This paper was given as a talk at Mendocino State Hospital, Talmage, California in 1959 as the conclusion of a series of talks and demonstrations by Perls.
In our lectures and demonstrations I have presented Gestalt therapy as a series of bits and pieces which you may find of use. I assume now that you know much and I can go beyond the categories, divisions, and pieces to explore the center point, the resolution of the closed gestalt. My ambition has been to create a unified field theory in psychology. In this lecture I would lead you from the play of opposites to the unity of resolution, so that you might experience the goal implied in Gestalt work. This is the other side of the coin: unity instead of division; resolution! a coming home instead of wandering. As in all things the main barrier to resolution is ourselves, and particularly how we fantasize about ourselves and the world. In many respects resolution can seem so pleasant, mild and simple that we distrust it and by our questioning undo its peacefulness.
It is said we have a mind, that we have an id, ego, and so on. By projecting living experience into external categories we fantasy that we have grasped and can control something. I propose the idea of universal awareness as a useful hypothesis that runs counter to this tending to treat ourselves as things. We are awareness rather than have awareness. From our aware experiencing we can look on the rest of existence and suppose that there are varying degrees of awareness in all things. The flower that turns to the sun is aware of sunlight. The rock that falls experiences some difference between falling, hitting and lying still. In varying degrees, all things which are this rather than that, function this way rather than that, are varying degrees of awareness.
Awareness, consciousness, or excitement are similar experiences. Manâs awareness appears more comprehensive and hence more ambiguous than that of other things. The rock can only fall when it has no support: Without support we can project, repress, desensitize, etc. With the hypothesis of universal awareness we open up to considering ourselves in a living way rather than in the aboutisms of having a mind, ego, superego and so forth. Also, by the hypothesis of universal awareness we open up to considering ourselves as intrinsically like the rest of existence. Starting from isness, this awareness here now, we consider ourselves as we are, living, here, varied and similar to others and the rest of existence. It puts us in a position to contact, to move over boundaries, to range across differences, to find resolution.
Whether our awareness is greater than or more intense than that of animals, bacteria, cells, plants or stars I do not know. We need to suspect the vanity of saying we are the most conscious. It seems clear, though, that our awareness is the most ambiguous. It seems to split, divide and conceal itself more easily than rocks and plants. Most of what we have talked about is this apparent tendency to divide into foreground (what we sharply experience) and background (what is less differentiated). Foreground is in dynamic relationship to background. Very simply, what cannot be here, is there. Background is all other; the world outside, meanings projected, other selves as dreams, our potentials, everyone and everything else. What cannot be here, is anyway and so is there; or, at least, appears there. If I cannot leave the room when I feel like it, I leave in fantasy. That way I can be here and there simultaneously. I can be kind and unkind, elated and depressed and so forth, simultaneously. It is partly the assumption that âI am this and not thatâ which is wrong, which creates a division, which we will need to amplify so that the missing part can also be conscious.
Actually our idea of the unconscious as being what is packed away and unused is wrong. What we do not know as ourselves is lived out anyway and can be seen by friends. It is as if we have a conservation of mental energy that corresponds to the conservation of matter/energy in Einsteinâs relativity theory. Nothing ever dies or disappears altogether in the realm of awareness. What is not lived here as consciousness lives there as muscle tension, unaccountable emotion, perception of others, and so forth. Nothing disappears, but much is displaced or misplaced. Boredom, for instance, which is a dreary state, also contains a drive to do something. The man dying of thirst has water everywhere except on his tongue. In Gestalt therapy we are in the paradoxical situation of always dealing with a two-part existence, what is awareness here and now, and what this awareness stands in relation to. Foreground implies background. The background shapes foreground.
What cannot come forth here appears there as other. My rejected resentment turns up as your obvious faults. Most of therapy is finding these splits, and activating both sides. Any activating of both sides tends to gather them together again. Questions are created out of the suspicion of the answer. The question that is intensified collapses into its own answer.
It is partly the demand for differences, the questioning, that divides. What are you aware of now? This rather than that. Can you be aware of this and that? Well yes, but not with the same intensity. The demand for intensity, the questioning, the expecting of this rather than that, creates the foreground-background misplacing of part of ourselves.
