Stem Cell Therapy Treatment

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A Complete Guide to Spinal Cord Injury Treatment: What Patients and Families Need to Know

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious medical conditions a person can face. It can impact movement, sensation, and bodily functions, leading to partial or complete loss of independence. However, with timely diagnosis and comprehensive care, there is hope for recovery and rehabilitation. This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about spinal cord injury treatment, especially if you’re looking for the best options in India.

Understanding Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injuries occur when there is damage to the spinal cord due to trauma (like road accidents or falls), infections, tumors, or degenerative diseases. The severity of the injury can range from mild impairment to complete paralysis, depending on the location and extent of damage.

Symptoms may include:

Loss of movement or sensation

Difficulty with bladder or bowel control

Muscle weakness or spasticity

Chronic pain

Breathing issues in severe cases

Importance of Early and Holistic Treatment

Immediate medical attention after a spinal cord injury can significantly reduce complications and long-term disability. Treatment typically involves:

Acute Care: To stabilize the spine and reduce further damage

Surgical Intervention: If necessary, to decompress or stabilize the spinal cord

Rehabilitation: To help regain physical function and independence

Psychological Support: For mental and emotional well-being

Modern spinal injury treatment goes beyond just medical intervention. It requires a multi-disciplinary approach tailored to each patient’s condition and goals.

Best Destination for SCI Recovery – Bangalore

When it comes to finding specialized care, Bangalore has become a top destination. The city offers state-of-the-art infrastructure, advanced neurological facilities, and experienced professionals. One of the leading names in this field is Plexus, known for providing highly effective and customized spinal cord injury treatment in Bangalore.

Why Choose Plexus for Spinal Cord Injury Treatment?

Plexus stands out for its patient-centric care and advanced rehab techniques. Their SCI treatment program includes:

Stem Cell Therapy to encourage nerve regeneration

Intensive Physical and Occupational Therapy for restoring mobility and coordination

Neurocognitive and Speech Therapy for holistic recovery

Personalized Rehab Plans to suit each patient’s specific needs

The team at Plexus combines clinical expertise with compassionate care, ensuring that every patient gets the attention and support they deserve.

What Families Should Know

For families, a spinal injury can be emotionally and financially overwhelming. But it’s important to stay informed, involved, and hopeful. Choosing a center like Plexus means you’re not just opting for treatment—you’re partnering with a team that walks with you every step of the way.

Conclusion

Recovery from a spinal cord injury is a journey that requires time, patience, and the right medical support. With the growing advancements in neuro-rehabilitation, possibilities for recovery are greater than ever. If you're searching for expert, affordable, and empathetic care, spinal cord injury treatment in Bangalore at Plexus is a trusted choice.

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Top Benefits of Occupational Therapy for Children with Developmental Delays

Developmental delays can impact a child's physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, making everyday tasks difficult. Occupational therapy is a game-changer for children who struggle with sensory integration, fine motor skills, social behavior, or learning challenges. Through targeted activities, therapists help children gain independence, self-esteem, and academic performance.

Using a child-centered and play-based approach, OTs work on essential skills such as grasping, writing, dressing, and communicating. They create a fun, safe environment that encourages children to learn through games, exercises, and sensory experiences tailored to their developmental level.

Occupational therapy also involves parents, equipping them with techniques to support progress at home and school. This collaborative model ensures consistency and accelerates developmental milestones.

For families seeking compassionate care, the best occupational therapist in Bangalore at Plexus offers comprehensive pediatric therapy programs. Their skilled therapists customize treatment plans based on individual strengths, challenges, and goals, ensuring every child gets the support they need to thrive.

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Top 5 Benefits of Visiting a Physiotherapy Clinic in Bangalore

Seeking treatment at a Physiotherapy Clinic in Bangalore can offer numerous health benefits, whether you're recovering from an injury or managing chronic pain. Physiotherapy is a proven approach to improving mobility, reducing pain, and preventing future health complications.

Key Benefits of Physiotherapy

Pain Relief Without Medication Physiotherapy uses techniques like manual therapy, ultrasound, and exercise therapy to relieve pain naturally. This reduces the dependence on painkillers.

Improved Mobility and Flexibility If you experience difficulty in movement due to an injury or condition, physiotherapy helps restore flexibility and strength, allowing you to move with ease.

Prevention of Surgery In many cases, physiotherapy can eliminate the need for surgery by effectively treating musculoskeletal conditions. Strengthening exercises and targeted therapies can significantly improve the affected area.

Post-Surgical Rehabilitation After undergoing surgery, physiotherapy plays a crucial role in regaining strength and mobility. It helps speed up recovery and reduces the risk of complications.

Enhanced Sports Performance Athletes benefit from physiotherapy as it helps improve endurance, strength, and injury prevention. Regular physiotherapy sessions ensure peak performance and faster recovery from injuries.

With these benefits, physiotherapy becomes an essential part of maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle.

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Empowering Lives Through Advanced Neuro and Cell Therapies 🌟

🌿 Welcome to Plexus Neuro and Cell Therapy Centre 🌿 At Plexus, we are dedicated to transforming lives through cutting-edge medical innovation. Our center specializes in stem cell therapy, neurological rehabilitation, and comprehensive care tailored to each patient's unique needs.

💡 What Makes Plexus Special?

🌟 World-Class Expertise: Led by globally renowned specialists in neurology and regenerative medicine.

🌟 Personalized Treatments: Every patient receives a treatment plan crafted just for them.

🌟 Pioneering Research: Our advanced research in stem cell therapies is redefining possibilities in healthcare.

✨ Our Specialties Include:

Neurological Rehabilitation 🧠

Cell Therapy 🌱

Advanced Physiotherapy 💪

Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment 🌈

Parkinson's Disease Management 🚶

Explore how we can help you or your loved ones on their journey to recovery. 👉 Visit our website: Plexus Neuro 👉 Call us: [phone]

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The Autoimmune Diet

At the outset we want to mention a disclaimer: there is no single diet that cures autoimmune diseases, however certain dietary approaches can help manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, and improve overall health.

Based on several individual dietary preferences, this blog features various diets for autoimmune conditions and their potential benefits.

Why Treat Autoimmune Disease with Diet

Treating autoimmune disease with diet. The latter plays a crucial role in modulating the immune system and managing inflammation, which are key factors in autoimmune diseases. Certain foods can either exacerbate or alleviate the symptoms of these conditions. This makes it important to be mindful of dietary choices for better symptom management and overall well-being. Here’s what Plexus’ nutritionists follow when devising a diet plan for autoimmune conditions:

Identifying Triggers: Through an elimination and reintroduction process

Reducing Inflammation: With an anti-inflammatory diet

Supporting Gut Health: Through probiotics, prebiotics, and fiber-rich foods

Ensuring Nutrient Adequacy: Through a balanced and varied diet

With the above in mind, we recommend a balanced diet that focuses on whole, unprocessed foods is ideal. It should contain the following:

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidants-rich foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables

Lean Proteins: Chicken, fish, and plant-based proteins

Healthy Fats: Olive oil, nuts, and seeds

Hydration: Adequate water intake supports overall health

What Does an Autoimmune Diet Have?

A diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods has been known to reduce chronic inflammation, a classic symptom of autoimmune diseases. Foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish provide essential nutrients and antioxidants that combat inflammation and support immune function.

Second, gut health is intimately linked to the immune system. A diet that includes probiotics and prebiotics, found in fermented foods and fiber-rich vegetables, can promote a healthy gut microbiome. A balanced gut microbiome helps regulate immune responses, potentially reducing autoimmune activity.

Keep in mind that certain dietary components, like gluten, dairy, and refined sugars, can trigger or worsen autoimmune symptoms in some individuals. An elimination diet can help identify these triggers, allowing for a tailored diet that minimizes symptom flare-ups.

Lastly, maintaining adequate levels of essential nutrients such as vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and selenium is vital for immune health. A well-planned diet ensures that these nutrients are sufficiently consumed, supporting overall health and reducing the severity of autoimmune conditions.

Indian Diet for Autoimmune Disease

Traditional Indian diets, rich in spices and plant-based foods, can be beneficial for managing autoimmune diseases.

Turmeric: Contains curcumin, which is known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties

Ginger: Has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects

Legumes and Lentils: High in fiber and protein; supports gut health

Whole Grains: Such as brown rice and quinoa, provide essential nutrients and fiber

Plant-Based Diet for Autoimmune Disease

A plant-based diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, can be beneficial for autoimmune diseases. It should ideally contain:

Fiber: Supports gut health and reduces inflammation

Antioxidants: Helps combat oxidative stress

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts, support immune function

In the case of plant-based diets, vitamin B12 and iron supplementation is often recommended. Please consult your doctor before starting any supplements.

