which has been on a smear campaign since the time of Emperor Hadrian.
Was there an enslaved Jewish faction who were compelled to build the storehouses of mud-brick. I’m sure there were. Were there Jews who led a rebellion against the Pharaoh, I’m certain that this happened as well, although they were freedom fighters not villains not the villainous murderer, intent on grabbing as much power and gold as they can, that Manetho makes them out to be . Most likely, just as there were free Blacks and enslaved blacks before 1865 in the US there were both enslaved and free Jews in Egypt.
As I’ve noted, folklore makes everything bigger. The role of a storyteller is to tell a good tale, not accuracy and so when looking into the past through folklore we must carefully pull apart the feasible from the magical. I do believe that we’ve broken down the facts and established that Jews were compelled into labor in ancient Egypt. In the end, the Jewish collective unconscious recollects waves of entering and exiting Egypt, conflating these collective memories with the story of exodus. However, it’s archaeological antisemitism, caused by a long history of politically based hatred, that causes the archaeologist to outright dismiss that Jews were ever enslaved in Egypt.
Bibliography
1 Articles de Presse. (n.d.). ARCHEOLOG-HOME /INDIana-UNIversitas. http://www.archeolog- home.com/pages/content/were-hebrews-ever-slaves-in- ancient-egypt.html
2 Baum, P. (2021, October 22). History finds no evidence of any people, race, tribe or culture known as Palestinian. BLiTZ. https://www.weeklyblitz.net/opinion/history-finds-no-evidence-of-any-people-race-tribe-or-culture-known-as-palestinian/
3 Bietak, M. (n.d.). Egypt and the Exodus.
4 Borschel-Dan, A. (2017, June 9). In ancient mass graves, archaeologists find child slaves of biblical Egypt. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-ancient-mass-graves-archaeologists-find-child-slaves-of-biblical-egypt/
5 Bryn Mawr Classical Review. (n.d.). https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2002/2002.07.37
6 Cadet-James, Y., James, R. P., McGinty, S., & McGregor, R. (2017). Gugu Badhun: people of the Valley of Lagoons. In Aboriginal Studies Press eBooks. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/49419/
7 Campbell, G. B. F. J. (2016, October 14). The State of Slavery in Mauritania. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/blog/state-slavery-mauritania
8 Cornish, A. (2021, May 21). Liberal American Attitudes Are Starting To Shift On Israelis And Palestinians. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/05/21/999241551/liberal-american-attitudes-are-starting-to-shift-on-israelis-and-palestinians
9 Dospěl, M., & Dospěl, M. (2023, June 7). Pharaoh’s Brick Makers — Biblical Archaeology Society. Biblical Archaeology Society -. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-egypt/pharaohs-brick-makers/
10 Hudson, M. (n.d.). What was Hadrian’s relationship with his Jewish subjects? Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/what-was-hadrians-relationship-with-his-jewish-subjects
11 Kmulvehill. (2017a, April 24). The Archaeology of Slavery | Real Archaeology. https://pages.vassar.edu/realarchaeology/2017/04/24/the-archaeology-of-slavery/
12 Lagdaf, S. (2017). The cult of the dead in Mauritania: between traditions and religious commandments. The Journal of North African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2016.1269230
13 Leather Scroll: Quota for Brick-making, 1274 BCE : Center for Online Judaic Studies. (n.d.). https://cojs.org/leather_scroll-_quota_for_brick-making-_1274_bce/
14 Marotta, K. (2020, October 19). When did the Exodus happen? https://www.wednesdayintheword.com/when-did-the-exodus-happen/
15 Mauritania | History, Population, Capital, Flag, & Facts. (2023, May 24). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauritania/Plant-and-animal-life
16 New York Post. (2020, October 29). BLM mob violently chases Jewish men showing ‘solidarity’ at Philadelphia protest | New York Post [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1bBmeagZAI
17 Pinpointing the Exodus from Egypt. (n.d.-a). Harvard Divinity Bulletin. https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/pinpointing-the-exodus-from-egypt/
18 PITHOM — JewishEncyclopedia.com. (n.d.). https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12192-pithom
19 Schiffman, L. H. (2022). The Land of Israel Under Roman Rule. My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/palestine-under-roman-rule/
20 Sons of Jacob — New Evidence for Presence of Israelites in Egypt — Associates for Biblical Research. (n.d.). https://biblearchaeology.org/research/patriarchal-era/3317-the-sons-of-jacob-new-evidence-for-the-presence-of-the-israelites-in-egypt
21 The Name Yahweh in Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts. (2010, March 8). https://biblearchaeology.org/research/topics-by-chronology/exodus-era/3233-the-name-yahweh-in-egyptian-hieroglyphic-texts
22 The UN Relationship with Israel. (n.d.). Copyright 2023. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-u-n-israel-relationship
23 What We Know about Slavery in Egypt — TheTorah.com. (n.d.). https://www.thetorah.com/article/what-we-know-about-slavery-in-egypt
24 Wikipedia contributors. (2023a). Assyrian conquest of Egypt. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt
25 Wikipedia contributors. (2023b). List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology
26 Wikipedia contributors. (2023c). Levantine archaeology. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_archaeology
27 Windle, V. a. P. B. B. (2020, July 3). Sennacherib: An Archaeological Biography. Bible Archaeology Report. https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2020/07/03/sennacherib-an-archaeological-biography/
28 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Exodus | Definition, Summary, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Exodus-Old-Testament
29 Wikipedia contributors. (2023c). Corvée. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv %C3%A9e
30 Wente, E. F. (1967). Late Ramesside Letters.
Would anyone be interested in podcasts of these articles?
Jews of Early America and the Wild West: Bringing the Forgotten from the Grave and Rethinking Their Lives
Back in 1660, the Puritan Minister Thomas Thorowgood speculated that certain Native Americans and Mexican Indigenous Groups, because they practised circumcision, cannibalism (as mentioned in Ezekiel) at times, used certain literary devices (parables) to communicate ideas and some seemingly Judaic rights, descended from Jewish stock(9). How did Jews find themselves in the Americas? It’s supposedly the fulfillment of Ezekiel 5.10, where as punishment for idol worship, the tribes of Israel were to be “scattered to the wind.” It’s all hokum based on conjecture and aspects of culture that are shared across the human experience, except circumcision and cannibalism of course.
Jewish Voices from the Past
Unsurprisingly, many years later, Jews were among those who settled America and the Wild West as well as peopled Ferdinand II’s expeditions to the New World. The West represented a land of hope and new beginnings for many disenfranchised Jews. This experiment in the birth of a new country based on equality was a place “where everything was just beginning and in the process of becoming and, to a certain extent, still is in that condition, where it is still possible to plant the seed of civilization in virgin soil, where the foundation of the structure of the new state of necessity implied the acknowledgment of the common origin of all men and their common right to equality (Israel Joseph Benjamin, My Year in California and the West (6)).” The New World had an allure, despite the potential dangers, it beckoned to those who were Zionists and those who sought a simpler life or merely freedom from persecution alike. In fact, In the earliest days of the American experiment, Isaac Isaacs can be found in Virginia’s public records. By the late 1800’s, Jews could be found as far west as California.
At the offset of the American experiment, conditions looked favorable for Jewish immigrants. In fact, Jews voted if no one challenged them to take a Christian oath and conducted public worship. And, in 1718 Jews won the privilege of naturalization through special acts of the Assembly, a privilege that enabled them to own land (3). However, life on this new frontier wasn’t easy for anyone, especially those Jews who came to the New World in pursuit of religious and economic freedoms. For instance, to obtain the same rights that other immigrants enjoyed, in 1706, Jews of New York City resorted to writing a kind of constitution for their own regulation (3). The years between 1906 and 1718 were hard for even those Jews living in metropolitan centers, business disregarded the rights that were granted by special assembly. In rural areas, the situation was even worse.
Rights aside, there’s a certain pain to becoming American, a loss of identity that only the immigrant understands. In less populated regions hardships were worsened by the lack of a Jewish community and antisemitic ideals forcing those who newly arrived in the New World to take on Gentile customs. For instance, Rebecca Samuels, a polish immigrant living in Petersburg Virginia, a small and isolated town, wrote this in a letter to her family during 1791:
Dear Parents,
I know quite well you will not want me to bring up my children like Gentiles. Here they cannot become anything else. Jewishness is pushed aside here. There are here [in Petersburg] ten or twelve Jews, and they are not worthy of being called Jews. We have a shochet here who goes to market and buys trefah [nonkosher] meat and then brings it home. On Rosh Hashanah and on Yom Kippur the people worshipped here without one sefer torah and not one of them wore the talit or abra kanfot [the small fringes worn on the body], except Hyman and my Sammy’s godfather. The latter is an old man of sixty, a man from Holland. He has been in America for thirty years already, for twenty years he was in Charleston, and he has been living here for four years. He does not want to remain here any longer and will go with us to Charleston. In that place there is a blessed community of three hundred Jews.
You can believe me that I crave to see a synagogue to which I can go. The way we live now is no life at all. We do not know what the Sabbath and holidays are. On the Sabbath all the Jewish shops are open, and they do business on that day as they do throughout the week. But ours we do not allow to open. With us there is still some Sabbath. You must believe me that in our house we all live as Jews as much as we can.
