Diseases in three words

Three things you don't want to forget about any disease.

[diseasesinthreewords]

Guttate psoriasis in three words:

1. Spares no body part

2. Strong association with Streptococcal infections (including and, perhaps especially, Strep throat). So, these are ASO positive individuals

3. Tonsillectomy 

[freeroulillos]

Itchy skin!

[diseasesinthreewords]

Great image of seborrheic dermatitis (healing). In three words:

1. Distinguish ... from atopic dermatitis (eczema) treatments are different. SD treated with antifungals, tar, selenium or zinc shampoos (headNshoulders)

2. Pityrosporum ovale ... just a reminder that there is an organism behind SD, that’s why antifungals work so well

3. Severe SD: suspect HIV, even if it shows before Candida. 

[beautifulgreece]

Greek girl in traditional costume in Karpathos

[diseasesinthreewords]

Mediterranean ancestry disorders:

1. Thalassemia beta ... also called "Mediterranean anemia".

2. Mediterranean fever (familial) ... fever plus acute attacks of pain (in order of frequency: abdominal, joints, chest, scrotal, myalgia)

3. G6PD deficiency ... the most common human enzyme defect.

[cleverbabygh0ul]

[diseasesinthreewords]

Associations (paraneoplastic) to small cell carcinoma of the lung in three words:

1. SIADH ... [syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion] low plasma osmolality and low plasma sodium

2. Cushing syndomre ... ectopic ACTH hormone production

3. Lambert-Eaton ... myasthenic syndrome

[rhamphotheca]

Earth Archives:  Barium

During a medical procedure called a sigmoidoscopy, a good amount of element #56, barium, is placed inside your body, and then the inner workings of your body are watched in real time through an x-ray screen. It’s actually pretty awesome. That said, you don’t want a sigmoidoscopy. Trust us…

(via: Earth Archives - FB)

[diseasesinthreewords]

Barium in three (medical) words: 1. Barium swallow. First diagnostic test in the management of a patient w difficulty swallowing (suspect achalasia). 2. Barium vs Gastrographin. For suspect GI perforation; above the diaphragm: barium, below the diaphragm: Gastrographin. 3. Water-soluble barium may block potassium ion channels so: very toxic. In medicine, always use barium sulfate, which has very low toxicity.

[somersault1824]

blood clot http://ift.tt/1IpF3DZ

[diseasesinthreewords]

Atrial fibrillation carries a high risk of thromboembolism (blood clots) resulting in stroke. Therapy to prevent clots for an individual with "A-fib" should include: 1. Coumadin (warfarin), 2. a direct thrombin inhibitor like dabigatran, or 3. a factor Xa inhibitor like apixiban or rivaroxiban.

[medicalschool]

Histology of the eye - transverse section of the retina

1. pigment epithelium; 2. photoreceptor layer (cones and rods); 3. outer limiting membrane; 4. outer nuclear layer; 5. outer plexiform layer; 6. inner nuclear layer; 7. inner plexiform layer; 8. ganglion cell layer; 9. nerve fiber layer; 10. inner limiting membrane.

[themedicalstate]

[themedicalstate]

Chemical Structures of Neurotransmitters

There are two main classes of neurotransmitter: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory neurotransmitters cause neurons to fire ‘action potentials’ – essentially an electrical signal – whilst inhibitory neurotransmitters prevent action potentials being fired. Action potentials play an important role in cell to cell communication; for example, in muscle cells, the firing of an action potential will eventually lead to contraction.

Different neurotransmitters will affect brain activity in different ways. There’s plenty more information on this page from the National Institute of Mental Health’s site.

Infographic by Compound Interest

[meganleestudio]

Women In Science by meganleestudio // meganlee.etsy.com

• Mary Anning - fossil collector and paleontologist whose discovreies made fundamental changes in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth. • Ada Lovelace - mathematician considered to be the world’s first computer programmer. • Marie Curie - pioneer in the field of radioactivity, as well as the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes in both physics and chemistry. • Lise Meitner - nuclear physicist who was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission. • Emmy Noether - mathematician known for her groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics.  • Cecelia Payne - astronomer and astrophysicist who discovered that the universe is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.  • Barbara McClintock - cytogeneticist best known for her discovery of transposition which she used to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off.  • Grace Hopper - computer scientist who developed the COBOL computer programming language.  • Rachel Carson - marine biologist, conservationist, and author known for advancing the environmental movement.  • Dorothy Hodgkin - biochemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules.  • Hedy Lamarr - both a popular Hollywood actress and an inventor who contributed to an early technique for frequency-hopping spread spectrum communications which paved the way for today’s wireless communications. • Rosalind Franklin - biophysicist whose work on X-­ray diffraction images of DNA led to her discovery of DNA double helix and her data was used to formulate Crick and Watson’s 1953 hypothesis. • Esther Lederberg - microbiologist who devised the first successful implementation of replica plating and helped discover and understand the genetic mechanisms of specialized transduction.  • Jane Goodall - anthropologist and primatologist known for her extraordinary study of the interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.  • Jocelyn Bell Burnell - astrophysicist who discovered the first radio pulsars (signals coming from rapidly rotating neutron stars).  • Mae Jemison - engineer, physician, professor, and former NASA astronaut who became the first African American woman to travel to space.

