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Happy Easter Day from International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources
Wishing you an egg-ceptionally wonderful Easter. Celebrate this day with peace, love, and gratitude. Have a blessed Easter. Hope your day is blooming with love and laughter.
Impact of Wetland Surface Area on Seasonal Daily Extreme Flow Characteristics during the Summer-Fall Season in Southern Quebec (Canada)
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of wetlands on the characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and variability flow) of daily maximum and minimum extreme flows in summer-fall season (July to November) over the 1945-2019 period in Petite Nation watershed. Three relatively close watersheds [Matawin River (1,390km²), Petite Nation River (1,330km²) and L’Assomption River (1,340km²)], which are differentiated mainly by the types of land use (wetland and agricultural areas), were studied. In the Petite Nation River watershed, which has the largest wetland surface area (15%), the frequency of flood occurrence significantly decreased, resulting in a decrease in the magnitude and duration of seasonally daily maximum flows and their early occurrence during the season. In contrast, the interannual rate change flow in the timing and duration of these flows is greater than that observed in the other two watersheds. The “sponge effect” of wetlands on daily maximum flows was not observed on daily minimum flows, whose magnitude is not significantly different from those of the Matawin River (reference watershed). In contrast, in the Petite Nation watershed, minimum flows last longer and occur on average later in the season than in the other two watersheds.
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Carbon and Water Interaction Model in Tropical Peatland
Abstract
As the water issue relates the carbon issue in peatland, carbon and water interrelation has been studying for long term (more than 10 years) in peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Soil Moisture Content (SMC) and Ground Water Table (GWT) in long term have been monitoring by auto-monitoring system called SESAME, developed by our team, and Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) has been measured by Eddy Covariance on the tower. By these long-term monitoring, it is found that
a) positive correlation with SMC and GWT,
b) negative correlation with NEE and GWT.
On the other hand, as global soil moisture data has been provided daily from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), we developed mapping model on GWT and NEE, applying correlation coefficient of SMC-GWT and NEE-GWT. The NEE mapping in peatland corresponds with Tier 2 and 3 level of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guideline.
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Mapping Deforestation and Forest Degradation Using CLASlite Approach (A Case Study from Maya Devi Collaborative Forest of Kapilvastu District, Nepal)
Abstract
Mapping and monitoring of forest area suffering from deforestation and forest degradation using satellite images and remote sensing has been an achievable activity for the sustainable forest management and conservation. Mapping of disturbance and degradation of forest is gaining momentum through Remote Sensing despite, major challenges still exist. The present study was conducted to quantify the forest area of deforestation and degradation within the Maya Devi collaborative forest of Terai region located at Kapilvastu district of Nepal. This study based on the optical satellite data (Landsat 7 ETM of 2000 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS of 2016) and spectral un-mixing of these datasets which produced fractional cover (proportion of vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation and bare soil). Under the environment of CLASlite tools, mapping of damaged canopy, exposed soil and dead vegetation were produced. With the gap of 15 years two Landsat Image of 2000 and 2016 were processed to estimate. Results shows that the study area has 60% intact forest, 23% less degraded forest, 12% moderately degraded forest and 5% highly degraded forest. In sum, only 8.01 hectare of forest has been cleared and degraded. Finally, CLASlite approach based upon medium resolution satellite images and ground sample plots could practicable in order to monitor the forest degradation and deforestation.
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Critical Minerals: Current Challenges and Future Strategies
Abstract
The demand for Critical Minerals (CMs) is soaring because of their extensive use in renewable energy generation, energy storage, energy transmission, scientific instrumentation, and a wide range of communication, military, and transport technologies. However, the supply of CMs faces several critical challenges like
• a few countries have a monopoly in mining and processing of particular CMs
• variable concentration and deposit grades in different geographical areas
• inadequate assessment of resources
• inefficient mining, extraction, and processing technologies,
• little to no recycling
• limited workforce and
• severe environmental and human health impacts associated with CM mining, processing, and production.
For environmentally sustainable development of the CM industry, countries need to make significant investments in advanced competitive research, development of efficient environment-friendly mining, extraction, and processing technologies, creation of robust environmental policy frameworks, and workforce development solutions.
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Evaluation of Evaporation Paradox at Tharandt
Graphical Abstract
In the past decades evaporation of water has been generally decreasing in most parts of the world with increasing air temperature, which is called the ‘evaporation paradox’. At Tharandt, Germany from 2004 to 2013 on annual basis the so-called ‘evaporation paradox’ had not existed because air temperature had not shown increasing trend. However, when we exclude Class A pan evaporation (Ep) in to consideration, indeed, it had existed on the summer half-year (Figure 1).
Highlights
a) Consideration of the warmer times of a year in a cold climate site.
b) Use of methods very suitable for a very humid climate.
c) Consideration of both measured and estimated evaporation schemes.
