This is the League of the Little, Lesser-used, Lessening, Littled, Largely-endangered, Latent, Lonely, Literature-Lacking, Little-known, Long-gone and Lost Languages.
I like the way that Maori appears to have a fully indigenous word for “flat white”.
No doubt some legendary Polynesian tale told of a mythical drink of morning strength (but not a big one, always small) with the smooth aerated foam of a fountain pool, and they travelled thousands of miles across the Pacific carrying this legend knowing that one day they would find and savour this true elixir. And that day finally came when some coffee shop in Wellington in 1989 inaugurated the flat white and the “mōwai” was finally discovered by the Maori and the legend was completed.
Hello hello! Learning Ukrainian? Amazing! Here are some resources to get you started!
**There is also a phrasebook for refugees section at the bottom, definitely check that out if you need it! If you need other languages that do not have phrasebook, check out my other "Introduction to..." posts for those
Here is my masterpost of language blogs
I do not speak Ukrainian, so I cannot vouch for accuracy. I also do not guarantee this is the best post of all time, it is definitely not. I am just attempting to put together some resources for you to use :)! Feel free (and encouraged!) to add your own resources, recommend yourself, translate this post, etc!
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What is Ukrainian?
Want to get started on some history and learn about the language itself? These resources should help you out! (Do some exploring on these places!)
Omniglot (Check the links at the bottom of the article for a lot more!)
Wikipedia
Languages of the World Post by gwendolynlerman
Autolingual
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Where can I start?
Well, I am glad you asked! These apps and websites all offer Ukrainian
Duolingo
Memrise
BABADADA
Mango Languages
Babadum
Loecsen
101Languages
Goethe Verlang
Mondly
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Blogs to Follow
@study-ukrainian (This is my Ukrainian sideblog)
Okay, this one is a little bit hard and I am not learning Ukrainian to know anyone directly, so... Please say if you are a Ukrainian langblr! I will add you to the list as I see you, or you can just check the notes :D!
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Youtubers
Speak Ukrainian
21 Languages
PolyglotPablo
UkrainianLanguage
OlgaReznikova (a. b.)
Let's Learn Ukrainian
Easylanguages
LanguageFluent
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Podcasts
These are all on Spotify
Ukrainian Lessons Podcast - Anna Ohoiko
5 Minute Ukrainian - Anna Ohoiko
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Phrasebooks/Posts for refugees (Please do let me know if you want your post added)
Big Phrasebook for Refugees (by @tealingual they have lots of other good lists as well!) - Contains Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, German, and Bulgarian.
Italian (by @sayitaliano they also have a lot of other lists!)
Russian (Not yet created, but by @haxyr3 they also have many good lists that may help you!)
I'm white/a settler, can I learn a Native American language?
Of course, people can learn any language they can find resources for. So with this question, people are mostly looking for moral permission. Would it be harmful for me to learn one? Do I have the right to learn one?
The short answer: It depends. It depends on a lot of factors. Key things this post will focus on are:
Which one do you want to learn?
Why do you want to learn it?
How do you plan on learning it?
What are you going to do with it once you do get some fluency?
Some tribes feel very differently about outsiders learning it than others do. And individuals within tribes have an even wider opinion range.
There is no "one" correct answer, and I think if white people go about seeking to get a direct clear cut yes or no answer, that by itself is a sign that they are not very educated in Native American language activism and the needs of Natives.
To explore this topic, I organized a survey for Native people to share their thoughts. It involved questions about how they personally feel, how their tribe as a whole tends to feel, and how their opinion varies between white people vs other Indigenous people not from their own tribe. 53 respondents participated, and 3/53 choose to not disclose their tribe. Throughout the rest of this post, I use "Native" for short. Please see below the cut for all the results and exploration! Note: this is very long. But for all allies / people interested in learning these languages, it is well worth your time to read and learn from Natives.
The General Opinion
In total, only around 9% were in total support of white people learning a Native language, and around 4% were neutral. The remaining 87% had varying levels of concerns and discomfort.
The group that had concerns was further divided by their degree of discomfort:
Around 28% of all responses were firmly against white people learning their languages.
Around 17% of all responses also expressed extreme discomfort with white people learning, but they acknowledged certain circumstances they felt it could be okay.