All the people who hear that we are leaving give us their blessings. They say that it is sinful that such blessed children should be brought up here in Petersburg. My children cannot learn anything here, nothing Jewish, nothing of general culture. My Schoene [my daughter], God bless her, is already three years old, I think it is time that she should learn something, and she has a good head to learn. I have taught her the bedtime prayers and grace after meals…(5)
As early as 1759, Newport Rhode Island had a vibrant Jewish community and synagogue, but places like Richmond Virginia didn’t get a place of worship until 1789, Temple Beth Shalom (5).Despite writing the letter in 1791 and the Thomas Jefferson have written the Bill to Establish Religious Freedom in 1779 church and state hadn’t been fully pulled. Besides, Rebecca would’ve still been pressured to live and raise her children like a Gentile.
In contrast, Abigail Minis is, in my opinion, one of the most heart warming biographies herein, she was the embodiment of the spirit of the western frontier. She was a 70 year old widow at the time of the Revolutionary War who made kosher meals for the revolutionary army and fled British occupied Savannah for Charleston. She wrote this to Mordacai Sheftall Esquire, the highest ranking Jewish officer in the colonial forces:
Dear Sir,
Enclosed I have sent you a copy of certificates given me for sundry Articles provision, [?] delivered the Allied Army When before the lines of Savannah in September 1779 immediately after the Surrender of this Town to the British I gave the Original Certificate to General Lincoln. Who promised to have settled and paid, but the communication between Philadelphia [the US capital at the time] and this place being totally stopt [I] have not heard from him(5).
If Jews had few rights at the time, even in metropolitan centers rights were granted and revoked or granted and dismissed by businessmen (3) Jewish women of the Frontier had even fewer rights and freedoms. Most women of this period made a name for themselves by proxy, Betsy Ross, for example, only became the seamstress of the flag through marriage. Early American women lived through their husband’s accomplishments. Yet, Abigail Minis bumped elbow’s with the elite and even ran her own inn. She broke the rules, where Rebecca lived the life of the Jew who was broken by Gentile society, Abigail made her own rules. Minis is the embodiment of the American experiment and the westward expansion.
It wasn’t just Abigail and Rebecca who had to buck the system and carve their own path. Michael Allen was a chaplain for Northern Jewish soldiers during the Civil War. “Although Allen had never been ordained, he was allowed to act in place of an ordained Rabbi because there were so many Jewish soldiers in the Cameron Dragoons, who were mounted soldiers with heavy arms.” Interestingly, a special act of Congress had to be passed in order for Allen to perform his duties, because he wasn’t a Christian(4). This incident occurred well past it was declared that the “free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship without discrimination or preference, shall forever hereafter be.” In New York, Jews had won the right to bury their dead within city limits(5), but on the battlefields, where the dangers of both being scalped and killed by the Confederate Army prevailed, a special act was required for a Rabbi to say the Kaddish with mourners.
Between 1848 and 1888 the Gold Rush drew people from all walks of life out west. The promise of financial freedom and overall freedom was alluring to Jewish pioneers. You may be surprised to find that Jews “constituted on of the more prominent ethnic groups of the California Gold Rush (10).” A modern, hands-on approach was used to determine if individuals of the Gold Rush era or any period in American history were Jews. To find the forgotten Jews of the Gold Rush the writers of The Jews in the California Gold Rush used the inscriptions of gravestones, public documents in county courthouses, probate records, newspaper and Jewish organizations. It’s said that “the Gold Rush was a significant event in Jewish history because it placed Jews side by side with a large and diverse group of races, religions, and nationalities. At first, the Jews were strangers who made their homes among strangers, but they became friendly with their Gentile neighbours and were soon important figures in the communities in which they lived. They established themselves in business, and they also remained true to their ancestral faith by forming benevolent societies, establishing separate cemeteries, and conducting worship services (10).” Too bad these histories were largely forgotten until recently, not to mention, this is a somewhat optimistic notion of living among less than accepting Gentiles.
Why were early American Jewish contributions to the Wild West and Frontier left out of history books? This is because, the chronicles of Jews in America had always focused on “the metropolitan centers of the East and Middle West(6).” Accounts of Jews in the American West had long been considered “peripheral to mainstream Jewish America, at best and tributary and derivative and of no serious interest(6).” But there were Jewish pioneers wearing kippah under their ten gallon hats. It just took 100 years to discover this. In the 1960’s, among Social Scientists, methods of research became more hands-on, as earlier noted, and historians and the like scoured dusty genealogies left to rot in old west courthouses and microfiche to unearth the forgotten, or never known, legacies of Jews of early America and the Wild West(6). Most Jews of this American era disguised themselves as Gentiles to escape persecution and fit into the society at large. Jewish rights in the old west were tentative at best, granted and revoked or just ignored. For example, during the election of 1737 Jews were disallowed to vote for assemblymen or give testimony in a court of law(3). Those rights that were granted in 1718 suddenly evaporated. In the end, those rights that the Jews of New York made a “constitution of their own ‘’ to protect had been taken away again. It was best to fiend the life of a Gentile on the new Frontier.
Despite the tentative status of Jewish rights in the New World, Jewish communities in America were established in New York as early as 1654, followed by communities in
A few small communities in the original colonies withstanding, Jews didn’t begin to see America as a possible place to recreate Zion, a new land to prosper without persecution until much later. In fact, the first attempts to create communes didn’t happen until in the 1820’s in Florida. Later, in 1881 Jews attempted to make a colony on Sicily Island Louisiana. In 1882 there were several attempts to establish Jewish colonies in S. Dakota but all 6 colonies failed due to crops and malaria. And, in 1904 a colony was established in Colorado but it too failed. Some of the most notable examples of the American Kibbutz are the New Odessa and Clarion colonies. To make forge this community, JACA and The Jewish Agricultural Aid Society purchased 6,085 acres of public land in Sanpete County, Utah. The initial plan was to settle roughly 200 families on the colony, with the number eventually growing to 1,000 families(6). The New Odessa Community was a land where Russians could escape persecution from the Russian Czar.
Biographies of Early American Jews
To Carvalho’s dismay, the expedition already had a photographer, a man who I can only find his last name, Bomar. Bomar used the wax method but Carvalho championed the daguerreotype method for processing film. Fremont held a contest between the two men, speed was the deciding factor. In the end, Bomar’s wax process required more time and would have caused delays(4).
So, Carvalho became the expedition’s official photographer. Along this voyage, Carvalho met Brigham Young, the founder of the Church of Latter Day Saints and Governor. It was in Utah, in the midst of a massacre, with Brigham Young that Carvalho met the Ute Chief, Wakara. He said of the Ute Indians:
“The first principle among them was life for life; it made no difference whether, in their wrath they massacred an innocent, or an unoffending man; a white man slew my brother, my duty is to avenge his death, by killing a white man. Their first Open demonstration was the massacre of Gunnison; and the allied troops of Utahs, Pahutes, Parvains, and Payedes determined to continue in open hostility, both to the Mormons, and Americans(1).”
When Young’s cavalcade arrived at the Ute camp he sent the message that he was ready to meet with Wakara. Wakara responded with “If Gov. Young wanted to see him, he must come to him at his camp, as he did not intend to leave it to see any body.” When this message was delivered to Young, he gave orders for the whole cavalcade to proceed to [the] camp. If the mountain will not come to Muhomet, Muhomet must go to the mountain(1).” When the cavalcade entered the camp, they found Wakara surrounded by 15 old chiefs.
Carvalho noted that “[Wakara] stood upon the dignity of his position, and feeling himself the representative of an aggrieved and much injured people, acted as though a cessation of hostilities by the Indians was to be solicited on the part of the Whites, and he felt great indifference about the result.” Negations for a peace treaty went on and Carvalho remained in camp, near Wakara’s Village until next day, he was able to get Wakara agree to sit for his portrait as well as Chief Squaeh-head, Baptiste, Grosepine, Petetnit and Kanoehe, the Chief of the Parvain Indians(1). Of Carvalho’s work, portrait of an Ute Chief, 1854, is the most striking.
Later, accompanied by two interpreters and several other gentlemen, “we proceeded to the Indian’s camp, to see their celebrated Chieftain, Kanoshe, whose portrait I was anxious to obtain. I found him well armed with a rifle and pistols, and mounted on a noble horse. He immediately consented to my request that he would sit for his portrait; and on the spot, after an hour’s labor, I produced a strong likeness of him, which he was very curious to see. I opened my portfolio and displayed the portraits of a number of other Ute chiefs, among which he selected Wakara, the celebrated Terror of Travellers, anglicised Walker, (since dead). He took hold of it and wanted to retain it(1).” Throughout this article, I’ve given my interpretation of the scene, but this needs none. I don’t know if one might say that Carvalho found the best of all possible worlds in Utah, living among Indians and in constant danger, or if life would’ve been better for him in the relative safety of New York. The painting now resides in the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Rather than give a single biography of a Gold Rush era Jew, I believe that the reader is aware of life during the period, if was wrought with hardship, it was a time of physical labor and a time of feast and famine for the average panhandler, I’d rather include excerpts from newspapers that describe the general attitude towards those who ventured to California to unearth what lay beneath the ground.