Paleo Diet for Autoimmune Disease

Mimicking the eating patterns of our ancestors, the Paleo diet eliminates processed foods, grains, legumes, and dairy to include:

Vegetables and Fruits: Providing vitamins, minerals, and fiber

Lean Meats: Grass-fed beef, free-range poultry, etc.

Healthy Fats: From avocados, nuts, seeds, etc.

The Paleo Diet reduces inflammation and significantly improves gut health.

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Diet

Autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, benefit from specific dietary adjustments. We recommend the following besides the above mentioned autoimmune diet:

Choose foods rich in selenium and iodine: Important for thyroid function

Foods rich in selenium: Brazil nuts, whole grains, dairy, eggs, seeds, meat, etc.

Foods rich in iodine: Fish (tuna, cod, sea bass), eggs, cranberries, dairy products, salt.

Avoid Goitrogens: Foods like soy and cruciferous vegetables in excess

Meat Diet for Autoimmune Disease

If you’re a meat eater then we’ve got you covered too. A diet focusing on high-quality meats can be beneficial for individuals with autoimmune diseases. Here’s what you need:

Grass-Fed Meats: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Protein-Rich Foods: Supports muscle health and immune function

Organ Meats: Nutrient-dense and supportive of overall health

We recommended following a balanced approach by integrating meats with vegetables and healthy fats for a well-rounded diet.

What is the Autoimmune Protocol Diet?

The Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) diet is a specialized, anti-inflammatory diet designed to help manage autoimmune diseases by promoting gut health and reducing systemic inflammation. It is a more stringent version of the Paleo diet, focusing on eliminating foods that may trigger immune responses and introducing nutrient-dense, healing foods.

Key Features of the AIP Diet

Elimination Phase

Avoid: Grains, legumes, dairy, processed foods, refined sugars, industrial seed oils, alcohol, nuts, seeds, nightshades (tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, eggplants), and eggs.

Focus On: Vegetables, fresh fruits in moderation, meats and fish, organ meats, fermented foods, bone broth, and healthy fats 

Reintroduction Phase

After symptoms improve, foods are gradually reintroduced one at a time to identify potential triggers.

This method determines which foods are safe and do not cause flare-ups.

Benefits

Reduces Inflammation: By eliminating inflammatory foods, the AIP diet aims to decrease autoimmune responses.

Improves Gut Health: Nutrient-dense foods and fermented foods support a healthy gut microbiome, crucial for immune regulation.

Nutrient Density: Emphasizes foods rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants to support overall health and immune function.

If you wish to consult our nutritionists, then reach out to our centres in Bangalore and/or Hyderabad right away.

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Types of Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities encompass a variety of disorders that affect the brain's ability to receive, process, analyze, or store information. These disorders can make it challenging for individuals to acquire academic skills and perform everyday tasks efficiently.

Recognizing the various types of learning disabilities is essential for effective intervention and support. Early identification and tailored educational strategies can help individuals with learning disabilities achieve their full potential. Supportive measures include individualized education programs (IEPs), specialized tutoring, and the use of assistive technologies.

This comprehensive blog delves into various types, symptoms, and common characteristics of learning disabilities.

Types of Specific Learning Disabilities

Specific learning disabilities (SLDs) are neurological disorders that affect a person's ability to acquire, process, or express information. These disabilities are distinct and vary widely in how they impact learning and daily functioning.

According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a specific learning disability is defined as:

"…a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations."​ 

Below are the primary types of specific learning disabilities:

Dyslexia

Dyslexia affects reading skills. Individuals with dyslexia may struggle with reading fluency, decoding words, and comprehending text. This disability often leads to difficulties with spelling and writing as well. Common symptoms of dyslexia include:

Difficulty reading and spelling

Trouble recognizing common words

Problems with reading comprehension

Slow reading speed

Dyscalculia

Dyscalculia impacts mathematical abilities. People with dyscalculia may find it challenging to understand number concepts, perform calculations, and solve math problems. Symptoms of dyscalculia include:

Difficulty with basic arithmetic operations

Trouble understanding mathematical concepts

Difficulty with time management

Poor number sense

Dysgraphia

Dysgraphia affects writing skills. Individuals with dysgraphia may have poor handwriting, difficulty organizing their thoughts on paper, and trouble with spelling and grammar. Symptoms of dysgraphia often include:

Illegible handwriting

Inconsistent letter and word spacing

Difficulty organizing thoughts in writing

Frequent spelling errors

Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)

APD impacts how the brain processes auditory information. Individuals with APD may have normal hearing but struggle to understand spoken language, especially in noisy environments. Symptoms of APD include:

Difficulty following verbal instructions

Trouble distinguishing between similar sounds

Problems understanding spoken language in noisy environments

Poor listening skills

Visual Processing Disorder (VPD)

VPD affects the interpretation of visual information. People with VPD may have trouble understanding visual cues, reading maps, and recognizing patterns. Symptoms include:

Difficulty reading and interpreting visual information

Poor hand-eye coordination

Trouble recognizing patterns and spatial relationships

Difficulty with visual memory

Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NVLD)

NVLD involves challenges with nonverbal skills, such as interpreting facial expressions and body language. Individuals with NVLD may also struggle with motor coordination, visual-spatial tasks, and social interactions. Symptoms of NVLD include:

Poor social skills and difficulty interpreting nonverbal cues

Problems with motor coordination

Difficulty with visual-spatial tasks

Difficulty with abstract concepts

Treating Learning Disabilities

At Plexus, we use a combination of the following approaches to treat/manage learning disabilities:

Special Education: Tailored instructional strategies to address specific learning challenges.

Occupational Therapy: Enhances fine motor skills and daily living skills

Behavioral Therapy: Addresses behavioral issues and improves social skills

Speech and Language Therapy: Helps improve communication skills

Assistive Technology: Tools like audiobooks and speech-to-text software to support learning

Remember, a learning disability is not a handicap! It is simply following another path to achieve academic and social success. 

If you wish to know more about our treatment for learning disabilities, please reach out to our centres in Bangalore and/or Hyderabad today.

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Treating Autoimmune Diseases

Treating Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases encompass a wide range of conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. With over 80 different autoimmune diseases identified, these conditions can affect various organs and systems, leading to diverse symptoms and complications.

This blog throws light on the best treatment for autoimmune diseases in India.

Understanding Autoimmune Diseases

Our immune system is a collection of cells, proteins, and organs. It protects the body from infection, illness, disease (caused by foreign substances such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi,). The immune system attacks and destroys these substances before they have a chance to attack the body.

Autoimmune diseases cause a perfectly healthy immune system to attack our body instead of protecting it. It’s like a self-goal in football or hockey. But its repercussions can be quite serious and devastating, affecting several tissue types and nearly every organ in our body.

Types of Autoimmune Diseases and Their Symptoms

Out of the 80 types of autoimmune diseases, below are the most common ones:

Autoimmune Diseases of Joints and Muscles

Rheumatoid arthritis

Psoriasis

Psoriatic arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 

Sjörgen’s syndrome 

Symptoms: Inflammation, aches and pains in muscles, muscle weakness, stiffness, swelling, and pain in joints

Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System

Myasthenia gravis

Multiple sclerosis

Symptoms: Insomnia, headaches and migraines, blurry vision, anxiety and depression, cognitive impairment, dizziness, numbness and tingling, lightheadedness

Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin

Dermatomyositis

Psoriasis

Symptoms: Inflammation, dry skin, dry mouth, dry eyes, rashes, hair loss, itching

Autoimmune Diseases of the Digestive Tract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Celiac disease

Symptoms: Bloody stool (sometimes with mucus), abdominal pain, constipation, bloating, nausea, acid reflux, food sensitivities

Autoimmune Diseases of the Endocrine System

Graves’ disease

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Addison’s disease

Symptoms: Fatigue, weight changes, changes in skin and hair, muscle weakness, joint pain, irregular menstrual cycles, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, swelling and inflammation, polyuria, polydipsia, vision troubles

Other Autoimmune Diseases

Type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune vasculitis

Pernicious anemia

Autoimmune Disease Treatment

Traditional treatments for autoimmune diseases involve immunosuppressive medications and anti-inflammatory drugs. While these approaches can help manage symptoms, they come with side effects. However, most traditional treatment methods cannot address the root cause of the diseases. Long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs have also been known to compromise the overall immune system, making the patients more prone to infections.