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Evaluation of Emission Pattern of Compression Ignition Engines Fuelled With Blends of Orange Peel Oil Based Biodiesel Using Artificial Neural Network Model
Abstract
It is well established that Orange peeled oil biodiesel (OPOB) is a suitable fuel in Compression Ignition (CI) engines because of its compatible physicochemical properties with diesel. Literature is however sparse on its emission characteristics in CI engines majorly because few investigations have been done due to seemingly difficult and time-consuming experiments. On this strength, this work first carried out experimental investigations on carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and smoke of orange peel oil based biodiesel in single cylinder, four stroke CI engine; and afterwards applied the power of artificial neural networks (ANNs) prediction model to predict to the full-scale CO, UHC, NOX, and SMOKE values of the CI engine. Brake load, orange oil-diesel mixture percentages and engine speed were the inputs of the ANN while Levenberg Marquardt (trainlm) and scaled conjugate gradient (trainscg) were the training algorithms to enable better comparative estimation. Performance indicators (correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE)) were used to compare the predicted and experimental values of the neural network. The ANN trained with Levenberg Marquardt algorithm predicted the emissions with highest accuracy (R very close to +1) and low error rates. The study concludes that ANN is a reliable tool to investigate the emissions profile of a CI engine.
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Palaeoenvironmental Background for the Early Paleolithic Occupation of the Volcanic Upland in the South Caucasus
Abstract
Nowadays, it has been reliably established that the Early Paleolithic people producing both Oldowan and Early Acheulian industries initially occupied the volcanic upland of the South Caucasus not later than 1.9.1.85Myr (Olduvai subchron). This period was characterized by a much lower relief than at present and subtropic climate that favored a dispersal of the early humans. The volcanic activity created there fertile paleosols with grass covers feeding hunted herbivores as well as rocks suitable for manufacturing lithic artifacts. In the subsequent periods of the Early and the Middle Pleistocene the upland underwent uplifting that led to a gradual deterioration of climate and appearance of glacial-interglacial rhythms with an increasingly pronounced difference between warm and cold periods. However, the chronological ranges of the studied Acheulian sites suggest that the humans continued to occupy the region under both more and less favorable conditions. The early humans are believed to have spread most widely in the region in the Late Acheulian, supposedly during in the Holstein interglacial.
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Saving Water for Ecological Integrity: Agricultural Perspective of Per Drop More Crop
Abstract
Water is so essential for living organisms that it is said “save water, save life”. Pollution of water, scarcity of water (drought), excess of water (flood) and excessive snow-fall are the different forms in which water becomes unusable/creates problems for the survival of many organisms. Therefore, saving water in its usable form is essential for the existence of life on the earth. One of the ways to save water is its judicial use, which is essential for increasing water productivity. Availability of water in sufficient amount, for those who require it, is necessary for ecological integrity as well as ecological efficiency. While ecological efficiency is related with resource utilization and the extent to which resources are converted into biomass, ecological integrity is crucial for biodiversity conservation. About two-third of the available fresh water is utilized for agricultural activities, and any imprudent/imbalanced use of water in agriculture would make it unavailable for other crops or other activities. Rice consumes plenty of water for its cultivation when grown by transplanting, which might pose challenges for its cultivation in future, particularly due to the changing climatic conditions. However, dry/direct-sown rice (DSR) is emerging as a resource-conserving, economical, and climate-smart alternative to transplanted rice (TPR). Therefore, the need of the day is to replace TPR with DSR for better water productivity, minimizing the emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and proceeding towards the negative emission agriculture. To produce sufficient food/feed/fodder in safe and sustainable manners for the burgeoning global populations, it is necessary to wisely use the natural resources taking the help of modern tools and techniques, along with the conventional methods, considering the biosafety and ethical issues for better ecological efficiency and integrity.
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Systemic Risks: Intersections between Science and Society with Policy Implications for Sustainability
Abstract
The notion of systemic risks denominates the danger of destruction of a whole system by the mechanisms of nonlinear interactions between its agents in combination with circular causality between the system´s elementary dynamic processes and the macroscopic structures generated by them. An extensive body of empirical evidence demonstrates a fundamental homomorphism among systemic risks in all domains, from the systems of nature over those of technology up to society. This homomorphism, based on complexity science, allows to formulate cornerstones of a scientific theory resulting in several governance strategies, associated with policy implications, be it to protect ecosystems, technical infrastructure or, last not least, avoid undesired transformation processes in societies. The approach is exemplified here for the systemic risks associated with modern migration phenomena that has direct impact on sustainable development.
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Dependency of Evaporation and Class A Pan Coefficient on Meteorological Parameters
Abstract
The relation of evaporation deriving meteorological parameters particularly wind speed, solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit with evaporation schemes namely Class A pan evaporation (Ep), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) at Tharandt, Germany for the summer half-year of 2004-2013 was investigated. PET was calculated using three methods: 1. Haude (2005), 2. Wendling (1991), 3. Penman (1963); whereas, ETo was calculated according to Food and Agricultural Organization-Penman Monteith method. The results showed that the evaporatin schemes were mainly driven by solar radiation (R2 ≥ 0.69, RMSE ≤ 0.76mm d-1) and vapor pressure deficit (R2 ≥ 0.53, RMSE ≤ 0.92mm d-1). The effect of wind speed at 2m in deriving the evaporation schemes was negligibly small (R2 < 0.12). An equation is derived for estimation of Ep from measured meteorological parameters alone which makes this study special. In another scenario, Class A pan coefficient (Kp) which is the ratio of ETo and Ep had shown good correlation with Ep only (R2 = 0.50, RMSE = 0.19, n = 1483). The correlation of Kp with ETo, shortwave radiation, wind speed at 2m, vapor pressure deficit, relative air humidity, and air temperature was too low (R2 < 0.1).