A Jew of our acquaintance came in to his neighbor’s place of business, yesterday morning, bringing an intolerable smell with him, and, “fast as a little wagon,” made the announcement that he had killed a “vesel [weasel],” in his “schicken house.” He said the animal was “black, mit a vite tail, and schtinks like de tuyvel [with a little tale and stinks like a turtle].” A wicked wag, next door, persuaded the victor to bring in his trophy, as he wanted to buy the skin. The Jew soon appeared and drew from his pocket a half grown pole cat(10).”
The Wild West wasn’t Zion, nor a land of dignity where “acknowledgment of the common origin of all men and their common right to equality” existed. In fact, The Grass Valley Union posted this:
Dead at Last… We had almost forgotten to say that it undertook to run all the disloyal Irish and Jews out of the State…. It is now thoroughly dead, we are assured — dead beyond the power of resurrection — and the general opinion is that it lived too long. Sorrowers over its death are found only among the poor printers who were swindled out of their wages(10).
Gold Rush California was yet another land of antisemitism. On the few occasions when local Jews battled Gentiles, the newspaper editor was likely to report the event in as much detail and as humorously as he was able.
Volcano Items. The Spring Fights Commenced. — What the boys call the “spring fights,” in Volcano, commenced on Sunday last. On the forenoon of that day, a son of Isreal [tit], whose proportions are not gigantic, desired and insisted that a portly Gentile, of robust dimentions [ski, should pay to him, the said son of Israel, a sum of money due for a rig of “store clothse” [sk]. Hard words ensued, whereupon the Gentile seized the Jew by the capillary substance that vegetates upon the summit of the cranium. The Jew seized a hatchet, and cut the Gentile on the hand. So ended the first heat. — In the afternoon, they again met at the store of the Israelite. Big Gentile seized little Jew by the aforesaid capilary [sic] substance; this time, the latter had a “sticker” that horses are bled with, and the Gentile was cut in divers and sundry places, insomuch that blood flowed profusely. The Gentile was cared for by a physician, and the Jew was terribly frightened lest the populace should become excited and hang him and all his friends(10).
Sadly, exaggeration and biased media existed during the Gold Rush too. Where the first example was merely supposed to be humorous, the last may be perceived as an incitement of violence. Something that was common in Gold Rush era California. In fact, because Jews were upright citizens and posed a threat to General Grant’s election, it was stated that:
For alleged trading infractions along Union and Confederate lines during the Civil War, General Grant had issued General Order №11 from Holly Spring, Mississippi, December 17, 1862, concerning the military department of Tennessee: The jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the department within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order(10).
You may have strongly mixed emotions about this but the hero of The Battle of Beecher Island, 1868, was Sigmund Schlesinger, there he fought off 1,000 Cheyenne, Oglala Sioux, Arapahos, Kiowas and Comanches over 9 days. The band of Indians was led by the great Cheyenne warrior, Chief Roman. Schlesinger was a darkhorse. General B. Fry had this to say about Schlesinger: “[he] seemed to be inferior, in all respects unfit for service; a Jew, small with narrow shoulders, sunken chest, quiet manner and pipey voice, and little knowledge of firearms or horsemanship; he was indeed unpromising(4).” Yet, this Hungarian immigrant, despite seeming unfit for battle, was victorious.
Later, in 1895, there was much disbelief about Schlesinger’s role in the battle, to clear this up Colonel Forsysth recounted the story to Harper’s Magazine: “as for the little Jew…! Well, the Indian that from dawn to dusk was incautious enough to expose any part of his person within the range of his rifle had no cause to complain of a want of marked attention on the part of that brave and active young Israelite…in fact, he most worthily, proved himself a gallant soldier among brave men(4).”
This is one of the most interesting tales of Jews in the Wild West. During 1885 Solomon Bibo was married to an Acoma Indian, a Pueblo native group who inhabited New Mexico, named Juana Valle. Valle was the daughter of the Acoma Governor. Because he bought the rights to the Pueblo land and married a Acoma Governess, Bibo eventually became the Jewish Indian Chief.
Song of Manuel the Navajo Chief, sung by Sol Bibo : Bibo, Sol, singer : Free Borrow & Streaming …
Sol Bibo sings Song of Manuel the Navajo chief, recorded by Charles Lummis in Los Angeles, 1904.Lummis announces that…
archive.org
During 1846, the United States acquired New Mexico. At that time, Indians lost their land. In 1848, in accordance with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the Acoma were no longer considered Indians and eligible to get their land back. But, “when a survey of Acoma lands was finally taken in 1858 the Indians could offer little proof of their original boundaries, since they had no maps or stakes before the arrival of the first explorers. Even though additional surveys were made in 1876 and 1877, the outcome for their claims were unfavorable. In 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes agreed with the survey of 1858 and [the] Acoma received its share of 94,196 acres, which was far less than the residents believed themselves entitled to(4).” In April. 1884. a year before Solomon’s marriage to Juana, the Acoma tribe leased the entire 94.196 acres to Solomon Bibo. A period of thirty years the Indians signed away their rights to Bibo. On October 1888 it was declared that:
That’s how Solomon Bibo became Don Solomono, the Jewish Indian Chief. Many believe his motivations to have been nefarious, they believe that he simply wanted the right to trade with this indigenous population, something he had applied for and was rejected for several times.
In his defense, reports from the Bureau of Ethnology substantiates by inference that Solomon Bibo could not have persuaded the Acomas to do what they did not desire to do. In fact, Solomon Bibo was accepted and trusted by the Acomas. Or as stated by Leslie A White:
Acoma’s early reputation for vigorous unfriendliness to the whites has been maintained to this day [1929] … Government officials and employees, representatives of religious organizations, and tourists well know the difficulties which confront a white man or woman at Acoma. The Acoma people are suspicious, distrustful and unfriendly. In addition to their constant fears that they may have their land taken away from them … they are even on guard to prevent any information concerning their ceremonies from becoming known lest they be suppressed (or ridiculed) by the whites(8).
Moreover, friend of Juana and Solomon, the historian and archaeologist Charles Lummis, dedicated one of his books to Solomon and Juana. It rend:
To Sol and Juana Bibo. whom I have known and loved for forty years. since the dear old days in New Mexico, when they were beginning that married life which has been, to this day, so beautiful an example and so rare an inspiration. Dona Juana. of the oldest aristocracy in this country. worthy daughter of the First Americans, whose noble grandfather first told me the story of the Enchanted Mesa. is a much finer type than the storied Pocahontas. and of hatter blood. Don Solomon has; left his mark all across New Mexico as one of the wisest. shrewdest, high-minded, most just and most generous of men that ever dealt with the natives of the Southwest(4).
Wrapping Up and Reinterpreting a Stereotype
Ending at the beginning much like the Torah, a 2000 year old tefflin was supposedly found in Pittsfield, Massachusetts in 1815(2). It is said to have ancient Hebrew on the scroll it contained. However, it was likely, if not a hoax or misinterpretation of the Paleo-Hebrew script for any text that originated by carving into stone or bone (constructed of straight lines), dropped by a Jewish Settler In 1851, Elkehah Watson wrote:
“I am more inclined to believe that [the tefflin] belonged to the well-known Connecticut family of that name which was early settled in Greenwich, Stamford, and Norwalk. But whether lost by an early settler or dropped by some pioneer traveler, the finding of the phylacteries at Pittsfield affords only another indication of the ubiquity of the Jew in early colonial America(2).”
There’s no evidence that Native Americans descend from Jews or that the exodus from Israel was G-D casting the Jews to the 4 corners of the earth as prophesied in Ezekiel, however, not surprisingly, there were Jews who settled America, lived among the Indians and herded cattle. There’s a ubiquity to it, Jews needed a home, a place to regroup and start again, America offered that. As Jews, we are tenacious as the Olive Tree’s root, resourceful and full of fortitude, both emotional and physical. Like the rest of Jewish history, our history on the American Frontier is turbulent, human, filled with ups and downs… Yet, we’ve survived and some of us will be recalled as pioneers of the Wild West.
Finally, I would like to leave you with this poem written by Colonel Forsyth about Sigmund Schlesinger but it refers to all Jews in the Wild West and those brave souls who reclaimed Israel and continue to fight today in the face of another wave of antisemitism:
When the fee charged on the breastworks,
With madness and despair,
And the bravest souls were tested,
The little Jew was there.
When the weary dozed on duty
And the wounded needed care,
When another shot was called for,
The little Jew was there.
With the festering dead around them,
Shedding poison in the air,
When the crippled chieftan ordered,
The little Jew was there.
In the mind’s of many, we may be little, but we are there, America, leading in innovation and working towards the greater good of humanity, despite a cultural climate that sometimes despises us or uses us as a scapegoat. As an endnote, I’ve neglected to mention many pioneering Jews of early America, like the man who transported the Liberty Bell on a voyage from the West Indies, the man who saved Mote Cello… There’s just not enough room to mention everyone who contributed to what we now know as America.
Works Cited
1 Billington, R. A. (1956). The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA84415206
2 Friedman, L. M. (1917). The Phylacteries Found at Pittsfield, Mass.
3 Hirschman, E. C., & Yates, D. N. (2012). Jews and Muslims in British Colonial America: A Genealogical History. McFarland.