At Plexus, we believe a combination of medications, certain lifestyle changes, and tailored therapeutic interventions can help manage autoimmune diseases. Let’s take a closer look at these.

Medications

Anti-inflammatory drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen can reduce inflammation and pain.

Corticosteroids: These are more powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that can help manage severe symptoms.

Immunosuppressants: Drugs like azathioprine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide suppress the immune system to prevent it from attacking the body.

Biologics: These are a newer class of drugs that target specific parts of the immune system. These include drugs targeting interleukin-17, interleukin-23, and B-cell pathways.

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors: These are a class of drugs that interfere with the pathways involved in the inflammatory process. They have shown promise in treating rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.

Lifestyle Changes

Diet: A balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods can help manage symptoms.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fish oil, these have anti-inflammatory properties

Probiotics: Support gut health, which is closely linked to immune function

Herbal Remedies: Herbs like turmeric and ginger have anti-inflammatory effects

Exercise: Regular, moderate exercise can reduce inflammation and improve overall health.

Stress Management: Techniques such as yoga, meditation, and counseling can help manage stress, which is known to exacerbate autoimmune conditions.

Read about the importance of stress management with autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis.

Vitamin D Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases

Vitamin D modulates the immune system by promoting regulatory T cells, which help prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues. It also reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines.

Sunlight exposure, dietary sources like fatty fish, and fortified foods can also help maintain adequate vitamin D levels.

Read more about the connection between Vitamin D levels and Multiple Sclerosis here.

Physical Therapy

Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, yoga, or swimming can help reduce stress, improve mood, and promote overall well-being. Plexus offers personalized exercise and strength training programs to support the individual’s specific requirements and symptoms.

Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Conditions

At Plexus, we use mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an innovative approach to manage autoimmune conditions, provide long-term relief, and even address their underlying causes.

Our customized regenerative medicine program for autoimmune conditions provides relief from symptoms, slows down disease progression, and improves quality of life.

MSCs are undifferentiated progenitor cells with the ability to transform into various cell types that can help treat autoimmune conditions. Injected stem cells can transform into cells that make up the immune system. MSCs have the following features that help in managing autoimmune conditions:

Anti-Inflammatory properties that alleviate chronic inflammation, and provide relief from symptoms.

Immunomodulation properties that help reset the immune system, and reduce autoimmune responses.

Additionally, MSCs repair or regenerate damaged tissues, as well as aid in repairing organs and systems affected by the condition.

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Besides the above therapies and treatment interventions, specific autoimmune conditions may require other management strategies too. Let’s take a look at these below.

Autoimmune Kidney Disease Treatment

Lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy and other autoimmune kidney diseases require specialized treatment to prevent kidney damage.

ACE Inhibitors and ARBs: Help control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria.

In severe cases where kidney function is significantly impaired, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Autoimmune Liver Disease Treatment

Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and other autoimmune liver diseases require targeted therapies to manage liver inflammation and prevent progression.

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressant often used in combination with corticosteroids.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid: Used in primary biliary cholangitis to improve bile flow.

In cases of severe liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Autoimmune Lung Disease Treatment

Sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and other autoimmune lung diseases require specific treatments to manage respiratory symptoms and prevent progression.

Oxygen Therapy: For patients with significant respiratory impairment, supplemental oxygen may be necessary.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Exercise and breathing techniques can improve lung function and quality of life.

Autoimmune Skin Disease Treatment

Psoriasis, vitiligo, pemphigus, and other autoimmune skin diseases require treatments that address skin lesions and underlying inflammation.

Corticosteroids: Commonly used to reduce skin inflammation.

Calcineurin Inhibitors: Such as tacrolimus, used for sensitive areas like the face.

Immunosuppressants: Methotrexate and cyclosporine are often used for severe cases.

Biologics: Drugs targeting TNF-alpha and interleukins are effective for conditions like psoriasis.

Phototherapy: Exposure to specific wavelengths of light can help reduce skin lesions in conditions like psoriasis and vitiligo.

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs. For example, joint replacement surgery may be needed for those with severe rheumatoid arthritis.

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Personalized medicine and multidisciplinary care are essential to managing these complex conditions effectively. 

To know more about rehabilitation programs for autoimmune conditions, reach out to our team in Bangalore and/or Hyderabad today.

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Risk Factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Risk Factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes the body's immune system to mistakenly attack its tissues. RA primarily affects the synovium, the lining of the membranes surrounding the joints. Its symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and eventually, joint damage. 

At India’s no. 1 regenerative rehabilitation centre, Plexus, we offer customised and holistic rehabilitation programs to effectively manage RA.

This blog throws light on the risk factors rheumatoid arthritis that are crucial for early detection and management.

Risk Factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis We Can’t Control

Genetics

Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of RA. Certain genetic markers, such as the HLA-DRB1 gene, are strongly associated with increased susceptibility to the disease. Individuals with a family history of RA are more likely to develop the condition themselves.

Gender

RA is more prevalent in women than men. Hormonal differences are believed to contribute to this disparity. Women are two to three times more likely to develop RA compared to men.

Age

While RA can occur at any age, its onset is most common between the ages of 40 and 60. However, it is important to note that juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) affects children, highlighting that RA is not confined to older adults.

Note: The risk factors of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are similar to those of late-onset rheumatoid arthritis with family history playing a key role.

Lifestyle Risk Factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis 

Smoking

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for RA. It not only increases the likelihood of developing the disease but also exacerbates its severity. Smokers with RA tend to have more severe symptoms and a higher rate of disease progression.

Obesity

Obesity is linked to an increased risk of developing RA. Excess body weight puts additional stress on the joints, potentially triggering inflammation. Additionally, fat tissue produces pro-inflammatory cytokines that can contribute to the development and progression of RA.

Gum Disease

Gum disease is a significant factor in causing RA, lung disease, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s. The mouth hosts over 700 species of bacteria, mostly beneficial. However, harmful bacteria can override these defenses, leading to gingivitis, oral cancer, and potentially severe inflammation in the lungs and joints.

Food

Diet impacts overall health and arthritis risk. While no specific arthritis diet exists, avoiding red meat, dairy, sugar, and high-fructose syrup, and emphasizing fish, vegetables, and olive oil, can help prevent arthritis and improve symptoms by reducing inflammation and promoting joint health.

Changes in the Microbiome

The microbiome, comprising vast communities of microorganisms, is crucial for health, especially in autoimmune diseases like RA. Imbalances in gut and oral microbiomes can lead to inflammation and conditions such as RA. Factors like diet, antibiotics, and lifestyle can disrupt this balance, increasing inflammation and autoimmune risks.

Environmental Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Exposure to Toxins

Exposure to environmental toxins, such as asbestos, silica, and pesticides, has been linked to an increased risk of RA. These toxins can trigger chronic inflammation and autoimmune responses, potentially leading to RA.

Infections

Certain infections, particularly with Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C, are associated with a higher risk of developing RA. These infections can alter immune function and potentially trigger autoimmune responses.

Air Pollution

Air pollution, including exposure to fine particulate matter, has been identified as a potential risk factor for RA. Chronic exposure to polluted air can cause systemic inflammation, which may contribute to the development of RA.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Precautions

Healthy Diet

Consuming a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods can help manage RA symptoms. Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, can reduce inflammation. Antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables can support overall health.

Regular Exercise

Regular physical activity is essential for managing RA. Low-impact exercises like swimming, walking, and yoga can help maintain joint flexibility and reduce inflammation. Strength training can also support joint health by strengthening the muscles around the joints.

Smoking Cessation

Quitting smoking is crucial for individuals with RA. Smoking not only increases the risk of developing RA but also worsens its progression and reduces the effectiveness of treatment. Avoiding smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke can significantly improve health outcomes for RA patients.

Weight Management

Maintaining a healthy weight is important for reducing the risk and severity of RA. Excess body weight puts additional stress on the joints, exacerbating inflammation and pain. Weight management through diet and exercise can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for RA patients.

Stem Cell Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis at Plexus

At Plexus, we use mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to suppress inflammation and mediate immunomodulation. Isolated from various sources, such as adipose tissue (fat), bone marrow, and umbilical cord tissue, MSCs have the following key properties that make them promising for treating RA:

Anti-Inflammatory Effects: MSCs have the potential to produce anti-inflammatory molecules that help reduce localised inflammation in the joints.

Immunomodulation: MSCs can regulate the immune system by suppressing inflammatory responses that damage the joints.

