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Inhibitors and UnCouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Ability to harness energy from external sources and utilize it for biological work is characteristic of all living organisms. Phototrophs harvest the energy of light (Plants). Chemotrophs harvest energy from oxidation of fuel molecules. The oxidation of foodstuffs occurs in three stages.

Oxidative Stages of Food Stuff: 1. Primary Metabolism:

In the first stage, DIGESTIONin the gastrointestinal…

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#Amytal #Antimycins #Atractylate #Barbiturates #Chloro carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazone #Cyanides #Dicoumarol #Dinitrophenol #Hydrogen Sulfide #inhibitors #inhibitors of Electron transport chain #NADH dehydrogenase #Oligomycins #Piericidin A #Rotenone #Rutamycin #uncouplers

Oxidative Phosphorylation: Fate of Electron in Mitochondria

The coupling of oxidation with phosphorylation is termed “Oxidative phosphorylation”, which takes place during the electron transport in the inner membrane.

DEFINITION:

What is the definition of Oxidative Phosphorylation. The Endergonic synthesis of ATP from ADP and pi in mitochondria is called “Oxidative phosporylation”, which is catalyzed by the enzyme “ATP synthase” (or) “mitochondrial ATPase

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#chemiosmotic theory #mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation #mitchell thoery #Oxidative Phosphorylation #oxidative phosphorylation definition

Electron Transport Chain Mechanism in Mitochondria

The electron carriers of the respiratory chain are organized into the membrane embedded supra molecular complexes that can be physically separated. Gentle treatment of the inner mitochondrial membrane with detergents allows the resolution of four unique electron – carrier complexes, each capable of catalyzing electron transfer through a portion of the chain.

Complex I and II catalyze electron…

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#complex I #cytochrome.c #electron transport chain #ETC #FMN #FMN-containing flavoprotein #NADH #NADH dehydrogenase #Oxidoreductase #Succinate dehydrogenase #Ubiquinine oxidoreductase #ubiquinone

Biochemistry Question Bank for Second B.Sc. Students

Dear Reader,

This is academic year ending, examinations started. Students are preparing examinations. We are providing the questions lists, which is prepared from previous papers of the B.Sc. Second year. You can download this Biochemistry Question Bank in designed PDF format from below link.

Biochemistry Question Bank for Second B.Sc. Students UNIT 1: Bioenergetics & Biological Oxidation Essays…

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#Affinity Chromatography #B.Sc. Second year Questions #Biochemistry question bank #Essay questions #glycogenesis #Glycogenolysis #Gout #Ionic Exchangers #Paper Electrophoresis #Purine catabolism #Pyrimidine catabolism #Transamination

Multiple Choice Question - MCQ on Carbohydrates

Multiple Choice Question – MCQ on Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants and animals to fulfill both structural and metabolic roles. In plants, synthesized out CO2 and water by photosynthesis and steroid as starch or changed to cellulose to provide framework. Animals can synthesize some carbohydrate from fat and protein. However, the bulk of animal carbohydrate is derived from plants.

Notes and Practical theory on…

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#Carbohydrates #Lobry de bruyn Alberda Van Ekenstein transformation #MCQ #MCQ on carbohydrates #Molisch test #monosaccharides

Hemoglobin: Structure, Function and its Properties

Marcello Malpighi described the RBCs in 1665.

Felix Hope Seyler in 1862 isolated pure Hemoglobin.

Christian Bohr in 1904 discovered that hemoglobin is the transporter of oxygen.

In 1912 Kutster established the structure of hemoglobin.

Hans Fischer synthesized heme in laboratory in 1920 (Nobel prize, 1930).

In 1945, Linus Pauling (Nobel prize, 1954) described abnormal hemoglobins.

Max Perutz(Nobe…

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#Hb #Hemoglobin #thalassemia

What is Zwitter Ion and Isoelectric point

Amino acidshave at lease two ionizable groups, i.e., -COOH and -NH2+, of which the former dissociates more easily than the latter. at physiological pH (7.3), the carboxyl group exists in ionized form whereas the amino group remains un-dissociated and thus retains a positive charge. This doubly charged molecule of amino acid containing a negative and a positive charged group is electrically…

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#dipolar ions #Isoelectric point #isoelectric point of insulin #isoelectric point of lysozyme #Zwitter Ion

Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acids Notes

Glucose entering the TCA cycle is used for the biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids by converting TCA-cycle citrate to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), and then malonyl CoA, which is used to produce palmitate.

The glycerol backbone of TGs comes from glycolytic glycerol-3-phosphate.