4 Maidens, M., & Marks, M. (1997). Jewish Heroes of the Wild West. Bloch Publishing Company.
5 Malamed, S. C. (2003). The Jews in Early America: A Chronicle of Good Taste and Good Deeds. Daniel & Daniel Publishers.
6 Rischin, M., & Livingston, J. (1991). Jews of the American West. Wayne State University Press.
7 Song of Manuel the Navajo Chief, sung by Sol Bibo : Bibo, Sol, singer : Free Borrow & Streaming : Internet Archive. (1904, July 20). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/WC.A.41
8 The Impact of the Frontier On a Jewish Family: The Bibos | Southwest Jewish Archives. (n.d.). https://swja.library.arizona.edu/content/impact-frontier-jewish-family-bibos
9 Thorowgood, T. (1660). Jews in America, Or, Probabilities, that Those Indians are Judaical, Made More Probable by Some Additionals to the Former Conjectures: An Accurate Discourse is Premised of Mr. John Elliot, (who First Preached the Gospel to the Natives in Their Own Langua.
10 Gartner, L. P., & Levinson, R. (1980). The Jews in the California Gold Rush. The American Historical Review, 85(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1853609
✦ Piroska ✦
What an amazing work of art!
The Religion of Science: Bad Media Bad Grasp on Reality
Before you bang your fist on the desk and accuse me of being in the theist, deist or in the spiritualist camp let me tell you that I am agnostic at worst and an atheist at best, culturally I am a Jew and have respect for my ancestry but find all The Torah says hard to swallow. The universe is governed by detectable forces that require no deity. Yet, I believe it does take faith to believe in so much that us mortals declare a scientific fact, when facts, especially in recent years, have been nothing more than convenient narratives spun by those in power and sold to the youth who, often, take action on this misinformation.
As a skeptic I have to say that to believe much of what is flown under the banner of science takes a degree of faith. Firstly, one must have faith that the results of scientific inquiry haven’t been infiltrated by politics. These days, one would be a fool to believe such a thing, but such fools do exist. These fools don’t bat an eye at the idea of Big Tech, people who in my opinion have no right to declare what’s scientifically accurate, state that like a loving father they will oversee what information is disseminated and that they are the final word on what is disinformation. But, Big Tech isn’t an unbiased party. They tend to, as an example, dislike Israel, support abortion and the Covid vaccine. Make no mistake about it, censorship is political in nature, the ruling party is always the final word on what’s true. I’m not weighing in on any of the above and divulging political affiliation, I’m simply stating a fact. These days, it’s not a monarch who decides what’s accurate, it’s Big Tech, Big Pharma and Twitter’s Social Justice Warriors. Sadly, inconvenient truths are deemed as misinformation and followers of the religion of science blindly accept, although often against their better judgement, that the verdict passed down by those in power is the best possible answer.
To believe in everything that’s said to be scientific, one must have faith in media integrity. Irresponsibly, at the genesis of the AIDS epidemic, Dr. Fauci announced on air that “perhaps there will be a certain number of cases of individuals who [contract AIDS that] are just living with and in close contact with someone with AIDS, or at risk of AIDS, who does not necessarily have to have intimate sexual contact or share a needle, but just the ordinary close contact that one sees in normal interpersonal relations.” This single speculation inspired hundreds of theories and hoaxes about contracting the virus via everything from soda cans to toilet seats. As a result, many died in hospital beds while nurses were afraid to touch them. Yet, the informed knew that the virus wasn’t airborne. It was just the religion of science that swallowed the pill whole and conscripted this media propelled fear mongering into their belief system.
To believe in all that’s presented as science, one must have faith that the experiments were well conducted. For instance, the DSM III Removed homosexuality from its inventory of assessable disorders in 1980, this was largely due to the shoddily designed research of Alfred Kinsey. Kinsey declared that “ homosexuality [is] more common than previously assumed, thus suggesting that such behaviors [are] part of a continuum of sexual behaviors and orientations,” despite his sample being, intentionally or unintentionally, skewed. His methodology of arriving at a conclusion, popularism, as we can see from the above statement, is transparently flawed. But, it’s not just that his declaration is flawed, his research was most poorly conducted. Kinsey’s sample was limited to only 5000 males. Of those surveyed, a disproportionate number came from prison inmates, many of whom were sex offenders, he only interviewed one African American but his data wasn’t tabulated and he over-sampled people recruited via homosexual-friendly organizations or magazines. Like anyone else, homosexuals deserve all of the freedoms granted in The Bill of Right and this is something, when and if push comes to shove, I would fight until my very last breathe for, but, being deserving of rights makes them no less of a mentally ill fragment of society who’s 12% more prone to suicide than heterosexuals, significantly more likely than heterosexuals to abuse substances and have suffered childhood abuse. Yet, the religion of science insists that homosexuality is a healthy lifestyle. Social Media and the news never disclosed that Kinsey’s study was a sham and pushes the political agenda behind Kinsey’s message. The younger generation, being that they were raised on TV and social media, knows no better. They are our future leaders and those who will continue to perpetuate the religion of science.
Moreover, to become a believer in the religion of science, one must have faith that the answers provided aren’t merely the correlative events that human’s fallible perception can sense. Most who took Statistics in college are aware that there’s more car accidents when bikinis are on sale, but these two events aren’t related. In 1998, British physician Andrew Wakefield published a study in The Lancet, this study proposed a link between MMR vaccines and increasing rates of autism diagnoses in British children. We now know that there’s no relationship between these events. Despite a correlation, the experiment has been proven to be flawed. There wasn’t a causality. Adherents of the religion of science took to this notion and it became, and for some still is, part of their belief system.
Most of the above issues can be ruled out by peer review, but as with the recent covid vaccines not even peer review uncovered some of the dangers with the vaccine and accurate dissemination of information is a must.
I know what you’re thinking, science is rooted in fact and requires no faith, people don’t believe in science, science, because of the ways in which it investigates measurable occurrences is just correct. I agree, mostly. Yet, there is a religion of science. Adherents of the religion believe anything that fits into the zeitgeist or aligns with their own worldview. For example, The Bell Curve reports this on racial differences in IQ score, Blacks score lower, on average, than Whites. Adherents of the religion of science don’t like this fact and those who tout this may be subject, especially in certain European Countries, to fines and prison terms. I’m not disputing the uselessness of IQ scores, I myself find them of little use and see that there are flaws, although I disagree that the flaw is in the wording of questions (Ebonics and Texan aren’t uniquely codified dialects mutually unintelligible from their mother language, besides, all Americans were educated in the same system and should be able to code switch between ethnic slang and standardized English, as an example, I’m not British but possess the critical thinking skills to infer meaning from unknown British vernacular, but then again, inference in post Enlightenment systems of thinking is considered slanderous assumption). I believe in the science when the science is void of politics.
What caused there to be a religion of science? This phenomenon was caused by the gullibility of man, lack of time to research everything that is presented as science, the how political parties are to use “science” to push their narrative and flaws in methods of research. To be clear, the scientific method is the best we’ve got. Moreover, science isn’t something that requires faith, when done correctly and unadulterated by politics. But, the combination of the above causes there to be a pseudo religion, and even at times religions that exist under the banner of science, of science, like Scientology, blurring the lines between science, science-fiction and pop psychology. Despite my tirade against Gen Z, I don’t honestly expect everyone to sift through scientific articles to find the truth.
The real problem is that the religion of science stifles inconvenient data, data that might be used to find better answers to current questions. Best put in words by Kurt Vonnegut, “new knowledge is the most valuable commodity on earth. The more truth we have to work with, the richer we become Breakfast of Champions.” As a society, we must be granted, through the education system, media disseminating information with integrity and freedom of speech, the intellect and ability to question all things supposed by the socio-political machine that backs the religion of science, only through this means can we progress. Yet, we are living in an era of retrograde. Empiricism and systems of Enlightenment era thinking have gone out the window for feeling and truthiness (as coined by Stephen Colbert). America is Rome in the final days and the religion of science will be her downfall.
The fact is this, honesty in Big Tech ran media has gone the way of the dodo, Gen Z is gullible, the educational system has let them down, time constraint makes it so that most people can’t read every scholarly article, media readily mixes pop psychology, untested hypothesis along with anything that fits the contemporary narrative, even to the point of changing definitions, and packages it, whether that’s by putting it into law or just causing panic if said new scientific fact isn’t obeyed, and calls it all science. Facts are suppressed by the media for easily digested narratives or those who align with the current cultural zeitgeist.
How are us mere mortals supposed to sift through the sea of information and sniff out that which is accurate and hasn’t been filtered through the cultural-political machine? Besides, we live in an era in which a healthy dose of skepticism might brand one as an outcast and render them unable to work. If one questions the popular narrative they might be branded a Right Wing Conservative. We’ve heard it all before: “mask up, take the jab, join the new religion of science, no question, please.” Those who had questions like “what about herd immunity” or “why do definitions keep changing for immunity” were outcast. Often, it pays to fiend Gen Z gullibility.