Tissue Regeneration: MSCs can differentiate into various cell types, such as bone and cartilage cells, thereby aiding in repairing damaged tissues (in the joints).

Low Risk of Immune Rejection: MSCs are generally well-tolerated by the immune system.

We also offer physical therapy, occupational therapy, nutritive therapies, pain management, fall prevention training, emotional counseling, caregiver support, and other forms of therapeutic interventions to help you live a full and pain-free life.

Understanding and addressing the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis can aid in early detection and better management of the disease. While some risk factors, such as genetics and age, cannot be changed, lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and following a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk and impact of RA.

If you wish to know more about Plexus’ rehabilitation program for rheumatoid arthritis, please reach out to our teams in Bangalore and/or Hyderabad today.

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How Can You Prevent Multiple Sclerosis?

It is estimated that around 2.3 million people around the world are living with Multiple Sclerosis. It is a prgressive neurological condition that affects the way nerve signals are transmitted to the rest of the body, which leads to problems with voluntary movement, vision, speech, and cognition. Although there is currently no ultimate cure for Multiple Sclerosis, research continues on MS prevention and steps that people can potentially take to safeguard themselves. Here, we take a closer look at the question of how to prevent Multiple Sclerosis.

Understanding Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the central nervous system. It is an autoimmune demyelinating disease, which means the immune system mistakenly attacks normal tissues — in this case, the myelin or protective covering around nerve fibers. This leaves scarred tissues or lesions in multiple areas, disrupting electrical impulses throughout the body. When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve impulses slow down or even stop, causing neurological problems. The three types of Multiple Sclerosis are Relapsing-Remitting MS, Primary-Progressive MS, and Secondary-Progressive MS. Treatment can manage the symptoms and slow disease progression so that the patient can live an almost normal life.

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The initial symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis can be vague and hard to identify. Everyone experiences Multiple Sclerosis differently, and some may get symptoms that others do not get. Some of the tell-tale signs patients should watch out for include:

Blurry or double vision

Involuntary movement of the eyes

Unexplained fatigue

Weakness in the limbs

Numbness in the hands and/or feet

Trouble walking

Slurred speech

Tremors

Cognitive problems related to memory and attention span

Sleep difficulties

Bladder and/or bowel control issues

Those who have experienced two or more of the above should get a check-up. Doctors will conduct a variety of tests to identify signs of CNS damage and also rule out other conditions that could be causing the symptoms.

Causes and risk factors for Multiple Sclerosis

Scientists everywhere are continuing the search to understand what causes Multiple Sclerosis and thus potentially find an answer to the question ‘can Multiple Sclerosis be prevented?’ Based on research so far, there are two types of immune cells involved in Multiple Sclerosis, the B cell and the T cell. The T cell becomes activated by an unknown trigger and travels through blood vessels to enter the central nervous system. They then release a variety of molecules that lead to inflammation and nerve damage. B cells can be activated by a type of T cell known as helper T cell, as a result of which they too enter the CNS and release antibodies and proteins that cause CNS damage.

What scientists still do not know is what exactly causes the T cells and B cells to malfunction and attack the nervous system. In general, a combination of genetic and environmental triggers can be held responsible. Some of the risk factors that scientists have identified include:

Age: People of any age can get Multiple Sclerosis. However, it is most common in people between 20 and 40 years of age, with the average age of onset being 30 to 33 years.

Gender: Women are about twice as likely to get Multiple Sclerosis as men.

Genetics: There is a strong genetic component to Multiple Sclerosis, although the exact markers are not yet known. Essentially, if your child, parent, or sibling has Multiple Sclerosis, you have a 10% chance of also having it. And if your identical twin has MS, your chance of having it is about 25%. However, it is important to remember that Multiple Sclerosis is not directly passed from parent to child. Rather, it is a polygenic condition, which means that someone with MS has a combination of genes that contributed to it.

Geography: It has been postulated that those getting regular exposure to sunlight are less at risk of MS than those who don’t get much sun. This is because scientists have observed that people have a higher chance of getting MS in temperate climates than in tropical ones.

Pollution: Some research suggests that prolonged exposure to air pollution or toxins such as organic solvents can increase one’s risk of getting MS. This is because air pollution can potentially trigger oxidative stress and inflammation.

Race: Caucasian people, especially those of Northern European descent, have the highest risk of getting MS. The risk is lowest for those of Asian, African, or Native American descent.

Autoimmune conditions: Those who have autoimmune conditions like thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, or inflammatory bowel disease are at a slightly higher risk of getting Multiple Sclerosis.

Viral infections: There are certain infections, such as the human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), that have been shown to establish chronic infections and affect the immune system, causing inflammation and myelin degradation. The link between Epstein-Barr and Multiple Sclerosis, in particular, is very strong. EBV can lie dormant in the body for years after a person contracts it, and can affect both B cells and T cells in various ways to trigger myelin degradation.

Molecular mimicry: This is a phenomenon by which certain bacteria or viruses that resemble the cells in the brain or the spinal cord can lead to negative immune system reactions. The immune system may wrongly identify the normal myelin sheaths as foreign bodies and work to destroy them. HHV-6 and EBV have proteins that mimic myelin basic protein and can lead to immune system dysfunction.

Smoking: Smokers are twice as likely to be diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis as non-smokers.

Obesity: There is some research to show that having been obese during childhood or adolescence can increase one’s chances of having MS.

How to prevent Multiple Sclerosis

Close relatives of Multiple Sclerosis patients are likely to have questions about how to prevent MS. There is currently no guaranteed treatment that can guard against Multiple Sclerosis. However, there are several lifestyle modifications that can reduce one’s risk of getting it. These include:

Getting adequate vitamin D: Vitamin D is a vital contributor to healthy immune system functioning. Studies have shown that people can halve their risk of getting Multiple Sclerosis just by getting some daily sunlight. Doctors recommend that adults, particularly immediate relatives of those with MS, get around 5000 IU of vitamin D3 per day. They can also take vitamin D supplements, as can children. Pregnant women should take vitamin D3 supplements regularly.

Eating a diet low in saturated fat: Doctors recommend that Multiple Sclerosis patients eat a mostly plant-based diet that is low in saturated fat. While there is no strong evidence that following the same diet is effective for MS prevention in relatives of patients, it can certainly help prevent multiple chronic conditions and boost overall health. Sharing a diet can also improve overall wellbeing and bonding with the patient, especially for spouses. Choose a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while minimizing processed foods and saturated fats.

Exercising regularly: While exercise cannot directly prevent Multiple Sclerosis, it does keep you fit and boost your cardiovascular health and overall wellbeing, which means that your immune system is stronger.

Managing your stress levels: Some studies have shown that a reduction in stress levels can lower one’s chance of getting Multiple Sclerosis. There are several ways you can naturally reduce stress, such as yoga, meditation, or massages.

Quitting smoking: This is highly recommended to stave off all kinds of serious illnesses and not just MS prevention.

Drinking coffee / red wine: Some studies have shown that the risk of Multiple Sclerosis is lower in people who drank over 30 ounces of coffee per day. Another study conducted on mice showed that the compound resveratrol (found in red wine) had anti-inflammatory effects on the brain, which can potentially help restore the myelin sheath. However, too much of either can have other negative health effects, so incorporate these in moderation.

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Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Among the various subtypes of cerebral palsy, Ataxic Cerebral Palsy is one of the less common, but distinct forms. Children with ataxic cerebral palsy struggle with a characteristic lack of coordination and balance, as well as problems with speech and motor skills. In this blog, we will explore ataxic cerebral palsy in detail, covering its symptoms, causes, management strategies, as well as the role of stem cell therapy, physiotherapy, and speech and language therapy in managing this condition.

Understanding ataxic cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological condition that affects voluntary movement, muscle coordination, and posture.

Ataxic cerebral palsy is a subtype of CP, which refers to a group of neurological disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, coordination, and motor skills caused by damage or abnormalities in the developing brain. It typically occurs due to injury or infection before, during, or shortly after birth. 

Around 2.4% of CP cases are ataxic cerebral palsy. The word ‘ataxia’ is a Greek word that means ‘lack of order or coordination’. Children with ataxic cerebral palsy, therefore, experience problems with balance, gait, and coordination, most visibly in the arms and legs. The condition is long term, but treatment helps in improving control over movements and completing daily tasks more effectively.

