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assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration = functional invariants

schemata = plural of schema (but schemas works too)

baby’s schemata = mostly inborn reflexes like sucking

so piaget’s theory of cognitive development is interesting.

he conceptualized cognitive development as something that happens in four major age-specific stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

a lot happens during the sensorimotor stage, which is between birth and two years. it consists of 6 substages. by the end of this stage a child has acquired language and object permanence.

the preoperational stage is made up of two substages. during the preconceptual period, aged 2-4 years, the child develops symbolic thought. this is followed by the intuitive period, which lasts until 7, when the concrete operational stage begins.

at the concrete operational stage the child develops conservation, a logical thinking ability. children who can conserve can determine that a quantity of liquid stays the same even if it is transferred to a container of a different size.

from the age of 12 the formal operational stage takes place, where the child can think abstractly and flexibly. this is the final stage.

#piaget #cognitive development #psychology #developmental psychology

unlike marxism + functionalism which are system theories, interactionism “usually rejects the notion of a social system” (haralambos and holborn).

#interactionism #sociology

‘Without defining ideology,[22] Marx used the term to denote the production of images of social reality; according to Engels, "ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false or seeming motive forces".[23] Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society, the ruling social ideas are determined by the best interests of the said ruling class. In The German Ideology, "the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is, at the same time, its ruling intellectual force".’

#marxism #ideology

#walby #patriarchy #sociology #feminism

#mary daly #patriarchy #sociology

#criticism of socialization theory #gender #walby

british feminism

*in 1970 the equal pay act was passed

*the sex discrimination act was passed in 1975

*according to beechey, vertical segregation increased in the 20th century.

#haralmambos and holborn #sociology #feminism #gender

#sociology #feminism #patriarchy

‘Patriarchy, by definition, exhibits androcentrism—male-centered norms operating throughout all social institutions that become the standard to which all persons adhere. Sexism is reinforced when patriarchy and androcentrism combine to perpetuate beliefs that gender roles are biologically determined and therefore unalterable. For example, throughout the developing world beliefs about a woman’s biological unsuitability for other than domestic roles have restricted opportunities for education and achieving literacy. These restrictions have made men the guardians of what has been written, disseminated, and interpreted regarding gender and the placement of men and women in society. Until recently, history has been recorded from an androcentric perspective that ignored the other half of humanity (Chapter 5). This perspective has perpetuated the belief that patriarchy is an inevitable, inescapable fact of history, so struggles for gender equality are doomed to failure.’

- The Sociology of Gender

’Interactionism has several subdivisions:

Phenomenology

Verstehen

Social action

Ethnomethodology

Symbolic interactionism

Social constructionism’

#sociology #wikipedia

‘critically evaluate’

‘Give your verdict as to what extent a statement or findings within a piece of research are true, or to what extent you agree with them. Provide evidence taken from a wide range of sources which both agree with and contradict an argument. Come to a final conclusion, basing your decision on what you judge to be the most important factors and justify how you have made your choice.’

#essay terms

the ghanian empire was situated in present-day southeastern mauritania and western mali. it grew rich from the trans-saharan gold-salt trade.

its capital koumbi saleh consisted of two cities. it was the empire’s main centre of trade.

#ghanian empire

i really need to work on my note-taking skills and learn long multiplication and division to increase my efficiency

‘Islam, arriving in the ninth century and greatly expanding in the eleventh and twelfth, brought new solutions to new problems of power, and often helped the processes of centralization.’

#basil davidson #africa in history

so according to the book i’m reading, the ghanian empire’s gold came from wangara

el-edrisi described wangara as ‘an island 300 miles long and 150 miles wide, surrounded by the waters of the nile river’

#a glorious age in africa

‘Yvon Appleby has criticized Adrienne Rich's influential notion of compulsory heterosexuality for failing to appreciate the different context for disabled women (Appleby, 1993: 266): The pressures on disabled women to engage in heterosexual practice operate differently from those to which able-bodied women are subjected. Disabled women are particularly at risk of (hetero) sexual abuse and rape, while they are generally not considered to have any sexual feelings or functions (motherhood) and are therefore considered to be less than female.’

- Chapter One (in The Sexual Politics of Disability: Untold Desires, Tom Shakespeare, Kath Gillespie-Sells & Dominic Davies (1996) Cassell, pp 1-15)

#sex and disability #research #compulsory heterosexuality

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