But I have a few questions. Was it vaccines that put an end to previous pandemics or was it changing attitudes towards bathing, the fact that most people lived in rural communities and herd immunity that ended past epidemics? There are some observations that make these hypotheses worth looking into. During the Bubonic Plague, for example, it was observed that mortality was significantly lower in the Jewish Ghettos than in Christian populations. The “causes of this more favorable situation, which is very well documented from the end of the eighteenth century, are certainly many, ranging from compliance with hygiene standards prescribed by religion, rooted in moderate customs for eating and drinking, the low incidence of venereal diseases, and an economic level on average higher than average. I’m not suggesting that I know that hygiene is the cure for a viral pandemic. In fact, another author noted that “nor should it be forgotten that, if the environment in which Jews lived in the era of the ghettos was particularly unhealthy, the trades they exercised were among those with lower risks of morbidity and professional mortality, and that their living arrangements, pursuant to religious requirements, were particularly favorable for increased resistance against causes of lethality. Was it a complex combination of standards of hygiene in a filthy ghetto that caused Jews, during the Bubonic Plague, to be less susceptible to death, I don’t know. But, asking questions like these go against the new religion of science. One must blind themself to complexity and nuance: “shut up, masks and jabs work, if you have any doubts you’re just as naïve as those who believed vaccines caused Autism.”
The religion of science, because our youth was raised on all things instant and extreme, is filled with extremely binary false dichotomies. How many times have you heard “get the jab or everyone dies” or “wear a mask or everyone dies?” Sadly, it’s not only the foolish who fall for these, these false dichotomies, the kind that never account for any sort of nuance, are disseminated through media and, more often then not, align with the ruling party. The past 2 generations, Millennials and Gen Z, have been primed to accept extremes without question, this is the era in which racism allows for a Black president after all. Unscientific false dichotomies, like the above, readily intermingle with hard science and become part of what culture perceives as scientifically accurate.
Moreover, the religion of science demonstrates cult like behaviors. Those who lack reasoning skills often become, loudly and sometimes violently, the adherents of the religion of science. I for one have enough skepticism in my blood to question all things flown under the banner of science. I vow to listen to others with an open heart and judge their words based on the information I have and in the case that I don’t have any information on said topic, I will look for case studies because new knowledge is the most valuable commodity on earth. The more truth I have to work with, the richer I become.
The believers of the religion of science take these things to be scientific facts:
1) Concepts, although incorrect, that are easily digested and perfectly fit in with the current zeitgeist as touted by the media as scientific facts. As an example, many shouted wearing a mask is harmless although it was obvious to others that continual mask wearing is dangerous and recent study states that a “significant rise in carbon dioxide occurring while wearing a mask is scientifically proven. Fresh air has around 0.04% CO2 masks bear a possible chronic exposure to low level carbon dioxide of 1.41–3.2% CO2 of the inhaled air in reliable human experiments.”
2) Artefacts from popular psychology, those wivestales about mental health that sound correct but aren’t.
3) Concepts from psychology and the social sciences that are either only understood by the masses in part, taken out of context or never were correct but because the fact that they fit into the era’s zeitgeist they were adapted by the masses. For example, the alpha/beta man paradigm, which was discredited by the duo who first discovered it or that Dr. Money indisputably proved that gender is a spectrum.
3) A general misunderstanding of science. For example a belief in miraculous things like superfoods and that said superfoods are scientifically tested. This goes hand in hand with things like natural medicine (the greater the dilute the greater the efficacy), the healing powers of meditation (aside from a placebo effect) or any other sophistry that may have been shown somewhat effective in studies because they have the potential of improving outlook by increasing hope.
4) A belief that studies with few participants have the end answer. We saw this with things like priming and the covid vaccine efficacy.
5) Confusing and mixing philosophy with science. For example, although Pascal’s Wager may be completely rational to some, it isn’t science.
At times, science has been a cultural phenomenon that aligns itself with the current zeitgeist and those in power. This is just one of those times. It’s not a monarch these days who decides what’s accurate, it’s Big Tech, Big Pharma and Twitter’s Social Justice Warriors. Sadly, inconvenient truths are deemed as misinformation and followers of the religion of science blindly accept, although often against their better judgement, that the verdict passed down by those in power is the best possible answer.
In brief, faith in accurate results, along with accurate dissemination of results, is something hard to come by. In reality, this isn’t an article about science, it’s about media integrity and the naivety of the masses. To illustrate my point by returning to the notion of vaccines and Autism, the media in the UK rushed to publish the notion that vaccines cause Autism despite strong evidence refuting it. Moreover, at the beginning of the Pandemic Dr. Fauci said “There’s no reason to be walking around with a mask. When you’re in the middle of an outbreak, wearing a mask might make people feel a little bit better and it might even block a droplet, but it’s not providing the perfect protection that people think that it is,” but media preferred to report a panic inducing and loyal religion forging and are defending mask wearing until this very day. Even pro-mask studies, like the one conducted in Bangladesh, prey on the masses’ inability to understand basic math. Ten percent efficacy wouldn’t be an acceptable number for anything else. Yet, the religion of science, sycophants for Big Tech, Big Pharma and those who currently run the country, conscripted these false claims into their belief system falsely claiming “it’s the science!”
Bibliography
Brown, M. (2021). Yes, Childhood Sexual Abuse Often Does Contribute to Homosexuality. The Stream. https://stream.org/yes-childhood-sexual-abuse-often-contribute-homosexuality/
ERLC. (2020, June 11). Alfred Kinsey: A Brief Summary and Critique — ERLC. https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/alfred-kinsey-a-brief-summary-and-critique/
Foa, A. (2000). The Jews of Europe After the Black Death. Univ of California Press.
Lovering, N. (2022, January 28). Can Vaccines Cause Autism? Psych Central. https://psychcentral.com/autism/do-vaccines-cause-autism#where-did-this-myth-start
Mph, J. D. Q. M., & Larson, H. (2018, February 28). The Vaccine-Autism Myth Started 20 Years Ago. Here’s Why It Still Endures Today. Time. https://time.com/5175704/andrew-wakefield-vaccine-autism/
Researchers Find Disparities in Suicide Risk Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults. (2021, November 9). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2021/researchers-find-disparities-in-suicide-risk-among-lesbian-gay-and-bisexual-adults
RudeBoyPadilla. (2022, January 24). Fauci, saying kids can get AIDS by just being close to someone with AIDS. Yet people trust this guy! [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aj-0woKO0c4
Siegel, E. (2017, April 12). The Real Problem with Charles Murray and “The Bell Curve.” Scientific American Blog Network. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/the-real-problem-with-charles-murray-and-the-bell-curve/
Staff, R. (2020, October 8). Fact check: Outdated video of Fauci saying “there’s no reason to be walking around with a mask.” U.S. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-fauci-outdated-video-masks-idUSKBN26T2TR
Substance Use and SUDs in LGBTQ* Populations | National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2023, February 24). National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/substance-use-suds-in-lgbtq-populations
Finding and Identifying Archeological Antisemitism
It’s bewildering that seemingly intelligent men believe that Jews never were enslaved in Egypt when oral traditions, which do have some validity although not ultimately, and historic records demonstrate a Jewish population in a land where slavery was the norm. Certainly, like all immigrants, this migrant population was given, unless they came with coins in hand, less desirable career options, to understate the milieu of exiled Jews during the Middle to Ptolemaic periods of Egyptian history (2040–30 BCE). I will do my best to demonstrate that there was slavery in Egypt, which isn’t disputed, and Jews were among those who were enslaved.
It’s believed, in antisemitic archaeological circles, that there’s a lack of evidence for Jewish slavery in Egypt during the Middle (2000–1700 BCE) and Intermediate Period (1700–1550 BCE), the era that scholars believe that Exodus is making reference to(14). However, a dearth of findings doesn’t rule out Jewish slavery, this hypothesis can’t be disproved until there is concrete evidence to say that there weren’t any Semitic slaves in Egypt. The onus of this lays on scholars to prove inequivalently that lack of certain materials, that may yet to be unearthed, such as Judaic coins (I highly dispute the notion that slaves would have been buried with coinage or rituals object), demonstrates that there wasn’t an enslaved Jewish population in Egypt.
As a note, I’m not looking into anything later than 2000 BCE, the written record before this time has mostly, if it existed at all, been lost to the sand of time, not to mention this era may predate the ability for the Israelites to explore any further than Assyria and Mesopotamia.
If not slaves, what were Jews in ancient Egypt? Free and dangerous. Unsurprisingly, many scholars are quick to believe that there was an influential Jewish population in Egypt during the Middle and Intermediate Period (1700–1550 BCE) who tried to overthrow the government, left with stores of gold in hand and returned to bring war upon the Egyptians but no Jewish slavery(17). These scholars come to this conclusion through the same method they claim to be inaccurate, a few written records, namely Exodus 12:36 and the Histories of Manetho. However, The Torah isn’t our guide as to the facts, merely a pointer in the right direction. I would be remiss to base any evidence solely on the Torah, a document that is flawed by generations of a game of telephone, before scribes wrote the passages down, and a mixture of magico-folklore and historical record. Scripture alone, to the chagrin of many Rabbis, can’t be solely relied on as proof of slavery in Egypt, research must use the art of synthases. Returning to the point at hand, this notion echoes of 1860’s America, freed black would become the Black Brute, lurking in the shadows and waiting for any opportunity to inflict violence on the white man or foster the fall of civilization.