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Effect of Salinity Stress on Growth, Yield and Quality of Roses: A Review
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors that adversely effect on plant growth. In addition, nursery and greenhouse industry is under pressure to recover and recycle fertilizer solution and wastes. Most of these contains significantly higher salt concentrations that could cause harm to susceptible species of plants. Rose plants are the most attractive plants in all our world. Although, the roses face serious salt stress. Globally, soil salinity is naturally occurring or by the usage of poor quality of water and the other activities of humans or use of excessive amount of fertilizer applications. Although, the level of salts tolerance among various cultivars and species can be different in roses. In this review paper, we will discuss the responses of roses to salinity and ways to combat salinity in roses production.
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Influence of Moisture, Temperature and Microbial Activity in Biomass Sustainable Storage. Special Focus on Olive Biomasses
Abstract
Biomass is a renewable energy source that, due to its high seasonality, needs to be stored, handled and managed in suitable conditions for its optimum use. Sustainable storage is, therefore, a key process in which biomass can lose much of its qualities as fuel. The article presents an exhaustive bibliographic review of the factors that affect the quality of biomass during storage and the interactions that occur among them. Humidity, type of product, granulometry, size of the stockpile, airflow, temperature, and microbial action are analysed as the main factors affecting biomass during storage, and the results are compared with the tests that have been carried out on biomass from olive groves and olive oil industry. Recommendations are presented so that, using a correct storage method, losses, degradation and self-ignition risks are reduced and the energy quality of the fuel could be improved, taking advantage of the storage process to optimize the net energy yield.
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City Scale Vs. Regional Scale Co-Benefits of Climate and Sustainability Policy: An Institutional Collective Action Analysis
Short Communication
Multiple levels of government must play complementary roles in mitigating climate changes (Francis and Feiock 2009; Ostrom 201#), but city level engagement and action are particularly critical for two reasons. First, urban areas are the primary source of GHG emissions worldwide. For example, in the US urban areas hold over three-fourths of the population and account for about 80% of global primary energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]. Second, cities have the potential to significantly influence environmental and problems since they have primary responsibility for the local land use and building decisions that are critical to sustainability efforts. In many countries’ cities have stepped up to address climate and GHG mitigation issues. City leadership in climate protection is especially visible in the US due to the absence of action by the national level government, but cities have been leaders in nations across the globe (Krause et al. 2019).
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Machine Learning Approach to Identify the Relationship Between Heavy Metals and Soil Parameters in Salt Marshes
Abstract
Influences from tidal flooding and freshwater inundation from upland watersheds create an environmentally important ecosystem along coastlines, namely salt marshes. Salt marshes have been recognized as effective sinks for organic carbon and heavy metal contaminants. A detailed understanding of the specific binding agents in the soils on the storage of contaminants is investigated herein using two modern machine learning algorithms: extreme gradient boosting (XGboost) and random forest (RF). Results of the current work indicate that Fe is the most important binding agent for As, Cd, Cr and Zn while Mn and organic matter are the most important binding agents for Cu and Pb. Noting the fact that an increase in salinity not only causes heavy metal release into aquatic systems but also leads to a decrease in floral growth and organic matter production, the findings of this study help to formulate proper remediation strategies to contain heavy metals in tidal marshes.
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Random Forest Machine Learning Technique for Automatic Vegetation Detection and Modelling in LiDAR Data
Abstract
Machine learning techniques have gained a distinguished position in the automatic processing of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data area. They represent the actual research topic in the remote sensing domain. Indeed, this paper presents one method of supervised machine learning, which is called Random Forest. This algorithm is discussed, and their primary applications in automatic vegetation extraction and modelling in the LiDAR data area are presented here.
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Measuring Quality of Life in Urban Areas: Toward an Integrated Approach
Abstract
The paper examines the various aspects involved in contextualizing and measuring quality of life (QOL) in urban areas. The paper reports on an on-going research project that aims to establish multi-dimensional assessment system to measure QOL in Saudi Arabian cities. To develop a localized QOL measure that capture local aspects of QOL without losing the potential to compare data between different cities or regions, the paper critically analyzed and examined a wide range of conceptual and methodological issues related to QOL assessment and measurement. The study pointed out the need to adopt a multi-dimensional integrated approach that uses both a top-down and a bottom-up approach and incorporate secondary/objective data as well as primary data obtained through self-report surveys. An integrated framework to contextualize, operationalize and measure QOL in the Saudi context has been developed based on critical analysis of literature.
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