An Introduction to Teutonic (4): Pronouns, Determiners, and Articles
Introduction
This article primarily focuses on pronouns, but will also devote time to determiners (pronominal adjectives) and articles. For pronouns, they can be divided into four categories: personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and relative pronouns.
These are similar to English I, you, he/she/they, y'all, and they in that they refer to something associated with a specific person (or persons) and/or object. They are often used when we want to refer to someone without specifying a name.
hi is mann "he is [a] man" versus Lars is mann "Lars is [a] man"
Like nouns and adjectives, they change their form depending on the speaker, case, and gender. Unlike nouns and adjectives, pronouns distinguish between nominative and accusative forms.
First-person and second-person pronouns do not decline for gender, whereas third-person pronouns do. However, they do not work the same way as in English - English third-person pronouns denote the natural gender of a subject or object, while in Teutonic they correspond to the object's gender.
Take this example sentence: hit is barn "he/she/they is a child." It literally translates to "it is child" because barn is a neutral noun. Pronouns corresponding to natural gender are triggered when proper names are used.
hit is barn, hia is Athalhed "she (lit. it) is [a] child, she is Alice"
Of note are the third-person reflexives. They are used when the action of a verb refers back to the subject; in other words, object and subject are both the same. These forms only apply for the third-person forms, requiring the usage of the standard accusative for first and second-person pronouns
hia lufia sic "she loves herself"
ic lufia mic "I love myself"
Another important element about pronouns is that the second-person plural pronouns (equivalent to English y'all) are used in formal situations (such as with teachers, government officials, etc.). This is called the T-V distinction in linguistics. Compare the two sentences:
o hae min friond, hvat dost thu in dag? "oh hey my friend, what are you doing today?"
god dag min cyng, hvat doth ii in dag? "good day my king, what are you doing today?" lit. "good day my king, what do y'all in day?"
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to indicate that an object or subject is owned by someone or something. They operate like if pronouns were adjectives, and have such match the possessed in case, number, and gender. They go before the possessed object.
hit is min hund "that is my dog" versus Icelandic það er hundurinn minn (lit. that is the-dog my)
The possessive pronouns are derived from the genitive forms of personal pronouns.
Interrogative/Relative Pronouns
Most interrogative pronouns have equivalents in English, formed through the hv- (English wh-) stem.
Some important adverbs, like hvar "where" are also formed from the hv- stem.
The relative pronoun is tha, which is used as the relative pronoun (cognate to Old English þæt) in between clauses.
Determiners are another form of adjectival pronouns which describe something already established (that, this, etc.). The most common determiner is sa, meaning both "that" and "this." If you want to distinguish between this versus that, you'd have to also use the adverb har "here."
sa raendior "this reindeer"
sa har raendior "this here reindeer; that reindeer"
Teutonic lacks traditional articles, equivalent to English "a/an" and "the" to mark if an object is indefinite or definite. As a substitute, the determiner sa can be used.
Rethwulf sa raendior mid roude nase "Rudolf the Red-nosed Reindeer" [lit. Rudolf this reindeer with (a) red nose]