What if the Torah is completely inaccurate or outright lying about the exodus from Egypt? It’s noted that passages that refer to Exodus were written hundreds of years after the fact. For instance, Song of the Sea, one of the oldest passages in the Torah that refers to the Exodus was written around 1000 BCE(3), yet, the Exodus is considered, by Jewish historians, to have happened around 1400(14) BCE. Four hundred years is a long time for a story to evolve, however, the natural evolution of folklore doesn’t imply lying on part of the culture that retells that story nor does it imply that that specific narrative is void of truth. There’s been many cases where a piece of text that remains in the collective unconscious has been used to find the truth it hides, notably, the Gullah people of South Carolina identified their African roots through a funeral dirge.
Most importantly, even if Jews are wrong about their sojourn in Egypt, they aren’t, no ill intent is implied.
What about an alternative theory to a monolithic exodus? Although I don’t doubt Semitic slavery occurred in Egypt, I, for one, don’t believe that 600,000 Semites exited Egypt at once. Slavery was, and continues to be in countries like Mauritania and Saudi Arabia, ongoing in the region and perhaps exodus happened in waves. In the Jewish collective unconscious these waves are recollected and cause an insistence that exodus was a monolith and happened in 1400 BCE. It could be that the Song of the Sea refers to one wave and other passages refer to other waves in the continual Semitic exodus, something that, in many ways, continues until this very day. Yet, this is purely a hypothesis.
Something that rarely comes in up these discussions is that Jews were, according to a number of tablets and papyri like the Lachish relief(25), Sennacherib’s Annals(27), Nebuchadnezzar’s Chronicles(25) and ETC enslaved in Assyria, a region that may have been conflated with Egypt due to the plastic nature of folklores before scriptures were committed to tablets or papyri becoming cannon and the habit of scribes accidentally copying the notes of Rabbis into scripture or other mistakes that can alter Hebrew. Simply, Rabbis may have scribbled notes in the margins of scrolls comparing events and those notes could’ve been copied into later addition of scripture binding what was previously known to be waves in exodus into one event. This doesn’t suggest that Jews never were enslaved in Egypt, just that
The aforementioned tablets and papyri were written between 700–400 BCE, much after scholarly consensus on the date of The Exodus. Considering these events happened after The Song of the Sea had been committed to tablets and papyri, it certainly couldn’t have been what the author was referring to when they wrote this portion of scripture. Despite Rabbis attesting that the Torah was written at once by Moses, it’s an anthology of writing and some Linguists have noted that, based on the various ways in which YHWH is spelled in manuscripts of Exodus, portions of it could’ve been written as recent as 750 BCE(28).. It could be that Jews were enslaved in Egypt as well as other places and Exodus, existing in many iterations prior to the Council of Jamnia, the council that set the writings of The Torah in stone, combined a number of writings from different times and authors to construct the text. The fact is, folklore is plastic and dates details change over retelling of a narrative. Nonetheless, an outright denial of Semitic slavery in Egypt remains an act of antisemitism.
So, what is the point of going against scripture to find evidence of a downtrodden Jewish population in Egypt? And, I am aware that I’m bucking the system with these theories. It’s not that I strongly desire that my ancestors were enslaved idol worshippers, I simply desire to establish that it’s antisemitism that blinds archaeologists from considering the evidence. Without a doubt, contextual evidence suggests that Jews were among those enslaved in Egypt, giving credence to the fact that a Semitic people hail to the region and possess ancestral rights to land.
Upon examination, it’s easy to see antisemitism brewing among those who work with histories of the region, whether they be archaeological, religious or socio-political figures, so many organizations attempt to silence any talk of Jews legitimately making claims of homestead to the Middle East, Asia or North Africa. The plain fact is that even among members of the UN:
“Israel routinely faces more criticism and condemnation at the United Nations than any other country, including those that systematically kill their citizens or deny them the most basic human rights. Even today, both the [UN] General Assembly and Security Council continue to pass one-sided resolutions that single out and condemn the Jewish State(22).”
Not to mention, an overwhelmingly powerful bloc of Arab nations promotes a slanderous docket meant to isolate Israel that has met little resistance. What influence the politics or the region have over archaeological inquiry is yet to be discovered. However, influence over the general western zeitgeist can be seen in a shift in the ways in which Israel is portrayed in media(8). Jews are considered the oppressor and Palestinian and Muslims the oppressed. Certainly, this is cause for cognitive bias among archaeologists.
To be clear on the subject of the widespread subjectivity of Jews in Egypt when it comes to archaeology, especially when it comes to the past there’s not much we can be sure of, neither history nor the archaeological record can exist unadulterated by politics and human perception. The entirety of our knowledge of historical events is filtered through human interpretation and politics. As many have noted, the winners write the history books. In the milieu of 2023 all sympathy goes to the Islamic world, so much so that geopolitical histories have been revisioned, by many, to exclude Jews as the inhabitants of their homeland, demonstrating that antisemitism has become the norm. Or, as Alexander Cudsi, Professor Emeritus on Middle East Politics states “history finds no evidence of any people, race, tribe or culture known as Palestinian who attempted at any time to reclaim any lost land to any domestic or foreign colonizer. The anthropological miracle called the Palestinians only came into existence in the 1960’s.” Today’s Palestinians are invaders from Greece and the Philistines, not an indigenous group who predated the Canaanites(2). These invaders first arrived in the region around 500 BCE. Despite this, the narrative and general zeitgeist, at least among westerners, has shifted. Nowadays, Palestinians have been granted the role of the oppressed and Jews the villains.
Archaeological antisemitism has been long in the works, so long it’s a reflex for many. Cudsi also notes that the The Roman Emperor Hadrian, after ransacking Jerusalem, believed that renaming the area after the Jews’ immortal enemy, the Philistines, would be the ultimate act of hostility(2). Yet, this fact has been intentionally forgotten, almost reflexively. It has been quietly swept under the rug that the region was renamed by a man who destroyed The Second Temple, banned circumcision and reading of the Torah(10) and possibly encouraged the migration of the Greek to the Palestinia as a means of erasing Jews from the archaeological record and memory. Why not, based on this washing of history, for political reasons, deny Jews were enslaved in Egypt as well as deny their right to a homeland? Antisemitism is so ingrained in the current milieu, those so inclined to believe that Jew weren’t enslaved in Egypt and consequentially have no right to lands in Israel never consider their actions or words to be those of hatred.
Originally, the attempt at removal of Jews from the archaeological record and denying rights to the region was enacted through destruction of toparchies (administrative districts made up of central towns and the rural areas surrounding them, a system that dates back to the reign of King Solomon)(19), razing of The Second Temple and etymology. Yet, not even Emperor Hadrian was completely successful at this. The fact is thus, the typology of ceramic shards found in Palaestina, although there are few intact pottery shards, are glazed with Northwest Semitic epigraphy(26). However, this is ignored as a fluke in the archaeological record just like those papyri, written as inventories of slaves owned, are dismissed as too vague.
Findings of pottery shards in North America, for example, are used to identify which tribe inhabited the examined region. But somehow this, along with papyri and oral tradition, falls short when establishing Palestine as the Jewish homeland. Still today there are many who attest that Jews never inhabited the region and that the region had been inhabited by a non-semitic tribe called the Palestinians. A desire to completely remove Jews from the region, dating back to the time of Emperor Hadrian and continuing into the modern era of Muslim theocracies, denying Jews any claims to a homeland in the Middle East or North Africa, may be the original motivation behind archaeological antisemitism.
Most dishearteningly, antisemitism is perpetuated by today’s media. A growing Western love of all things Islam perpetuates this prejudice, as I’ve noted. This symptom, which without a doubt effects at least American born archaeologist, has been exacerbated by the Black Lives Matter movement, member of can be seen, during the protests of 2020, demanding that Jews who showed up to the demonstration as an act of solidarity “get the [expletive] out of here, this isn’t your fight, Revelation Two and Nine synagogue of Satan(16).” Hatred is casually baked into the western zeitgeist affecting archaeologists and everyone in equal measure. I, for one, have experienced both overt and covert antisemitism, made to feel as though I should apologize for being a “Zionist” to other members of my political party.
Despite an attempt to erase Jews from Egypt and the surrounding lands, pottery fragments found in Tell El-Dab’a were chemically derived from Palestine(20). The fragments dated to between 1663–1555 BCE and demonstrate that a population who hailed from Palaestina was at least in Egypt during the Intermediate Kingdom (1700–1550 BCE), if not enslaved, as merchants. It’s known that trade between Israel and Egypt has been going on since the beginning of the Middle Period, around 2000 BCE. To demonstrate, the tomb of the high priest Khnumhotep II depicts a Semitic traders bringing offerings to the dead(1). There isn’t much dispute of a Semitic population in Egypt during the Intermediate and Middle Kingdoms, history has, as a small consolation prize, awarded a consensus that the burial and religious practices of Tell El-Dab’a were influenced by Canaanites. I guess in the antisemitic mind it’s somewhat OK if Jews were there as long they were nothing more than Bedouin, if they were landowners or enslaved, they might have ancestral rights to the region’s land.