Around 42% of all responses said they were mostly okay with white people learning, but they still had concerns and discomfort. Many people in this category also said they only were okay with it out of fear of the language dying out. Even if they felt white people could potentially help, they still felt extremely bitter and disliked it, especially since white people are the reason why the languages are in danger in the first place.
To contrast this with how respondents felt about other Indigenous people from different cultures learning their language, the results were around: 57% in total support, 24% mostly okay, 11% mostly against, 4% totally against, and again, 4% remained neutral.
Even people who did support white people learning Native languages, either fully or mostly, almost every single one expressed that they felt more comfortable with other Indigenous peoples learning them, as they would be more likely to respect the language.
These statistics by themselves mostly show that the general opinion is that of caution and unease around white people learning Native languages. Yet, as stated above and shown by the statistics, its not a clear cut yes or no. Now we will explore our more specific questions and results relating to those from the survey.
1) Which one are you interested in?
Since this portion focuses on trends within specific tribes, the responses from the 3 people who chose to not disclose their tribe is not considered. The 50 responses with tribes come from 25 tribes, though only a few are explicitly explained here.
The biggest group of responses came from Ojibwe / Anishinaabe people, with 10 responses total. Of those 10 responses, in reference to how they personally feel about white people learning, the results were: 6/10 mostly okay, 1/10 mostly against, 2/10 firmly against, and 1/10 neutral.
To contrast with this, when these same 10 Ojibwe / Anishinaabe people talked about how their tribe as a whole feels about white people learning their language, regardless if they agree or disagree, the results were: 1/10 totally okay, 2/10 mostly okay, 2/10 mostly against, 1/10 firmly against, 4/10 neutral or did not know.
Some important context for the Ojibwe / Anishinaabe case, is that they are one of, if not the, largest tribe north of Mexico. Despite having these numbers, it does not make the top 3 Native American languages in terms of reported number of speakers.
Which brings me to the next case study, Navajo, which is the Native American language in the U.S. with the most amount of speakers. This one is also an important case study because this language has something no other U.S. American Native language has: a Duolingo course. Albeit a very small one, it exists. 3 respondents were Navajo.
None of the 3 responses reported being totally okay with white people learning it, both in terms of personal feelings and from the tribe as a whole. One person reported both themselves and the tribe as a whole as firmly against it, one person felt more okay personally but said the tribe was more against, and one person was more neutrally aligned and believed it was best decided on a case by case basis. When discussing the Navajo experience of learning the language, all 3 expressed how while there are abundant resources, many of them are not adequate enough to actually teach the language properly, demonstrated by the extremely small Duolingo course and the inaccessibility of other resources. 2/3 respondents talked about how the language's history in WWII negatively contributed to white people's treatment of the language.
The final case study I want to highlight isn't so much one language, but the languages that people reported being firmly against outsiders learning. These are sorted by individuals not wanting white people to learn (I-W), individuals not wanting other Indigenous people to learn (I-O), responses saying the tribe is against white people learning (T-W), and responses saying the tribe is against other Indigenous people learning (T-O). Those tribes/languages are as follows:
Ojibwe: 2 (I-W), 1 (T-W), 1 (T-O)
Michif: 2 (I-W)
Zapotec: 1 (I-W)
Nahua: 1 (I-W)
Washoe: 1 (I-W), 1 (I-O)
Cherokee: 1 (I-W)
Cree: 2 (I-W), 1 (T-W)
Blackfoot: 1 (I-W)
Mi'kmaw: 1 (I-W)
Navajo: 1 (I-W), 1 (T-W), 1 (T-O)
Hopi: 1 (I-W), 1 (I-O), 1 (T-W), 1 (T-O)
Oneida: 1 (I-W)
Taino: 1 (T-W), 1 (T-O)
Lakota: 1 (T-W), 1 (T-O)
Atikamekw: 1 (T-W), 1 (T-O)
Paiute: 1 (T-W), 1 (T-O)
From these, only Hopi was expressed to be firmly against anyone who isn't Hopi learning it across the board, with Ojibwe and Navajo having firmly against in 3/4 opinion categories.
What I hope people have gotten from this section is that opinions deeply deeply vary. This does not mean that you should ask around until someone inevitably says yes, and then you go wild. It means that this is an on-going conversation that never ends, and that if you go through with it, you have to respect that many people are not going to be comfortable about it, and don't owe you anything. And if every single person you talk to says "no", perhaps that is a sign that you are better off finding other ways to involve yourself.