Symptoms of ataxic cerebral palsy

Ataxic cerebral palsy tends to manifest first as hypotonia (lack of muscle tone) in the first six months to one year after birth. Children of this age may have unusually floppy limbs, which may improve as the child grows older but never reach fully normal levels. As they grow older, symptoms may manifest as delays in hitting developmental milestones such as rolling over, sitting up, standing, and walking. Common ataxic cerebral palsy symptoms to watch out for include:

Unbalanced, jerky gait

Walking with legs unusually far apart

Poor balance

Trouble bringing hands together

Difficulty with fine motor skills like writing

‘Intention’ tremors that kick in when attempting to reach out or perform a specific task

Difficulty with visual depth perception

Shakiness and tremors

Slow eye movements

Speech difficulties like scanning (speaking in a monotone and abnormal rhythm)

Difficulty chewing and swallowing

Impaired eye movement and control

Cognitive delays

Seizures (in some cases)

Causes of ataxic cerebral palsy

Ataxic cerebral palsy occurs due to damage to the cerebellum at, before, or shortly after birth. The cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination as well as posture and communication, and fine-tunes movement commands for the rest of the body. When the cerebellum is damaged, motor signals cannot be relayed properly to the central nervous system and movement disorders ensue. Damage can occur due to:

Head trauma at the time of or shortly after being born

Maternal infections during pregnancy

Genetic conditions

Loss of oxygen to the brain of the fetus

Perinatal asphyxia

Fetal stroke, which can occur due to high blood pressure in the mother

Placental infections

Injuries due to negligence during the birthing process

Being shaken as a baby

Low birth weight

Multiple births (such as twins and triplets)

NoteL If the parent can prove that the ataxic cerebral palsy is due to negligence or malpractice on the part of the healthcare provider, they can potentially seek compensation in court.

Diagnosing ataxic cerebral palsy

There is no specific diagnostic test for ataxic cerebral palsy. In the case of premature birth or other prenatal / postnatal conditions that are known risks for CP, doctors may monitor them from an early age for signs.

If a child has been exhibiting symptoms, it is important to get a checkup immediately. The doctor will assess their abilities in the clinic setting, including muscle tone, reflexes, movements, and overall growth, and may run some general tests before recommending the patient to a specialist. The specialist will conduct a more detailed neurological test along with:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

Electromyography (EMG)

Electroencephalography (EEG)

The above tests check for signs of brain and/or muscle damage, and also help eliminate other conditions that may exhibit similar symptoms. Some specialists may recommend speech, hearing, and vision tests, as well as a visit to an orthopedic doctor for a more detailed examination of the child’s movements and reflexes.

Overall, most cases of ataxic cerebral palsy can be diagnosed within the first two years of life. It may sometimes take a while to confirm the diagnosis, though, so parents should be patient and not panic.

Treatment for ataxic cerebral palsy at Plexus

There are several treatment options the doctor can recommend based on the child’s symptoms. Treatment focuses on improving bodily coordination and improving the child’s proficiency at daily tasks. At Plexus, we offer customized regenerative rehabilitation programs for cerebral palsy that comprise a combination of:

Stem cell therapy for ataxic cerebral palsy

This is a revolutionary new treatment in which the patient’s own stem cells are used to grow healthy new cells and potentially reverse the brain damage that is caused by ataxic cerebral palsy. Stem cell therapy for ataxic cerebral palsy aims to improve coordination, balance, and fine motor skills. It also improves mobility and independence, allowing little children to better navigate their daily lives.

Physical therapy for ataxic cerebral palsy

This is among the most important components of ataxic cerebral palsy treatment. Physiotherapists will work with the child’s individual limitations and design personalized exercise programs that aim at improving muscle strength, flexibility, coordination, balance, as well as increasing overall mobility. Some of the most common physiotherapy techniques prescribed by our physiotherapists include:

Balance training, such as standing on one leg, walking on uneven surfaces, etc.

Hand-eye coordination drills, such as catching and throwing

Gait training with walking patterns to support independent and efficient movement

Strength training focusing on the muscles needed for walking, maintaining balance/posture, and standing

Stretching and range of motion exercises to alleviate joint stiffness and muscle tightness

Speech therapy for ataxic cerebral palsy

Low muscle tone can impair the child’s ability to speak and swallow correctly. Some of the most common speech characteristics of ataxic cerebral palsy include:

Dysarthria (slurred or imprecise speech)

Poor articulation

Voice modulation challenges

Rate control (inability to control the speed of speech)

At Plexus, our speech and language pathologists (SLPs) can teach safe swallowing techniques and help children with proper articulation. Below are some of the commonly used speech therapy techniques at Plexus:

Fluency exercises

Voice therapy

Articulation drills

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems, such as communication boards, and speech-generating devices

Our SLPs help children with ataxic cerebral palsy use appropriate non-verbal cues, and practice social interactions, by modeling turn-taking in conversations.

Occupational therapy for ataxic cerebral palsy

This focuses on helping children perform daily tasks like eating and getting dressed, while also improving their hand-eye coordination. Therapists will use a variety of exercises and games to accomplish this. Occupational Therapy can also help improve cognitive ability and depth perception, allowing children to be more effective at their schoolwork and in social environments. Occupational therapy can take place at the therapist’s office, at home, or at the child’s school as part of their routine.

Massage therapy

This can help to ease muscle hypotonia and improve circulation around any bone/joint injuries. This may include electrical stimulation or the application of heat to ease pain.

Assistive devices

Most children with ataxic cerebral palsy will have trouble walking as they grow older. Devices like leg braces, walkers, or wheelchairs can enhance mobility. Therapists will work with children to show them how to use these devices safely without injuring or chafing themselves.

Diet

Healthcare teams will often recommend special nutrition to encourage growth and fitness in a child with ataxic cerebral palsy. In general, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein is ideal.

Medication

Certain medicines may be prescribed (depending on the severity of symptoms) to ease muscle stiffness or floppiness, as well as to treat any co-occurring conditions like epilepsy, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or incontinence.

Parents and caregivers will need to help their child perform the exercises at home and ensure that the living space is adjusted as needed for the child’s safety. For instance, as children navigate poor coordination and unsteady gait, it might be a good idea to pad the floors with carpeting and cushion any hard edges on furniture so that the child doesn’t hurt themselves even if they fall.

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Partial seizures - PLEXUS

A partial seizure is caused by abnormal electrical activity affecting a small part of the brain. They are also called focal seizures.

There are two types of partial seizures: simple and complex.

While both seizures are types of partial onset seizures, they have some inherent differences. 

In this blog, we will take a closer look at partial epilepsy, its symptoms, causes, the difference between simple and complex partial seizures, and the best treatment for partial epilepsy in India.

Understanding simple partial seizure 

Simple partial seizures don’t cause the patient to lose consciousness. They may experience a change in emotions, and in the way their senses perceive regular stimuli. Simple partial seizures are focal seizures without loss of consciousness. They are quick, lasting 1-2 minutes, and are invariably harder to detect.

However, a simple partial seizure may be indicative of a bigger seizure coming soon.

And that is why they need to be detected, diagnosed, and treated right away.

Simple partial seizures can affect – 

Muscles of the body (motor partial seizures)

The senses (sensory partial seizures)

Automatically controlled functions (autonomic partial seizures)

Thoughts and/or feelings (psychic partial seizures)

Patients with simple partial epilepsy have experienced unusual sensation or feeling. This feeling is actually a simple partial seizure, known as aura. Many times an aura is a forewarning of a bigger seizure on the way. 

Simple partial seizures affect only a small part of the brain and only occur in one side of the brain.

Understanding complex partial seizure

Complex partial seizures result in loss of awareness and consciousness. Patients may make non-purposeful movements (rubbing hands together, smacking lips, etc.) while in the middle of such seizures. Complex partial seizures are focal dyscognitive seizures. They may begin in the frontal lobe (shorter seizures) or the temporal lobe (relatively longer seizures). 

Complex partial seizures can last from 30 seconds to 2 minutes. The beginning of these seizures may appear like the patient is daydreaming or staring blankly into space. They may lose sense of their environment and zone out. 

Patients with complex partial epilepsy can also experience aura. In addition to this, they may also carry out repetitive movements, called automatisms. These include:

Oral automatisms – chewing, swallowing, lip-smacking, etc.

Verbal automatisms – screaming, laughing, crying, moaning, repetitive speech, etc.

Manual automatisms – picking at things, fumbling, head rolling, patting, walking, etc.

After a complex partial seizure, a patient may feel fatigued, disoriented, and even confused. Typically, these after-effects do not last longer than 15 minutes, there have been cases of patients not being able to function normally for several hours.

Symptoms

Patients with simple partial epilepsy may experience different symptoms.