How did the majority of Jews end up in Egypt? I feel that the best answer is in the book Egypt and the Exodus. Some arrived as family units, some were brought to Egypt as captives, as indicated by Harris I Papyri (a document that calls Jewish slaves The Sea People and numbers them in the thousand), during the reign of Ramesses III. Most were exploited as a ready labor force in the Nile’s eastern Delta. Interestingly, The Harris I Papyri is undisputed, a document that accounts for 2000 slaves, yet archaeology continues to deny the existence of Semitic captives in Egypt(3). Too often, those who’ve lived in the dark refuse to see the light, the light, after such a long sojourn in the dark, hurts their eyes.
What’s most fascinating about the migration pattern noted in Egypt and the Exodus, which I find to be more plausible than Exodus’s account, all Jews in Egypt descending from Jacob (Exodus 1:1–1:3), is that the Jews entered Egypt in waves, among them were both free men and slaves, creating a socio-cultural system that contained both free and enslaved Semitic peoples. In sum, both arriving at and leaving Egypt happened in waves. Those who entered, entered for a number of reasons, both reputable and nefarious (ancient Jews were, afterall, human) and as various socio-economic classes.
This notion is certainly supported by Egyptian customs. Egyptian slavery is identified as corvée labor(29), a system in which a workforce is organized for specific projects from among the available people, which could include both locals and foreigners.
Although it’s debated whether or not Jews were enslaved during Egypt’s Middle (2000–1700 BCE) and Intermediate Period (1700–1550 BCE) there exists plenty of records documenting slavery in Egypt. According to Dr. Mark Janzen the Satire of the Trades outlines the dangers and misfortunes that accompany seemingly every occupation but that of the scribe.” Various phrases referring to a types of forced labor are found in the Satire:
w Hr bAk.f (“drawn/made to work”),
w Hr bAk.f mni.ti (“made to work in the fields”),
tw.f m Ssm 50 (“beaten with 50 lashes” for a day’s absence), etc(23).
Although these terms don’t directly name Semitic peoples as slaves, possibly as a form of dehumanization or the fact that details about the lowest of socio-economic status are typically left out of the annals of antiquity (consider the burial practices of women in orthodox Islamic countries that continue till this very day). These terms do establish that there was slavery in Egypt during the aforementioned period. Interestingly, a reference is made to “Western Asiatics” in The Satire of Trades which is possibly a translation of Hyksos, Manetho’s term for Semitic peoples. There’s little to no dispute whether or not slavery occurred in the ancient world. It’s simply a question of where Jews enslaved there and why would anyone in this day and age care if they were.
The Hyksos(17), whose history was written down by the scholar Manetho, although hundreds of years after the fact, gives an alternate story of the Jews in Egypt. Manetho claims that the Hyksos established a capital in Tell el-Dabʿa, the eastern Delta and controlled the Nile Valley as far south as Hermopolis. Although this is most likely a revisionary history by an armchair scholar, most of the Hyksos personal names are west-semitic(17). However, this only states that names of Canaanite origin were known during the lifetime of Manetho, the reign of Ptolemy I. The only other point of interest in The Histories of Manetho is that early archaeological antisemitism can be seen. The document states that the Hyksos inherited their religion from a leprous Egyptian priest and insinuates that the Jews were the Black Brute of their day. Just as the Torah is disregarded as solid evidence, The Histories of Manetho should be as well, after all, they are merely a record of folklore.
Moreover, I’m not here to dispute the origins of Judaism, but in short, I’m certain that concepts were borrowed from regional folklore, Baalism and Zoroastrianism, not handed down by a sickly Egyptian Magi. Yet, there are some who believe that the tetragram YHWH originated with the Edomites, descendants of modern Jordan, and migrated to Israel ``Edomites split from the main body of Edomites, moved northwest, and became one of the tribes of the Israelites, taking their god YHWH and YHWH became the G-D of the Israelites(21). Although I find this disagreeable, I am certain that, despite biblical and Talmudic edicts against it, Jews of antiquity practised exogamy(5) and adapted customs from other cultures along the way.
Lastly, The Brooklyn Papyri gives an interesting inventory of Asiatic slaves captured during war:
[O]f the seventy-nine servants presented in the list on the verso side of the Brooklyn Papyrus as belonging to a single owner, at least thirty-three were Egyptians(23)!
Taken as a whole, both native-born Egyptians and foreigners could be compelled into slavery. Yet, the trouble with defining a “slave” status in ancient Egypt and thus declaring concrete evidence of Jewish slaves is that there is no consensus as to the precise legal statuses of those called “slaves/servants” (Hm.w) or “workers” (bAk.w)(23). Just as women in conservativity Islamic countries are buried in unmarked graves, those without rights weren’t often described in depth in legal documents, legal documents typically boiling down to ‘a nameless slave was sold to so and so.’
Aside from circumstantial evidence, what proof of Jewish slavery do archaeologists intend to find in the Egyptian sands? What would be concrete evidence? Archeologically speaking “any notice of slavery was done through historical written records. It was believed to be the only way of seeing slavery, that there was no way to know that slaves existed unless you knew they were there. Ropes deteriorated over time, and chains were often repurposed(11),” not to mention, the sands of Egypt are a monster with a voracious appetite, the pyramids were engulfed by sand for thousands of years. Moreover, the desert may be an excellent environment for preserving papyri, but so much is lost beneath the sand and anything of value was pillaged by the intermediate years between burial and archaeological excavation. What remains in the ground are objects that most considered to be useless or cursed. Finally, the places in which Jewish slaves inhabited, the east bank of the Nile, was prone to seasonal flooding, water, like sand storms, is a destructive force that man is useless in fighting against.
If any artefacts of Jewish slavery remain, where would they be found? The setting described in Exodus is most likely Egypt’s east Delta, on these fertile grounds, the Nile floods yearly. Although, as I mentioned, the desert readily preserves objects, even naturally mummifying the dead, the shores of the Nile do not. Perennial flooding destroys almost everything not buried. Moreover, the area has no source of stone, and mud-brick structures, the kind that would’ve housed slaves, fortified merchant tombs and were used to make storehouses, melted back into the mud and silt from which they were formed(9). Besides the lack of available material, slave quarters, as they are globally known to be, wouldn’t have been made of lavish or durable materials. Heavy limestone was used to construct pyramids, not the houses of peasants. At best, archaeologist may find hearths, sacrificial pits or other circumstantial evidence that more than anything else points to habitation along the east banks of the Nile or scrolls, like the Papyrus Bologna 1094, from the Ramissede Period (1292 BC to 1189 BCE). Papyrus Geneva D 187(30) tells how two workers fled their taskmaster because he beat them. On its own, not the most compelling evidence. Moreover, due to damage, the papyrus is largely unreadable, but some speculate that it is referring to Semitic slaves. All in all, it seems that little concrete evidence of slavery exists under the Egyptian sands. Worst of all, no other culture is expected to produce concrete evidence of slavery because asking for these artefacts is like asking for a shoehorn with teeth, it just doesn’t exist. But, this is the ever changing nature of antisemitism.
Perhaps, graves of Jewish slaves are yet to be discovered, where DNA testing can be conducted, but slaves may have been thrown into the Nile as a final insult. For these reasons, and the repurposing of tools of slavery along with pillaging of graves (though slaves were most likely not buried with tools or ritual items if they were buried at all) no physical evidence of slaves working along the east Delta is likely to have survived the ravages of millennia seasonal flooding and man’s need to repurpose objects that are no longer of use. I feel no need to defend the notion of continual repurposing aside from this one note, even temples in the region were recommissioned to serve new deities with the coming and going rulers and religious customs.
Besides, what trinkets were the Jewish slaves allowed, bits of cloth to cover their nakedness and a few Shekels? In 1981, Mauritania became the world’s last country to abolish slavery. But, it wasn’t until 2007 that the government passed a law allowing slaveholders to be prosecuted(7). Yet, the ownership of slaves continues to this very day. In this land, there’s an unknown quantity of slave graves. Perhaps, archaeologists should inspect the slave graves of Mauritania to find if the region’s downtrodden are buried with anything more than the clothes they were wearing upon death. My hypothesis is that the slaves are buried in shallow graves, against local Islamic custom, without the mandatory funeral shroud(12). At least no one denies that ex–slaves rest beneath the sand of Mauritania.
Why exhume the slave graves of Mauritania? Mauritania is relatively close to Egypt, shares a commonality in dialect of Arabic spoken (many speak Arabic in an Egyptian fashion), is known for burial rites as rich as those practised during the Egypt’s Middle Period (both regions are known for cultural heteronomy) and these peoples culturally and biologically share ancestry along with a long history of slavery with Egypt(15). Degraded peoples have little or no belonging and what they did possess may be lost to the sands of time. Looking at the slave graves of Mauritania will demonstrate that expecting to find concrete evidence of slavery is either an oversight by archaeologists or antisemitism disguised as a dilemma in archaeological practices. As noted before, archaeologically speaking, any notice of slavery has been gathered through historical written record, which, when it comes to Jews in Egypt, there is a plethora of.