2) Why do you want to learn it?
The primary concern people had about white people learning their languages was motive. Within the survey, respondents were given the chance to discuss both good and bad motives for white people learning Native languages. The answers were very consistent across all responses, and all reported ones are listed here.
Reported bad motives include:
Colonial reasons like missionary work or anthropology
Just because they can, because they "like it", find it "fun", as it is an extensive of their white privilege to be able to learn these while actual Natives struggle to do so
Because they think its "exotic" and fetishize it
To falsely claim being Indigenous, to seem more like an ally without doing anything else, or just speak over Native people in general
Because they view it as a "challenge", to seem smarter/unique
Anything for a profit (teaching, for a brand, etc) - profit being either literal money, personal / social status, etc
Out of white guilt, as a way to try and get out of being held accountable for colonialism
Reported good motives include:
To communicate with Natives in their own language to displace usage of colonial languages like English, French, Spanish, etc
Learning for Native family members, romantic partners, friends, or if they have Native children to help ensure the child grows up speaking it
People invited to learn to do volunteer work / activism under the guidance of Natives and elders
Some motives had mixed views:
Learning the Native language of where you live. Those in favor viewed it as contributing to decolonizing by restoring that language's priority to the land. Those against viewed it as robbing opportunities from actual Natives to learn their own language and white people trying to "indigenize" themselves.
"Appreciating" the culture. Since appreciation and appropriation have such fine lines that white people readily cross often, this motive by itself can be a mixed bag.
Learning it as a person in power like a doctor, academic, lawyer, social worker, etc. Some say this can enable people to contribute and better support Natives, some think it will only further contribute to white people stealing our languages and making it harder for Natives to learn, or will enable white people in power to more easily abuse Natives.
Wanting to "save" the language. This topic will actually be explored in another post of mine in the future, so I won't say much on it now. To summarize it: Native languages thrive when Natives speak them, not when white people speak them.
From this section, the main thing to be considered is that Native languages cannot be treated like other languages, and mere "curiosity" isn't necessarily a compliment. The history white people have with them is not in the past, and these issues are very much still abound today. Bad motives for learning can be just as deadly as "ignoring" Native languages. Even in Europe, these motives paired with peoples' lack of literal interaction with Natives, can create an atmosphere of disrespect, even if unintentional.
3) How will you learn it?
Like motives, the respondents were given a chance to discuss both respectful methods of learning and disrespectful methods of learning. The good and bad reported reasons were mostly inverses of each other, and all responses could be sorted in 6 overarching answers of good/bad pairs.
Learning from Natives, and not white people. Any sources created by white people are inherently culturally inaccurate at best or outright colonialist and exploitative at worst. Any classes attended and resources consulted should be made and approved by the respective tribes.
Paying to learn, and not just using free sources. Considering that white people are the reason these languages are dying, many responses expressed that paying for the right to learn is the LEAST white people can do. Paying for education supports Native academics and communities, and shows respect, as using free resources just feeds into white entitlement.
Learning within a community, and not with other white people or by yourself. Many expressed that even if you buy a reputable textbook from a Native author, that isn't enough. Responses expressed that white people should be immersed within a Native community as they learn, since this is the only way to ensure they not only learn the language accurately, but so that they learn proper respect and cultural context. Many people did explicitly cite online programs like Duolingo as NOT being a good way for white people to learn. Even just learning with one Native friend is leagues better than self-study.
Learning in a way rooted in tradition, and not colonial values. By prioritizing oral usage, exploring cultural stories (that Natives choose to share willingly), and not pushing western concepts like standardization onto the languages, the languages are better respected and understood. As stated above, meeting this expectation requires connections to Native communities.
Learning with humility, and not prioritizing yourself. Not taking up limited space or copies of resources away from other Natives, not demanding to be taught more than what is shared, and being able to accept "no" as an answer is the bare minimum amount of respect and care.
Prioritizing decolonization over linguistic endeavors. White people who choose to learn a Native language should not only treat it as a fun language-learning hobby. Learning a language should be a secondary pursuit on top of the main cause of supporting and contributing to decolonization.