[guyana-punk-deactivated20241119]

Don’t do steroids kids.

[diseasesinthreewords]

Steroid abuse can be tough to pick up because of the newer forms made to avoid detection. Generally, though, in three words:

Erythrocytosis, that is, a lot of red cells (high hematocrit)

Acne, voice deepening and male pattern baldness

Small testicular size (plus low sperm count)

[mynotes4usmle]

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

2 main causes:

Ischemic ATN: anything that decreases blood flow

severe hemorrage

severe renal VC

hTN

dehydration

shock

Nephrotxic ATN

Drugs (methicillin, sulfonamides, gentamicin, polymyxin)

Radiografic contrasts

Mushroom poisoning (Amanita phalloid)

Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, 

Antifreezer

Myoglobin

Phenol 

Pesticides

Heavy metals (gold, lead, Hg)

Clinical Features

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ARF IN THE USA

Oliguria

Azotemia

Metabolic Acidosis

Hyperkalemia

Brown granular & epithelilal casts

[diseasesinthreewords]

Three stages:

Initiation: ischemic injury (precipitated by MI, sepsis, bleeding, etc)

Maintenance: Oliguria, high creat/BUN, HYPERkalemia

Recovery: High urine output, low Mg & Ca, HYPOkalemia

[diseasesinthreewords]

Phosphoglycerate kinase; catalyzes a reversible reaction common for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Great exam question ...

[tr3ndy]

[diseasesinthreewords]

Krabbe disease, in three words (two of them very well depicted in this excellent video):

Psychomotor regression. First signs invariably a remarkable regression in the capacity for movement.

Blindness and deafness. 

Galactosylceramidase (or galactocerebrosidase). A mouthfull, no doubt. That's the enzyme deficiency. The enzyme normally removes galactose from a family of waxy lipid molecules called ceramides, a huge component of cell membranes. The mutation causes a build-up of unmetabolized lipids, that ultimately affects the growth of the nerve's protective myelin = globoid cell-leukodystrophy.

Two major groups that fund research and awareness are The Myelin Project and The Stennis Foundation.

[mynotes4usmle]

Collagen Synthesis

Reduced hydroxylation of proline and lysine due to Vit C deficiency  => SCURVY

Gene mutations of collagen (usually type I & III) and lysine hydroxilase => EHLERS DANLOS

Gene mutations of gene ATP7A results in Copper deficiency, reducing the activity of lysil oxidase => MENKES DISEASE (or Copper transport disease, or Kinky Hair Disease

[diseasesinthreewords]

Excelente resumen ...

[diseasesinthreewords]

There it is, a fusion of two genes called "Philadelphia Chromosome". In three words:

t(9;22). A translocation that results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes.

CML. The mutation causes Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

Tyrosine Kinase. Both the BCR and the ABL proteins are tyrosine kinases. The new fusion protein ends up being ... a ... yes, tyrosine kinase. The new protein leads to the unregulated clonal proliferation of myeloid (WBC) cells.

[diseasesinthreewords]

Hurler's Syndrome, in three words:

Multiorgan failure, including hepatosplenomegally.

L-irudonidase. The enzyme deficiency.

Coarse facial features, corneal clouding and skeletal deformities. Distinguish from Sanfilippo's and I-cell disease.

Photo from http://www.health-reply.com/Mucopolysaccharide-deposition/

[diseasesinthreewords]

I-Cell disease. In three words:

Fibroblasts. Very common to find the presence of inclusion bodies in fibroblasts (high yield buzz-word)

Mannose-6-phosphate. Before going to the lysosome, enzymes must be tagged by M6P, I-cell disease will not = large inclusions from molecules that should've been degraded by the lysosome and are just sitting there ... forever waiting.

Coarse facial features. Another buzz-word, add to that joint pain and psychomotor retardation in a young child.

Image from http://usmle-az.com/AZ/i-cell-disease-mucolipidosis-ii/

NOTE: Distinguish from Hurler's Sx, which also has coarse facial features and corneal clouding along with bone problems.