Furthermore, to say that a lack of physical evidence of a denigrated people inequivalently proves that said people never inhabited the region or fell to servitude there is remiss. In fact, it seems counterproductive to not rely on both documentary and archaeological sources to find the remains of people who were treated as subhumans. As I’ve noted, remains might not have been interred with either the Judaic or Egyptian burial traditions. To reiterate, it’s a false sense of intellectualism and modernism that says that oral traditions have no validity and, although admittedly flawed, of no use in scientific inquiry. In man’s collective unconscious heroes become gods and exact dates become obscured but free men don’t become slaves. It is our human, and especially Jewish, nature to celebrate those, even if small, victories that have kept our ethno-religious group extant. After all, we are purportedly the founders of The Protocols of Zion and the murders of the only incarnation of the Abrahamic G-D. Thus being, we are villainized by all, including both of the dominant political parties of America (see Beri Weiss: How to Fight Antisemitism) and large portions of the Islamic world, we have more than enough reason to celebrate those small victories over those who wish another holocaust upon us. For a reference, apocryphal writings, those texts, like the Maccabean Revolt and Enoch, in which the Jews were victorious over an almost unstoppable force, in the above cases the force being a Roman invasion and death demonstrate that Jews, like all peoples, create heroes of the fallen not slaves. This just goes to show that among the downtrodden, formidable enemies may become nepheline, but again free men don’t become slaves in the annals of history, not when those free men control the narrative. There certainly wasn’t a global flood, as it’s said in the Torah, but a number of events noted in other folklores, notably, The Fires of Queensland have been demonstrably proven. There is a kernel of truth to Jewish slavery in Egypt, it’s contemporary media enforced antisemitism that continually denies this truth and resists further inquiry.
A piece of Gugu Badhun folklore, an Aboriginal people, has been passed down through 230 generations. A tape recording made in the 1970s documented an elder talking of a huge explosion shaking the land, followed by the forming of a massive crater. An acrid dust swept through the skies and if people walked into the haze, they were never seen again(6). It was later found that a meteor had struck Queensland and such a fire did occur. Is it just a coincidence that the Gugu Badhun mentions a fire and a fire occurred? I’m not here to say, but most oral traditions include tales of fire, famine and flood because throughout human history these events have occurred and these tales serve to warn that these events will occur again.
It is antisemitism that causes archaeology to find the folklore of Oceania and Asia as endearing and worth investigating, but dismisses Jewish oral traditions. It’s antisemitism that causes archaeology to declare that “there’s substantial evidence to suggest that the Gugu Badhun oral tradition is about an actual fire but Jewish slavery is a myth, when there is enough evidence to at least admit the possibility that among the inhabitants of Egypt there were both free and enslaved Jews and those Jews assisted in constructing large scale projects. Those who worked on these projects, granaries and palaces, may have been a combination of out of work farmers, free and enslaved Jews. For a project this size, this is a plausible explanation.
Transitioning from folklore to written text, Exodus makes two basic assertions, Jews were forced to make mud-bricks and they built “supply cities.” There exists documentation of forced Semitic mud-brick making, Louvre Leather Roll 1274(13), from the time of Ramses II, between 1279–1212 BCE, reads “Paherypedjet son of Paser is one of the brickmakers who fails to deliver his quota of 2,000 bricks.” This scroll predates Semitic references to Exodus, the oldest verse about the Exodus, The Song of the Sea, was written between 1125 and 1000 BCE. The date of The Song of the Sea was derived via textual considerations, the historical and cultural context presented in the hymn. This may not be the strongest piece of evidence, but as a piece of the whole, the fact that this does mirror the Torah, the inventories of Asiatic or Hyksos slaves and, murals that depict slave life in Egypt (especially those that present Jewish slaves as smaller than their Egyptian counterparts) and text that mention a Semitic forced labor population.
It must be antisemitism that causes an irrational denial of Jews being in the region and some of the Jew having been forced into labor. If they didn’t contribute to building the pyramids, which may have been nothing but a Hollywood trope and isn’t supported in scripture, it was other projects at least, palaces, storehouses and works made of, As Jews in Egypt were noted to work with, mud-brick. It’s no stretch of the imagination that texts that predate the oldest known portions of Exodus and collaborate with the Torah, combined with other evidence, stands as fairly sound evidence. It’s simply personal incredulity that causes archeologists to deny Jewish slavery in Egypt with absolute certainty.
The second assertion of Exodus 1:11, as mentioned above, is that the Jews must build supply cities. Archaeologists had been puzzled by the potential location of the biblical supply city, properly known as Pithom, until it was identified by E. Naville. The city is just as expected to be, a group of granite statues representing Rameses II standing between two gods, a city wall encircled the compound, a ruined temple and the remains of a series of brick buildings with very thick walls that contained rectangular chambers of various sizes and opened only at the top and without any communication with one another were unearthed at the site(18). However, archaeologists continue to refuse to find this compelling evidence on the grounds of lack of implements of slavery, this is simply antisemitism, again, what would they expect to find? Shackled remains holding a shekel?
Evidence like The tomb of vizier Rekhmire, circa 1450 BCE, shows foreign slaves fashioning bricks for the workshop-storeplace of the Temple of Amun at Karnak in Thebes as well as building a ramp. They are labelled “captures brought-off by His Majesty for work at the Temple of Amun(9).” Yet, antisemitism continues to act as a blinder in the archaeological community. Even more textual evidence, The Harris Papyrus I, a writing from the reign of King Ramses III, during the Middle Period reads:
“I brought back in great numbers those that my sword has spared, with their hands tied behind their backs before my horses, and their wives and children in tens of thousands, and their livestock in hundreds of thousands. I imprisoned their leaders in fortresses bearing my name, and I added to them chief archers and tribal chiefs, branded and enslaved, tattooed with my name, their wives and children being treated in the same way(3).”
The author refers to the conquered people as the Sea People. They are those who hail from Israel. It’s not just scrolls and folklore that indicate Jewish slavery in Egypt. As I’ve noted, pottery fragments found in Tell El Dab’a are of Palestinian origin, murals depict Semitic slaves and a recent discovery, a mass grave, may contain the remains of Jewish slaves.
In Akhenaten’s City, two biblical era workmen mass burial grounds have been unearthed, the South and North Tombs Cemeteries. The graves contain youths of 3–25 years old and “paint a picture of poverty, hard work, poor diet, ill-health, frequent injury and relatively early death,” stated Archaeologist Mary Shepperson. The South Tombs Cemetery has almost no grave goods for the dead and only rough matting used to wrap the bodies, exactly what one might expect to find in the graves of Semitic slaves. However, the origins of the inhabitants of these tombs are debated, but the debate is one of the most transparently antisemitic arguments for not investigating if the remains are of enslaved peoples. Shepperson stated that as far as I’ve seen, the inhabitants of the tomb are heterogeneous, the type of population one might find in a metropolitan, according to bone structure, so none of the interred could be of Jewish descent(4). This just goes to show how blinded even archaeologists are by their biases. In the end, only DNA testing can inequivalently determine origin. Sure, Anthropology, by examining skull bones may take a stab at a person’s origin, but it’s not a perfect science and the results, especially in this instance, may be obscured by interpreter bias.
Pottery fragments, oral tradition, papyri and murals made for pharaohs all attest that Jews were enslaved in Egypt. When combined with the writings of Manetho, we see that there was a socio-economic system that contained both free and enslaved Jew in Egypt between 2000–1000 BCE. Why would any intelligent man who is able to extrapolate data based on synthesizing findings deny there were Jewish slaves in Egypt along with the free, those who either lead a revolt or simply left with gold and silver, I can only attribute to the antisemitism the began with Emperor Hadrian and continues, through the media, to be disseminated until this very day. It seems that fools will only coincide to an enslaved population in Egypt if shekels and shackles are found, two things most likely pillaged and reused, not the type of artifacts left in the unceremonious burials of second class citizens. Most frustratingly, this is not the standard applied to other cultures when it comes to proof of historical servitude.
One final piece of evidence of Jewish slavery in Egypt is the presence of a four room house(3), dating back to Ramses III or IV, built in a Jewish style. However, I don’t find this as compelling as others do. Architectural styles change and the genesis of an aesthetic may pop up in several cultures at about the same time, notice how many cultures claim “we invented the number zero.” Yet, I do find documents like The Harris Papyrus I to be undeniable proof of Jewish slavery in Egypt. Unlike other writers, the author of this papyrus had no intention of telling a good story, it’s simply an inventory of what Ramses III believed to be his, thousands of Semitic slaves. Those who deny the proofs either have something to gain by it or themselves are slaves to the media which has been on a smear campaign since the time of Emperor Hadrian.
Was there an enslaved Jewish faction who were compelled to build the storehouses of mud-brick. I’m sure there were. Were there Jews who led a rebellion against the Pharaoh, I’m certain that this happened as well, although they were freedom fighters not villains not the villainous murderer, intent on grabbing as much power and gold as they can, that Manetho makes them out to be . Most likely, just as there were free Blacks and enslaved blacks before 1865 in the US there were both enslaved and free Jews in Egypt.
As I’ve noted, folklore makes everything bigger. The role of a storyteller is to tell a good tale, not accuracy and so when looking into the past through folklore we must carefully pull apart the feasible from the magical. I do believe that we’ve broken down the facts and established that Jews were compelled into labor in ancient Egypt. In the end, the Jewish collective unconscious recollects waves of entering and exiting Egypt, conflating these collective memories with the story of exodus. However, it’s archaeological antisemitism, caused by a long history of politically based hatred, that causes the archaeologist to outright dismiss that Jews were ever enslaved in Egypt.
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