Below are the symptoms of simple partial seizures:

Staring blankly into space

Muscle tightening

Pain and/or discomfort

Unusual head movements

Tingling

Numbness

Eyes moving from side to side

Hallucinations

Nausea and vomiting

Dilated pupils

Sweating

Vision troubles

Sweating profusely

Feeling a sense of déjà vu

Mood and/or emotion swings

Temporary loss of speech

Symptoms of aura can be:

Fear

Feeling of impending doom

Euphoria

Changes in vision, hearing, smell, taste (less common symptom)

Symptoms of complex partial seizures can be:

Depression

Autism

Anxiety

Stress

Head trauma

Stroke

Tumor

Brain infection

Triggers

Like the symptoms, triggers of simple partial seizures can be different for each patient. Triggers are not always easy to identify. So, the best way to find out your triggers is documenting what happened just before a seizure. You can write down what you were doing at that moment, what you’ve done up until that point in the day, what you’ve had to eat and drink, and what you were feeling just before the seizure.

Some common triggers of simple partial seizures are:

Exhaustion

Dehydration

Sleep deprivation

Skipping your anti-seizure medication

Other medications: antibiotics, painkillers, etc (always inform/remind your GP if you’re taking anti-seizure medication, they may prescribe medications that do not trigger seizures)

Infection

Alcohol

Caffeine

Flashing lights (can also trigger larger seizures)

PMS

Triggers of complex partial seizures can be:

Fever

Flashing lights

Fatigue

Loud noises

Low blood sugar

Stress

Side-effects to certain medications

Anger

Anxiety

Intensive activity

How to prepare for a simple partial seizure?

If you’re a caregiver of a patient with partial epilepsy, here’s what you should do –  

Remain calm and keep an eye on the time

Make sure you stay with the person until the seizure is over

Place something soft (like a towel roll, pillow or cushion)  under their head

Turn the person on their side; this helps to keep airways clear

Once the seizure is over, speak to them in a calm voice and explain to them what just happened

Make small but relevant talk that will determine if they are lucid – ask them their name, the date, their birthday, etc.

WHAT YOU SHOULD NOT DO – 

Hold the person down

Try to stop their movements

Put anything in their mouth

Give CPR

Offer food or water until they are fully alert

SOS

Call 102 or 108 immediately if – 

The seizure lasts 5 minutes or more

The patient is pregnant

They have more than one seizure

Diagnosis

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is the most useful way to diagnose epileptic seizures. An EEG records the electrical activity in the brain, like unusual spikes or waves in electrical activity. These electrical activities show up as patterns in the EEG. Each pattern corresponds to a type of epilepsy.

Other tests used to diagnose epilepsy include:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Computed tomography (CT)

The above scans may help determine the cause and location of the abnormal activity in the brain. They can also alert the doctor about any scar tissue, structural problems, or tumors in the brain.

Treatment options

Depending on the frequency and symptoms of the partial seizures, doctors may prescribe:

Anti-seizure medications

Brain surgery

Low-level electrical charge devices

Treat epilepsy at Plexus 

Plexus offers custom treatment plans based on your unique condition, age, frequency of seizures, as well as other health factors and comorbidities. Our aim is to facilitate overall improvement by making structured routines a part of the patient’s daily life. This can go a long way in helping them better manage their condition.

We have been able to effectively control seizures with the correct use of anti-epileptic drugs. However, in some cases, drugs do not help as much as we would like them to. Sometimes seizures still occur or some patients cannot tolerate some drugs. And this is why we offer other kinds of therapy for patients who are unable to benefit from medications and conventional treatments.

At the Plexus Epilepsy Clinic, we help you to – 

Minimize your need for anti-seizure medications

Significantly improve your quality of life

Reduce associated costs of living with Epilepsy

Lower risk of complications and emergencies associated with seizures

Increase your chances of returning to work

Book an appointment with our epilepsy specialists today.

Call [phone] | 080-2546 0886

080-2547 0886 | 080-2549 0886

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Vascular Parkinsonism - all you need to know | Plexus

Vascular Parkinsonism – all you need to know

People with Vascular Parkinsonism may have Parkinson’s-like symptoms. But the main difference between Vascular Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s is how the two conditions are caused and how they affect the patients.

In this article, we will cover all you need to know about this condition, including its types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and the best treatment for Vascular Parkinsonism in India.

What is Parkinsonism?

Parkinsonism is an umbrella term used to describe the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s – tremors, rigidity, and slowed movement. These symptoms do not always mean

The four types of Parkinsonisms are:

About Vascular Parkinsonism

Vascular Parkinsonism is a result of damage to the basal ganglia, the part of the brain that controls movement. This damage is caused by multiple small strokes. It is a type of cerebrovascular disease (a form of atypical Parkinsonism) and can severely impact motor coordination and muscle tone.

Over a period of time, Vascular Parkinsonism leads to loss of nerve cells, just like in Parkinson’s.

Subsets of Vascular Parkinsonism

There are three types of Vascular Parkinsonism. They are – 

Symptoms of Vascular Parkinsonism

Vascular Parkinsonism is also referred to as multi-infarct parkinsonism and can be characterized by Parkinson’s symptoms like – 

Tremors are most common in Parkinson’s, however it isn’t one of the main symptoms of Vascular Parkinsonism. Some patients have been known to experience ‘resting tremors’ in the later stages of their disease.

Imp note: While strokes in the brain are the main cause of Vascular Parkinsonism, please remember strokes can also affect reflexes, speech, and cognition.

Causes of Vascular Parkinsonism

Vascular Parkinsonism is the result of disruption of blood flow to the brain cells (typically caused by a stroke). This in turn damages the basal ganglia, the part of the brain that controls motor function and coordination. 

But what causes these strokes? 

High blood pressure resulting in narrowing of blood vessels can restrict blood flow to the brain cells causing stroke(s).

Atherosclerosis is a condition that causes fatty plaque deposits in the arteries in the brain. This too can disrupt blood flow to the brain and cause stroke(s).

Blood clot(s) in a blood vessel in the brain or elsewhere in the body can break off and get lodged in a brain artery leading to stroke(s).

The risk factors of Vascular Parkinsonism include:

Diagnosing Vascular Parkinsonism

Apart from a thorough review of the patient’s symptoms, medical history (including family history), physical examination, and current medications, neurologists recommend MRI of the brain, and brain imaging (CT scans) to detect –

Treatment and care

Treatment for Vascular Parkinsonism is aimed at reducing the degree of symptoms and progression of the disease. In many ways, a new lease on life may be on the anvil if the patient can take control of their blood pressure, blood sugar levels, quit smoking, exercise regularly, and eat balanced meals.

But of course being handed a Vascular Parkinsonism diagnosis can be extremely distressing. This is why at Plexus Neuro Centre our team of expert nutritionists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and mental health specialists can devise a treatment plan that allows you to live life to the fullest, Vascular Parkinsonism notwithstanding. 

Living with Vascular Parkinsonism

Vascular Parkinsonism is a progressive condition, yes. But it does not have to affect your life and your zest for life in the least. In most cases, the symptoms remain steady for years, meaning there is hardly any visible motor deterioration. As long as you are cognizant

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Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: An Overview

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is one of the four subtypes of Cerebral Palsy and occurs due to damage sustained by the cerebellum or basal ganglia. It causes involuntary contractures and gait abnormalities that can be highly painful to navigate, which is why it is vital for children to start receiving treatment as early as possible. It is natural to feel overwhelmed if you hear that your child has Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, which is why having a thorough understanding of what to expect is critical. Here, we provide a brief guide to the same.

Understanding Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is a subtype of Cerebral Palsy, which refers to a group of neurological disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, coordination, and motor skills caused by damage or abnormalities in the developing brain. It typically occurs due to injury or infection before, during, or shortly after birth. Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is a subtype characterized by abrupt involuntary movements that can be fast and jerky or slow and writhing. Often, children exhibit a range of symptoms on the basis of which doctors further subdivide the diagnosis. The two main Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy types include:

Athetoid Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: This subtype leads to sudden movements in the limbs, hands, and feet, and sometimes the face and tongue. The movements may be jerky or slow and can be repetitive at times, or may be continuous and writhing and get worse as the child tries to move. Stress may exacerbate the movements.

Dystonic Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: This leads to random and twisting involuntary movements when the child tries to move on their own, which can be painful. Here too, the movements may be either fast or slow. Dystonia may occur all over the body or just in certain limbs.

However, these terms are often used interchangeably, and the causes and treatments are the same for both. As a non-progressive disease, Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy will not worsen with time, although the patient’s needs may evolve as they grow older. Treatment helps to manage the symptoms and improve the patient’s overall functionality.