In love and especially in orgasm it is as though we experience across the boundary of selves to a contact that leads to the confluence of orgasm, to unifying differences. Understanding, which is more than aboutism or bullshit, is also an assimilation of differences. But let us for the moment break out of the differences which our concepts, our psychopathologies, and our ways of thinking almost insist upon, and join in universal awareness, in the zero point of creative indifference, the resolution of the quiet center.
In Taoism there is the yin/yang symbol which represents the interplay of opposites. The white half of the circle is growing darker, and the dark half is growing whiter. The two interact to make the round of existence. What is it like to experience both sides at once? It is ambiguous. âAm I a strong heterosexual man or an effeminate homosexual?â A full awareness can experience both, and not need to resolve the difference. âDo I love or resent her?â I can experience both and this brings life and complexity to our relationship. Emerson said consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds. Consistency demands that we experience one or the other. Much of the time we experience both sides, opposites. And this enriches the range of our possibilities.
In fact, the more you try to be just one-sided, the more the other side is also experienced. If I must be strong and dominant in all situations, I am forever watching for and experiencing potential weakness. If I must be a very good saint, I become aware of evil everywhere. If I am good, you appear evil. We donât hate or love the world, only ourselves. Each is the all of awareness. Resolution is closer to experiencing good and evil, dominance and submission, top-dog and underdog. The more we would tilt all power to top-dog, the more powerful underdog becomes. It is the effort to make a top-dog which creates the equally powerful underdog. At the point of resolution top-dog and underdog are both present aspects of the same dog. You can enjoy the yin or the yang of opposites in this Chinese symbol, or experience it as a unified balance, which we call, simply, awareness. As the yin and yang interplay our consciousness is rich, varied, changing, exciting, not quite predictable, surprising.
Although we are dealing with the resolution of conflict, to find the satisfied and somewhat ambiguous center between opposites, I would also like to resolve our conflict with conflict. Suppose, for the moment, we could satisfy everyoneâs needs fully â a world of satisfaction. Would all action stop? Perhaps people would sit and sleep for a day or two, but action would begin again. Here a man would choose to build a needed workshop. A woman would make a dress, and so on. Out of this renewed action would appear again conflict, frustration, and difficulty. Though we need resolution for a time, just as sleep makes up one third of life, still it would be boring without action and conflict. Though we seem forever trying to put out the fire of conflict, we do not really want to put it out altogether. Perhaps we just want to contain it, like a fire in the hearth. If we didn't get thirsty we would fail to drink. But drinking enough is very different from drowning. Conflict, the unfinished situation, is itself a call toward resolution. The conflict we seek and respect is that arising out of the new combination of circumstances in the now. It is not an unaccountable replay reflecting what we dread and experience repeatedly. Therapy gets the individual past the dead replay to the new creative conflict which invites growth, change, excitement, the adventure of living.
There is but awareness endlessly coming forth. Beyond awareness there is nothing. At all points of discomfort it seeks to make itself comfortable. This one awareness appears to split into self/other so that in the trouble of search and finding, it can recall its parts and find itself intensely. Unquestioned, in peace, it finds itself as one. The apparent boundaries of me/you, mine/thine, become fluid, disappear and reappear carelessly. It is not wrong to question and divide, but it is even more complete to see that the question arises from its own answer and that the function of boundary and difference is to excite a contact resolution. The gestalt opens to demand closing and the energy toward closing is in the opening.
The unified field is satisfaction, the oneness of what is, isness. Question that this is so, and you create the split, the search, the apparent need that could again lead to unity, satisfaction, the closed gestalt. Deepen the split and it reaches across to find itself.
One symbol for this is the Buddhist mudra in which the thumb and one finger make a circle. Thumb and finger appear as two, making a circle, the round of existence. Yet these two are one hand, one life. The other three fingers represent the multiplicity of existence which is also one hand and one life. In most gestalt work we find and exercise the split, so that the parts of unity may come together. Yet, away from our own questioning and demands we can enjoy the unity of awareness in which the division within self disappears as do the splits between self and others, self and the rest of the world. One awareness. It is aware aliveness, experiencing conflict at all points that parts of itself have been displaced and growth is called for.
Somehow I feel mellower than usual today. This is a fitting place to end a series of talks. You have been a very receptive group and I have done quite well.
Fritz Perls, 1959, Resolution, in From Planned Psychotherapy to Gestalt Therapy, pp.181â186