Much like the last section, a main thing to take away from this is that Native languages much be approached by white people in different ways than they might approach European languages. This section may particularly frustrate white people who are interested, especially if they feel they can't afford to pay for opportunities to learn. Yet working through that frustration, and putting in the work to learn in a respectful way, is necessary if one wants to be a good ally and to not assume a position of entitlement with these languages.
4) What will you do with your language knowledge?
This topic of debate does not end once you know some/much of the language. Assuming you learned a language with the right motives, and you learned in a respectful way, you now have the responsibility to not abuse and exploit what was given to you. And if those two assumptions were truly met, I would hope you don't want to abuse your knowledge! Much like the methods of learning, good/bad ways of using language knowledge formed inverse pairs. Response are summarized here:
Using it to give back to Natives, not white people. This isn't your new fun party trick to share with your white friends. If you reach a level of fluency, and then suddenly stop all engagement with the community and turn inward to your white circle, it was wasted on you.
Sharing with others when acceptable, not at your own discretion. Creating your own educational resources is not respectful, but sharing what you were given with other Natives of that tribe freely can be a way for you to use your privilege to give back. Many responses expressed that the primary time a white person should take on a position of "teaching" a Native language is if they have a Native child they are raising with it, and even then, they should always defer to their Native partner and their child's community to lead and guide that endeavor.
Integrating into the community, without taking on authority. As stated above, teaching of your own accord is not appropriate. If you are invited to help with teaching efforts, go for it! But in general, assuming the position of "language expert", correcting other Natives, and other such behaviors is never acceptable. That's not to say people can't make careers/livelihoods out of Native language advocacy - only to say that any such decisions should be made with and guided by connections to the respective community.
Letting it shape your understanding of the land, without claiming it as your own. Learning the original names for local landmarks, places, foods, and animals can help displace the normalcy of colonial-imposed languages. As always, language knowledge should motivate and guide people into activism for Natives in all areas, not just language-activism. And a major part of this is constantly checking yourself, your privilege, and unlearning every harmful notion taught by the colonial power. Having the honor to see the world in a new way can be a great tool for doing so.
The best way to summarize not only this section, but this entire grand topic as a whole, is that its not about a language. Its about healing a community, healing the land, and righting the wrongs of colonialism. For white people, their relationship to that endeavor is a very strong and very loaded one.
I'm sure this post will make certain white people very mad at me. And of course, the data for this came from a rather small sample size, and other Natives are more than welcome to add onto this. As stated numerous times, the goal of this post was not to say "yes you can" or "no you can't". The goal was to give insight to the wide variety of views, and to give guidance on ways to become involved that maintain the respect and autonomy of Natives. If you view this as me shattering your dreams of learning xyz Native language, then you have deeply misunderstood the message here. Respectful questions are more than welcome, yet I will be turning anon off just for my own safety. Any racism will be blocked.
The Mi’kmaq language is an Eastern Algonquian language closely related to languages such as Maliseet-Passamaquoddy, Lenape (Munsee + Unami) and Abenaki. It is spoken by approximately 7,140 (2016 census) native speakers in Canada and the U.S mostly along the Atlantic coast. In Canada it’s spoken in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, P.E.I, Gaspé and Newfounland and in the U.S, it’s spoken primarily in the states of Maine, Boston and Massachusetts. Historically, the language was written using hieroglyphs until missionaries developed a latin alphabet for the language in the 19th century. The Francis-Smith orthography used now was developed in 1974 and was adopted as the official orthography of the Míkmaq Nation in 1980. It is the most widely used orthography and is used by the Nova Scotian Mi’kmaq and by the Míkmaq Grand Council. It is similar to the “lexicon” orthography, differing from it only in its use of the straight apostrophe [ꞌ] or acute accent [´] instead of the colon [:] to mark vowel length. The language is referred to as Mi’kmawi’simk or Lnuismk by the Mi’kmaq/L’nu’k people; Mi’kmaq coming from the word nigmaq (also spelled nikmak) meaning ‘my relatives or kin’ and L’nu’k meaning ‘the people’. The singular being Mi’kmaw or L’nu.
The 87-year-old elder is the last speaker of Thiinma, a language native to remote WA, but by working with linguists, an artist and an ethnobotanist, he hopes to pass on his priceless knowledge.