Symptoms of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Patients with Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy have difficulty moving their muscles the way they want them to. The symptoms will vary based on the location and extent of the brain damage. There is considerable overlap between the symptoms of the Athetoid and Dystonic subtypes, which is why we can list them together. The commonly observed Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy symptoms include:

Developmental delays in crawling, sitting up, standing, walking, or reaching for objects

Abnormal involuntary movements, either fast or slow

Twisting of the torso

Writhing movements in the hands or limbs

Pain during involuntary movements

Uncontrollable eye movements and/or squinting

Involuntary facial movements like grimacing or drooling

Muscle spasms from hypertonia or hypotonia and fluctuations between the two

Difficulty holding onto objects

Difficulties with balance and posture

Problems with speaking and swallowing

Comorbidities like epilepsy

The initial symptoms of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, including jerky movements and poor balance, may be noticeable as early as nine months of age. However, some children may have irregular movement patterns simply because of a developmental delay and not Cerebral Palsy. Parents should thus avoid panicking and rely on the child’s doctor to provide a diagnosis.

Causes and risk factors of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy occurs due to damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth. Specifically, Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy occurs due to damage sustained by either the cerebellum or the basal ganglia.

Basal ganglia damage: The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei located in the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement. The basal ganglia also regulate learning and thinking. When the basal ganglia are damaged, motor function is disrupted, which leads to involuntary movements.

Cerebellum damage: The cerebellum regulates precision of movement, coordination, and balance, along with cognitive functions like attention and communication. When the cerebellum is damaged, it affects fine motor skills and general coordination, and may also lead to co-occurring conditions like epilepsy or autism.

The risk factors for Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy include:

Infections during pregnancy

Complications during birth or negligence on the part of the physician

Premature birth

Blood clots in the placenta

Fetal strokes

Genetic conditions

Lack of oxygen during pregnancy or at birth

Jaundice, meningitis, or other infections shortly after birth

Head trauma sustained at or after birth

Diagnosing Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

There is no specific diagnostic test for Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy. If you observe symptoms in your child, it is important to get an appointment with a doctor who will observe your child’s movements and reflexes in a clinic setting. As a parent, you will need to provide a full medical history for the child, including any conditions that run in the family, along with detailed information on your child’s symptoms.

If the doctor suspects Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, they may then recommend you to a specialist who will closely examine your child’s movement, speech, hearing, reflexes, posture, and coordination. Some of the tests they might order include an MRI, a CT scan, an electroencephalography (EEG), and an electromyography (EMG). These serve to identify brain damage and also rule out any other conditions that may be causing the symptoms. In addition, they may recommend specialists who will assess the child’s speech, hearing, vision, and intellectual capabilities. Getting a final diagnosis might take thus some time, up to several months in some cases. It is important to be patient and not panic unduly.

Treatment for Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

A treatment plan tailored to your child’s symptoms and abilities will help to expand their range of functional movement. The earlier the intervention, the better your child’s chances at gaining motor control and functionality. Typically, Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy treatment will feature the following:

Physical Therapy: This is perhaps the most essential component of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy treatment. It includes a variety of exercises to improve muscle strength, coordination, and control over gross and fine motor skills. There will typically be daily sessions with a therapist, which may even be incorporated into the school day to make sure that the child is making consistent progress.

Occupational Therapy: This involves teaching the child how to perform daily activities of living on their own, such as getting dressed, having a bath, or feeding themselves. The therapist will teach them useful exercises that help them improve coordination and control, and may recommend special gadgets to make it easier.

Speech Therapy: Children who have trouble speaking and swallowing can benefit from Speech Therapy, as the therapist will teach them articulation techniques, safe swallowing techniques, and exercises to improve strength in the mouth and jaws. This not only helps them communicate better but also ensures that they are ingesting proper nutrition.

Stem Cell Therapy: This revolutionary form of treatment involves using the patient’s own healthy cells to treat the ones damaged by cerebellar degeneration. The process is safe, easy, and allows patients to go home the very same day.

Assistive devices: Thera[ists may recommend mobility devices like leg braces, walkers, or wheelchairs to help children get around more easily.

Medication/surgery: There are special medicines that doctors may prescribe to ease muscle stiffness and pain. In addition, surgery can correct significant deformities in the limbs and joints, thus helping children move more comfortably.

Yoga: Activities like yoga or stretching, when performed with a trained therapist, can help to alleviate the pain of muscle contractions.

Diet: The doctor may recommend special nutrition for your child to help their muscles grow properly.

Some parents may wish to sign their child up for alternative treatments like herbal medicine or acupuncture. However, always consult your doctor before doing so, as some of these treatments may interfere with the doctor-prescribed therapies.

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Stem cell therapy in India

Stem cell therapy, alternatively known as regenerative medicine, has shown incredible potential in recent years when it comes to treating neurological conditions. It helps in repairing or restoring function of diseased, dysfunctional, and/or injured tissue by injecting stem cells (or their derivatives).

Stem cell therapy also modulates the body’s immune system and helps in reducing inflammation. Often touted as being the next chapter in organ transplantation, stem cell therapy uses cells instead of donor organs, making it that much more accessible.

Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Center is India’s first ISO-certified center for regenerative rehabilitation. With more than a decade of clinical experience, we are India’s foremost authority on stem cell research.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are progenitor cells that can transform and/or multiply into specialized cells.

Through a laboratory procedure known as differentiation, stem cells procured from one part of the body can become/grow into other kinds of cells. Stem cells work to repair the body and generate healthy cells that can replace the cells damaged by disease.

Types of stem cells

Stem cells possess the ability to transform into different kinds of human cells. Through suitable application, stem cells can be turned into neurons to replace the ones lost or damaged, thereby restoring neural function to a point where the patient recovers enough mobility and function to live a more independent life.

There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic and adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), or pluripotent stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of an embryo in its early stages of development. These cells are usually grown in laboratory conditions.

Adult stem cells (ASCs) are undifferentiated cells procured from fully developed tissues like the brain, bone marrow, etc. These cells can differentiate into certain types of cells only. They also play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the tissue in which they are found. ASCs can be used for tissue repair and regenerative medicine.

ESCs are pluripotent cells, meaning they are unspecialized cells that do not have any specific characteristics like shape, or gene expression pattern. These cells can be differentiated into any cell type in the body.

ASCs on the other hand are multipotent cells. This means they have limited ability to differentiate into other types of cells.

There is a third type of stem cell known as Induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). These cells have been genetically reprogrammed to exhibit the characteristics of embryonic stem cells. iPSCs are generated by introducing specific types of genes into adult cells. iPSCs can self-renew and also differentiate into any cell type in the body.

Since iPSCs are generated from the patient’s own cells, it significantly reduces the risk of immune rejection.

Mesenchymal adult stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells. They display anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, self-renewal, cell-division, signaling, and differentiation properties. They have the ability to divide and develop into many specialized cell types in specific organs and/or tissues. They can even become unique stem cell types and can create more stem cells when cultured in a laboratory. MSCs can replace cells that are diseased or damaged.

MSCs are sourced from different types of tissue, like adipose (fat) tissue, bone marrow, blood, dental pulp, umbilical cord tissue, liver, and skin.

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation uses stem cells to treat motor neuron diseases, slowing the rate of degeneration caused by MND, Parkinson’s and other illnesses. This regenerative treatment is becoming more and more popular in the field of neurorehabilitation.

Types of stem cell therapy

Presently, there are two main types of stem cell therapy -

Autologous therapy : the patient is treated with cells procured from their own bone marrow, blood, or fat tissue

Allogeneic therapy : the patient is treated with cells from external donors

*At Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Centre, our patients have seen incredible results with our autologous stem cell therapy.

How long does it take for stem cell therapy to work?

In most cases, it is an out-patient procedure.

At Plexus, our stem cell procedure involves the following steps:

Step 1: Review the patient’s medical history

Step 2: Thorough physical examination of patient by a panel of stem cell consultants

Step 3: Patient’s eligibility for stem cell therapy is ascertained

Step 4: Stem cells are procured from the patient’s bone marrow; this procedure is performed under local anesthesia

Step 5: Collected stem cells are prepared sent to the laboratory for quality checks and isolated for further therapy

Step 6: Patient is discharged

Step 7: The isolated stem cells divide and form daughter cells which can either self-renew or turn into specialized cells like brain cells, bone cells,  or heart muscle cells

Step 8: Depending on the stage of the disease, level of symptoms, and any other needs of the patient, the specialists will set a date for the stem cells to be injected into the patient’s body, targeting specific areas

Step 9: Further course of treatment is determined

Side-effects and repercussions

Stem cell therapy at Plexus is safe and risk-free because the autologous stem cells are drawn from the patient’s blood, bone marrow, or adipose tissue. They are progenitor cells that have the potential to multiply and transform into specialized cells, taking on the functions of the damaged cells by replacing them.

