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Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

A blood condition that can be caused by inadvertent activation of the complement system is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Here’s a handy video from Medicosis Perfectionalis about how to draw a “Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Mnemonic!"

theonlinemedic-deactivated20230

Pharmacology mnemonics

Lets help eachother by rebloging with a helpfull mnemonic to remember some drugs!

anothermedstudent-deactivated20

Anti-hypertension drugs: ABCD (A- ACE inhibitor, B - beta blockers, C - calcium channel blockers, D - diuretics)

do-no-harm-hopefully

A few from my collection:

Levodopa Combination Be CERtain to avoid a breakdown! Carbidopa (dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor), Entacapone (COMT inhibitor), Rasigiline (MAO[B]-inhibitor) to prevent premature breakdown of levodopa.

Order of Activity Sites for Diuretics COLT Pee-Pee Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (PCT), Osmotics (late PCT, loop of Henle descending limb), Loop diuretics (loop of Henle thick ascending limb), Thiazides (DCT), Potassium-sparing diuretics x2 [aldosterone antagonists + ENaC inhibitors] (late DCT, cortical collecting tubule)

Select Atypical Antidepressants Think outside the Box, remember Les Facts, use a Prop, Mellow yourself out: Zap that sadness away! Reboxetine (NRI), venlafaxine (SNRI), bupropion (NDRI), agomelatine (melatonin agonist), mirtazapine (α2 adrenergic antagonist)

Acute Asthma Management O SHIT ME! Oxygen, Salbutamol, Hydrocortisone, Ipratropium, Theophylline, Magnesium sulphate, Escalate care

Antibiotics Regimen for Necrotising Fasciitis My Fucking Pony Got Chlamydia Metronidazole, Flucoxacillin, (benzyl)Penicillin, Gentamicin, Clindamycin

Synthetic Dopamine Receptor Antagonists Push the Pram, Rope in a helper, and let them Rot if they won’t come! Pramiprexole, Ropinirole, Rotigitine

theonlinemedic-deactivated20230

Pharmacology mnemonics

Lets help eachother by rebloging with a helpfull mnemonic to remember some drugs!

anothermedstudent-deactivated20

Anti-hypertension drugs: ABCD (A- ACE inhibitor, B - beta blockers, C - calcium channel blockers, D - diuretics)

do-no-harm-hopefully

A few from my collection:

Levodopa Combination Be CERtain to avoid a breakdown! Carbidopa (dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor), Entacapone (COMT inhibitor), Rasigiline (MAO[B]-inhibitor) to prevent premature breakdown of levodopa.

Order of Activity Sites for Diuretics COLT Pee-Pee Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (PCT), Osmotics (late PCT, loop of Henle descending limb), Loop diuretics (loop of Henle thick ascending limb), Thiazides (DCT), Potassium-sparing diuretics x2 [aldosterone antagonists + ENaC inhibitors] (late DCT, cortical collecting tubule)

Select Atypical Antidepressants Think outside the Box, remember Les Facts, use a Prop, Mellow yourself out: Zap that sadness away! Reboxetine (NRI), venlafaxine (SNRI), bupropion (NDRI), agomelatine (melatonin agonist), mirtazapine (α2 adrenergic antagonist)

Acute Asthma Management O SHIT ME! Oxygen, Salbutamol, Hydrocortisone, Ipratropium, Theophylline, Magnesium sulphate, Escalate care

Antibiotics Regimen for Necrotising Fasciitis My Fucking Pony Got Chlamydia Metronidazole, Flucoxacillin, (benzyl)Penicillin, Gentamicin, Clindamycin

Synthetic Dopamine Receptor Antagonists Push the Pram, Rope in a helper, and let them Rot if they won’t come! Pramiprexole, Ropinirole, Rotigitine

atomicstarburstlabware

Teratogenic drugs: TERATO WAR

Thalidomide, (anti) Epileptic drugs, Retinoids, ACE inhibitors, Third element (Li), Oral contraceptives / hormones, Warfarin, Alcohol, Recreational drugs (cocaine)

lattesandlearning

✨7/7/2021-7/9/2021, Week 2 of @myhoneststudyblr’s 2021 Summer Studying Challenge✨

🏖July 7th- What did you do during the summer when you were a young child?:

When we were younger, I used to participate in summer reading challenges at my local library. I would check out a huge bag full of books and just read through them like it was nobody’s business. I miss those days so much. We would also swim a lot at my aunt’s pool because swimming was my passion.