Triglycerides are the primary lipid synthesized, and serve as a starting point for other lipids such as steroids…

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#Acetyl Coenzyme A #activation of acetyl coA #Biosynthesis #Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acids #Malonyl Coenzyme A #saturated fatty acids

Hormonal Action: How Hormones are working in Animals

Hormonal action at the cellular level begins with the association of the hormone and its specific receptor. Hormone can be classified by the nature of the signal (or) second messenger used to mediate hormonal action within the cell. A number of these second messengers have been defined, but for several hormones the intracellular signal has been discovered. Based on mechanism of Hormonal action,…

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#cAMP #hormonal action #hormone #peptide hormone #Protein kinases #steroidal hormones

Special Notes on Calibrate Spectrophotometer

What is A Spectrophotometer?

A spectrophotometer can be located in many study, biology, chemistry, and industrial laboratories. Spectrophotometerare utilized for research and data evaluation in different scientific fields. Some of the major fields in which a spectrophotometer is employed is physics, molecular biology, chemistry, and biochemistry labs. Generally, the title refers to…

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#Calibrate Spectrophotometer #comprehensive calibration #data evaluation #molecular biology #Spectrophotometer #spectrophotometer calibration #Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy #UV-Vis

Mitosis and its Stages in Plants and Animals

The mitosisoccurs in the somatic cells and is meant for the multiplication of cell numbers during embryo-genesis and blastogenesis of plants and animals. Fundamentally, It remains related with the growth of an individual from zygote to adult stage. One of the basic characteristic of the the mitotic cell division which is meant for the growth due to multiplication is that it gives rise to 2…

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#anaphase #centrosomes #Chromatin fiber #kinetochores #metaphase #microtubule bundles #mitosis #mitotic spindle #prometaphase #Prophase

Glycolysis - Glucose Catabolic Pathway

Glycolysis – Glucose Catabolic Pathway

Glycolysis literally means “splitting sugars”. In glycolysis, glucose (a six carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP (free energy containing molecule), two molecules of pyruvic acid and two “high energy” electron carrying molecules of NADH. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the…

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#dehydrogenase #glucose #glucose oxidation #Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate #glycolysis #preparative phase #pyruvate kinase #pyruvic acid

Electron Transport Chain Components in Mitochondria

There are five different kinds of electron carriers that participate in the transport of electrons from substrates as they are oxidized in the mitochondria. In addition, Cu+2 is present and functions in the enzyme, Cytochrome oxidase, that catalyses the reduction of O2.

Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain components: (1) Nicotinamide Nucleotides:

Two pf the oxidations in the TCA Cycle involve…

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#cytochromes #FAD #flavoproteins #Iron-sulphar #mitochondrial #NAD #NADP #quinones

Basic Components of Nucleic Acids - Purines and Pyrimidines

Basic Components of Nucleic Acids – Purines and Pyrimidines

One of the important specialized pathways of a number of amino acids is the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. These nucleotides are important for a number of reasons. Most of them, not just ATP, are the sources of energy that drive most of our reactions. ATP is the most commonly used source but GTP is used in protein synthesis as well as a few other reactions. UTP is the source of…

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#Adenine #Cytosine #deoxyribose #Guanine #heterocyclic compounds #purines #pyrimidines #ribose #Thymine #Uracil

Uric Acid formation : Purine Nucleotide Catabolism

Because nucleic acids are ubiquitous in cellular material, significant amounts are ingested in the diet. Nucleic acids are degraded in the digestive tract to nucleotides by various nucleases and phosphodiesterases. Nucleotides are then converted to nucleosides by base-specific nucleotidases and nonspecific phosphatases.

NMP + H2O –> Nucleoside + Pi

Nucleoside…

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#allantoic acid #Hyperuricemia #nucleosidases #SCID #Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency #urate oxidase #uric acid #xanthine #xanthine oxidase

The Career Advices in Life Sciences after +2

You can find tons of articles for Career Advice in Biochemistry, Biotechnology and other life sciences branches and we don’t want to repeat them. There is no doubt that enormous growth can be achieved by a dedicated researcher or student. The thing is that what should be the plan by a Indian student to excel in this field. You cannot find much information on the internet about how to frame your…

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#career advice #Career Advice in Biochemistry #career advice in life sciences #Indian life science education #PhD #research

Pituitary Gland and its Secretions

The human pituitary gland is reddish – Grey, oval structure about 10mm in diameter located in the brain just behind the optic chiasma as an extension from the field the hypothalamus. Average weight of the gland in females is 0.5 – 0.6gm and in males is 0.6 to 0.7 gm. The pituitary gland is made of 3 lobes namely,

Anterior pituitary gland lobe (largest of all) [70%]

Pituitary gland Middle lobe…

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#acromegalay #ACTH #Anterior pituitary lobe #caushing&039;s disease #dwarfism #Follicular stimulating hormone #Growth hormone #Leutinizing hormone #ocytosin #oxytosin #pituitary #Pituitary Gland #Pituitary Gland hormones #Thyroid stimulating hormone #vasopressin

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