Karaim is a Turkic language from Kypchak branch with Hebrew influences that is spoken by Karaim people in Lithuania, Ukraine and Russia. Languge has 80 native speakers and highly endangered. Karaim people in Crimea's origins are uncertain, some scholars say that they are Cumans who adopted Judaism and some say they descandents of Karaite Jews who adopted the language. Some scholars say that they can be descandents of Khazars, a Turkic khanate that adopted Judaism and later Kipchaks.
Language is mainly spoken in Trakai by a small community who lived there since 14th century.
The language used Karaite traditional script with Hebrew alphabet till 20th century. In 20th century Karaims also used variationsof Latin scripts. Today while Karaims of Lithuania uses latin, Karaims of Crimea uses cyrillic.
Like all of the Turkic languages Karaim also has S-O-V order and highly aggulinative.
The language is highly emdangered and protected as a minority language.
North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean.
Tagged by, @languagessi. References are linked to the post.
Day 6 - Aleut
What is the language called in English and the language itself?
The language is known in English as Aleut, while the natives refer to their own language as “ Unangam Tunuu “
How many people speak the language?
.Of a population of about 2,200 Unangax̂, fewer than 100 speak the language.
Which language family does it belong to? What are some of its relative languages?
It’s among the “Inuit-Yupik-Unangan” languages, I avoided using the name that I’ve seen mostly used since it contains a slur.
Relative languages include Inuit language,Yupik language,Atkan Aleut language.
What writing system does the language use?
I wasn’t able to find any information about the writing system.
What kind of grammatical features does the language have?
Open word classes in Aleut include nouns and verbs, both derived from stems with suffixes.
Many stems are ambivalent, being both nominal and verbal.
Other word classes include pronouns, contrastives, quantifiers, numerals, positional nouns, demonstratives, and interrogatives
What does the language sound like?
This is a video that teaches some vocabulary in Aleut language (audio included).
What do you personally find interesting about the language?
There are no adjectives other than verbal nouns and participles in Aleut, which makes me curious about how the language finds the necessary turns to express this concept.
Language of diaspora: Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Uganda
Script: Latin, 32 letters
Grammatical cases: 0
Linguistic typology: agglutinative, SVO
Language family: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern Bantoid, Bantu, Northeast Bantu, Great Lakes Bantu, Rwanda-Rundi
Number of dialects: 3
History
1940s - standardization of the spelling system
Writing system and pronunciation
These are the letters that make up the alphabet: a b c cy d e f g h i j jy k l m mp n nk nt ny o p r s sh shy t u v w y z.
Kirundi has two tones: high and low, and displays Meeussen’s rule, according to which there is a lowering of the last tone of two adjacent high tones, resulting in the pattern high-low.
Grammar
Nouns have eighteen classes, two numbers (singular and plural), and no cases. Vowels change frequently when forming the different classes.
Adjectives may precede or follow nouns. Some personal pronouns contract when used before certain prepositions.
Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood (conditional, imperative, indicative, and subjunctive), aspect, person, and number. Personal pronouns may be joined to them before or after the time infix.
Dialects
There are three dialects: Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The former two are very similar, but Twa is more distinct. However, all three are mutually intelligible.
What is the language called in English and the language itself?
- The language is called Udmurt in English and удмурт кыл or udmurt kyl in the language itself.
Where is the language spoken?
- Udmurt is spoken in Udmurtia, Russia.
How many people speak the language?
- 340,000 (2010 census) people speak the language as their native language.
Which language family does it belong to? What are some of its relative languages?
- Udmurt belongs to the Permic branch of Uralic languages. It is related to languages such as Komi (Komi-Zyryan) and Permyak (Komi-Permyak).
What writing system does the language use?
- Udmurt is written in the Cyrillic script.
What kind of grammatical features does the language have?
- Agglunating language; uses affixes to express possession, to specify more, time, etc.; no gender distinction in nouns or personal pronouns; 15 noun cases; no congruency between adjectives and nouns in neutral noun phrases; two types of nominal plurals; interrogative pronouns inflect in all cases; verbs are divided into two conjugation groups; three verbal moods; word order is SOV.
What does the language sound like?
- Udmurt doesn’t distinguish between long and short vowels and it doesn’t have vowel harmony. You can listen what the language sounds like here.
What do you personally find interesting about the language?