🏖July 8th- What’s your happiest summer memory from your childhood?:

Ooh! This is so obscure but because we had AR (accelerated reading programs), I had won a Pizza Hut award for excelling way past my AR goal and they gave us little medals for it. I also got free pizza as a treat ! There are many other good summer memories, but that was the first that came to mind 😅

🏖July 9th- Do you usually go on vacation during the summer?:

Not typically! My birthday is during late July and family comes to us to celebrate our birthday. However, the past two years we’ve taken a small summer trip before our birthday (early July). I was excited because I got to see my partner, if only for just one day, and spend the rest of it swimming and sightseeing. I did get work done for my accelerated World Lit ll course as well because I had to read a selection, take a quiz then answer response questions about the reading. It’s been quite a productive trip.

mynotes4usmle

Biochem enzymes MNEMONIC

“ABC” enzymes

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“TLC For Nancy” (TLCFN) Coenzymes & Cofactors

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Thiamine PyroPhosphate -TPP- requiring enzymes (B1)

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Pirydoxine (B6) coenzyme

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Cyanocobalamine (B12) coenzyme

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Succynil CoA source: “VOMIT”

mynotes4usmle

Paget Disease or Osteitis Deformans

Disorder in bone remodeling, 3 stages

Osteolytic (osteoclasts)

Mixed (osteclasts & osteoblasts)

Osteosclerotic (osteoblasts, “burn-out”)

Mosaic pattern on lamellar bone, big skull (no hat fits), foraminal narrowing (cranial nerve impingement), bone fractures, bone pain, warmth (increase vascularization).

Complications: AVshunt within bone marrow, can cause high output, cardiac failure, osteosarcoma

Possible underlying mechanism: Paramyxovirus infection of osteoclasts

Lab: Normal Calcium and Phosphate, INCREASED ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

mynotes4usmle

MCC of an isolated, asymptomatic elevation of ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE in an elderly patient.

Laboratory markers for bone turnover are elevated: PINP (procollagen type I N-propeptide or just remeber that song from 50cent “pimp”), urine hydroxyproline

Imaging: XR (osteolytic or mixed lytic/sclerotic lesions), radionuclide bone scan (focal increase in uptake, also for staging)

Tx: bibphosphonates

#paget disease #step 1 #step 2ck #step 3 #PINP #P.I.M.P #mnemonic #musculoskeletal #IM

diseasesinthreewords

Poeta uruguayo, Mauricio Saravia. Photo from www.lukeford.net posted on Wikimedia Commons in 2008. Another notabe case in a teenager from Haiti.

The three words of McCune-Albright disease:

The most famous (mouthfull) words of the condition: Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia. What that means is that the bone will grow tumor-like fibrous (scar) tissue instead of the normal medullary (bone marrow) bone tissue. Irregular Bony trabeculae That will cause the deformities that make the disease famous. It’s caused by mutation in the gene GNAS1 and affects mostly the extremities. Not cancerous. Mosaic G protein signaling mutation

Premature puberty in girls. It can affect boys as well, but the question stem in exams tend to report female cases, like a 2-year-old with menstrual bleeding. Early puberty is one of the many endocrine problems of these patients and a favorite to put in exams. Other problems include over-reactivity of the thyroid, pituitary and adrenal glands (hyperthyroidism, acromegally and hypercortisolism).

And, of course, Café-au-lait spots. The interesting feature is the tendency for the lesions to not cross the body’s midline.

usmle1mikmonics

McCune AlBright C = Cafe au lait spots E = Early puberty AB = Abnormal Bones (Fibrous Dysplasia)

mynotes4usmle

#step 1 #step 2ck #step 3 #mnemonic #mnemonics

mynotes4usmle

cluelessmedic

Gallstone Ileus

stone erodes through the gallbladder in to the duodenum

formation of fistula leads to air in biliary tree (pneumobilia)

stone obstructs bowel, usually in terminal ileum

Right iliac fossa calcification (gallstone) possibly lodged at the ileocaecal valve

Pneumobilia - see RUQ

Dilated loop of small bowel indicating small bowel obstruction

#step 1 #step 2ck #step 3 #USMLE #surgery #qx

mynotes4usmle

Ventricular Septal Defect

memoryslandscape-deactivated202

“Time is said to be irreversible. And this is true enough in the sense that ‘you can’t bring back the past,’ as they say. But what exactly is this ‘past?’ Is it what has passed? And what does ‘passed’ mean for a person when for each of us the past is the bearer of all that is constant in the reality of the present, of each current moment? In a certain sense the past is far more real, or at any rate more stable, more resilient thant the present. The present slips and vanishes like sand between the fingers, acquiring material weight only in its recollection.”

— Andrei Tarkovsky, from “Imprinted Time,” Sculpting in Time, trans. Kitty Hunter-Blair (University of Texas Press, 1987)