Benefits

Neuroprotection is one of the primary objectives of regenerative treatments like stem cell therapy. Injected stem cells can also provide immunomodulation, secrete growth factors, and also produce supporting cells that can protect damaged motor neurons from further damage and degeneration. Some of these supporting cells include astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

Apart from safe and risk-free, stem cell therapy at Plexus offers the following benefits:

Enhanced everyday functioning

Improved quality of life

Immune system modulation and reduction of inflammation

Prevention of further nerve damage

Speedy recovery post-procedure

Non-surgical procedure

Zero complications and side-effects

How are stem cells administered?

Stem cell therapy makes use of the self-renewal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, signaling, and differentiating characteristics of stem cells to bring about positive change within the body.

Stem cells can be administered in the following ways:

Intravenous

Intrathecal (directly into the spinal canal)

Inject into problem areas like hips, hands, knees, etc.

Research indicates that different methods of administration have different effects. At Plexus, our team of stem cell specialists will help you understand the right course of treatment depending on the type and severity of your condition.

India’s first ISO-certified stem cell research center

Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Centre uses autologous stem cells taken from the patient’s own body. The procedure is conducted by Dr. Sadiq, India’s no. 1 stem cell specialist, and his team of highly-skilled and experienced stem cell specialists.

Book an appointment with us today.

Call [phone] | 080-2546 0886

080-2547 0886 | 080-2549 0886

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FAQs

What is stem cell therapy good for?

Stem cell therapy helps in repairing or restoring function of diseased, dysfunctional, and/or injured tissue by injecting stem cells (or their derivatives).

How successful is stem cell therapy?

The success of stem cell therapy is subjective. In the recent decades, stem cell therapy has proved to be extremely beneficial to patients suffering from motor neuron diseases, children with cerebral palsy, and other neurological disorders.

Stem cell therapy offers patients a new lease on life while empowering them to manage their symptoms.

Is stem cell therapy risky?

No. Stem cell therapy is safe and absolutely risk-free.

Is stem cell therapy painful?

The only times the patient may feel any kind of discomfort during the procedure is when the cells are being procured from their own body, and when the cultured stem cells are injected into the body. The discomfort is nothing more than a pin-prick!

How long does stem cell therapy last?

Research indicates that injected stem cells will continue to repair the target area for up to 1 year. But this can differ from case to case, depending on the type and severity of the disorder/disease.

Where do you inject stem cells?

Stem cells may be injected through IV, into the spinal canal, or directly into the problem area.

How quickly do stem cells work?

Patients can notice changes immediately or within 2 to 12 weeks after the procedure. The response varies from patient to patient.

How many injections do you need for stem cell therapy?

Typically, the patient will receive a series of three stem cell injections in a period of 2 to 5 days. The number of injections largely depends on the patient’s condition and the symptom severity.

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Types of Stem Cells

The more we read about stem cells the stronger is our belief that it might be the answer to so many medical conditions. Used in stem cell therapy (regenerative medicine), stem cells help in repairing or restoring function of damaged, dysfunctional, and/or injured tissue

.

As India’s first ISO-Certified stem cell research center, Plexus offers a wide range of regenerative rehabilitation programs for neurological diseases like MND, Parkinson’s, ALS, Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal Cord Injury, and so on.

Through this article, we will help you understand stem cells and their role in regenerative medicine.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are progenitor cells that can transform and/or multiply into specialized cells.

Through a laboratory procedure known as differentiation, stem cells procured from one part of the body can become/grow into other kinds of cells.

Stem cells are the very foundation of every tissue/organ in the human body. The cells in our body have specific roles and functions. Stem cells, on the other hand, are undifferentiated cells that can turn into specific types of cells that our body requires.

Types of stem cells

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

Also known as pluripotent stem cells, ESCs are derived from the inner cell mass of an embryo in its early stages of development. These cells are usually grown in laboratory conditions. ESCs are derived from unused embryos that are from an IVF procedure. The embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are unspecialized cells that do not have any specific characteristics like shape, or gene expression pattern. These cells can be differentiated into any cell type in the body.

Adult stem cells (ASCs)

These are undifferentiated cells procured from fully developed tissues like the brain, bone marrow, etc. Since ASCs are multipotent cells, they have limited ability to differentiate into other types of cells. For instance, stem cells from the liver are most likely to make liver cells only. However, these cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the tissue in which they are found. ASCs can be used for tissue repair and regenerative medicine.

Induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs)

These cells have been genetically reprogrammed to exhibit the characteristics of embryonic stem cells. iPSCs are generated by introducing specific types of genes into adult cells. iPSCs can self-renew and also differentiate into any cell type in the body.

Since iPSCs are generated from the patient’s own cells, it significantly reduces the risk of immune rejection.

Mesenchymal adult stem cells (MSCs)

These are adult stem cells. They display anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, self-renewal, cell-division, signaling, and differentiation properties. They have the ability to divide and develop into many specialized cell types in specific organs and/or tissues. They can even become unique stem cell types and can create more stem cells when cultured in a laboratory. MSCs can replace cells that are diseased or damaged.

MSCs are sourced from different types of tissue, like adipose (fat) tissue, bone marrow, blood, dental pulp, umbilical cord tissue, liver, and skin.

The first MSCs were found in the bone marrow and were capable of making bone, cartilage, and even fat cells.

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can help slow down the rate of degeneration caused by MND, Parkinson’s and other illnesses.

 

The classifications of stem cells

Stem cells are classified under 5 categories according to their ability to differentiate into other cell types. The classifications are:

Totipotent - The first few cells that appear when a zygote starts to divide are totipotent stem cells. They have the ability to differentiate into all possible cell types. These cells are also called omnipotent stem cells.

Pluripotent - The cells from an early embryo are pluripotent stem cells. They have the ability to differentiate into almost any cell type.

Multipotent - These cells can differentiate into a closely related family of cells. For example, adult hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into platelets, red and white blood cells.

Oligopotent - Adult lymphoid and myeloid stem cells are oligopotent cells. They can differentiate into a few different types of cells.

Unipotent - These stem cells can only produce their own type of cells. They are self-renewable and that is why they are also stem cells.

ESCs cannot differentiate into cells in the placenta or those present in the extra-embryonic membrane. This is why EMCs are pluripotent and totipotent.

How does stem cell therapy work?

Stem cell therapy makes use of the self-renewal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, signaling, and differentiating characteristics of stem cells to bring about positive change within the body.

Stem cells can be administered in the following ways:

Intravenous

Intrathecal (directly into the spinal canal)

Inject into problem areas like hips, hands, knees, etc.

Stem cells can turn into neurons and replace the ones lost or damaged. In this way, they are capable of restoring neural function to a point. Many patients after receiving stem cell treatment have shown remarkable recovery in terms of mobility and function.

Stem cell therapy at Plexus

Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Centre uses autologous mesenchymal stem cells taken from the patient’s own body. The procedure is conducted by Dr. Sadiq, India’s no. 1 stem cell specialist, and his team of highly-skilled and experienced stem cell specialists.

Book an appointment with us today.

Call [phone] | 080-2546 0886

080-2547 0886 | 080-2549 0886

—-----------------------

FAQs

What is the most common stem cell?

Stem cells are most commonly found in the bone marrow.

What is the strongest stem cell?

Totipotent (omnipotent) stem cells are the strongest.

How many stem cells are there in the human body?

Research indicates that a healthy adult human body can have anywhere between 50,000 to 2,00,000 stem cells.

What diseases can stem cells treat?

Stem cell therapy has improved the quality of life of patients suffering from conditions like diabetes, spinal cord injuries, cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, Parkinson’s, and others.

Who cannot donate stem cells?

Individuals who have autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, neurological disorders, or any other health complications cannot donate stem cells.

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Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation | Plexus

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the central nervous system. It is an autoimmune demyelinating disease, which means the immune system mistakenly attacks normal tissues — in this case, the myelin or protective covering around nerve fibers. It leaves scarred tissues or lesions in multiple areas, disrupting electrical impulses throughout the body. When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve impulses slow or even stop, causing neurological problems.

[albertalice920]

What Are the Different Types of Behavior Therapy?

While Behavior Therapy has its origins in the 20th century school of behaviorism, it has only recently come into its own as a widespread for