- I’m a native speaker of Finnish and interested in its language relatives, including Udmurt. There was also a langblr who was studying Udmurt a few years ago, I sometimes wonder how they’re doing.
Resources:
- Wikipedia, Omniglot
There is a request to Duolingo to add a course for Chinook Jargon, a lingua franca pidgin/creole spoken in the Pacific Northwest. In order to help this endeavour, please upvote the following post in the Duolingo forum and feel free to comment on it or reblog this announcement. Hayu masi!
On day eight of this challenge, for the Southern African region, I want to look into West !Xóõ.
The status of this language variety as either a language or dialect is often contested, with some placing it at the far end of a Taa Dialect continuum with more than two thousand speakers. Often, due to its distinctive grammar and phonology along that chain of dialects, West !Xóõ is described as an independent but closely related language to other varieties of Taa, spoken by a few hundred people on both sides of the Namibian-Botswanan border.
Speakers of West !Xóõ describe all speakers of these language varieties (including their own) as speaking !Xóõ, however their neighbors have different terms for their own dialects and languages. Unfortunately, in combination with the purported dialect continuum, this leads to unclear labeling of “dialects” of !Xóõ or Taa whose speakers would not self-label as such.
Compared to other varieties, however, West !Xóõ has less exposure to Tswana and English, and more to the neighboring Kx’a language family, particularly Ju|’hoan, which was popularized by the film “The Gods Must Be Crazy”. Many linguistic analyses describe a Sprachbund effect as taking place in the Kalahari Desert, between speakers of languages in the Kx’a, Tuu (which includes Taa), and many but not all of the Khoe family’s languages, in addition to multiple isolates. Dialect continua are described as being extremely common within languages, and linguistic influence between related and unrelated languages as very common.
(Note, the source is unclear if this is West !Xóõ or a closely related variety of Taa being spoken.)
Phonologically, these areal effects are quite pronounced, with West !Xóõ having a large inventory of vowels in “regular” but also nasalized, glottalized, and multiple tiers of pharyngealized varieties - all distinguishing four tones too.
Likewise, pulmonic plosives are distinguished by not only voicing and place of articulation (and arguably, nasalization), but also aspiration and ejectives (essentially, aspiration forced through the voice cords) - with the latter having the ostensibly impossible “voiced” variations created through delayed voicing onsets. On top of that, there’s also the click consonants, that at the very least are also distinguished by voicing, nasalization, (“normal”) aspiration, and ejective aspiration in overlapping forms, as if they were just another place of articulation.
(Again, note the ‘dialect’ is unspecified.)
Grammatically, a similar pattern of logical extension past what linguistics often presents as “normal” shows up. Like many languages in the area, there are a large number of noun classes, and West !Xóõ is among those for whom they are not semantically symbolic - like grammatical gender in many European languages they are somewhat arbitrary and not conceptually resonant categories.
Similarly to that sort of system, a given noun’s modifiers (adjectives, numerals, prepositions) will decline to agree with that noun’s class - but what’s more, so will a transitive verb, in agreement with its object. For example, from Tom Güldemann and Christfried Naumann’s “Grammatical relations in the West ǃXoon dialect of Taa”:
“ń sí nǀàí ǂhàì ǂ’‘ùì”
ń sí nǀà-í ǂhàì ǂ’'ù-ì
1S IPFV see-1 dog.S1 one-1
“I see one dog.”
“ń sí nǀààn márí ǂ’'óàn”
ń sí nǀà-àn márí ǂ’'ó-àn
1S IPFV see-2i goat.S2i one-2i
“I see one goat.”
(Bolding added for clarity.)
Note how the class-marking endings (í and àn respectively) are added to not only the adjective, but also the verb itself, meaning that it has fully distinct versions based on only the noun class of its object (when used transitively).
There are different ways of analyzing this as a morphological phenomenon - is the verb subordinated to its object or is the noun class marking spreading “up” to the transitive verb? With either analysis, like the large consonant inventory, this shows distinctions many languages make could be applied even more systemically, as West !Xóõ does.
As a language, West !Xóõ has disagree in almost every case for where linguists presumed there would be boundaries - between language varieties, between voicing and ejective distinctions, and between nominal and verbal agreement markers.
(The Linguistic Diversity Challenge: Regions Edition - part 9/12)
The League of the 12-L Languages @12-l-language-league - Tumblr Blog | Tumgag
