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Duties of the Departmental Educational Council

The departmental educational council plays a very important role in Bulgaria’s education system. The Law on Public Instruction defines its duties as follows:

Uniform Application of Laws – The council ensures that educational laws and regulations are applied consistently across the entire department.

Resolving Disputes – It examines and resolves disputes that may arise between educational committees, parish councils, and teachers.

Reviewing Teacher Discipline – The council reviews disciplinary actions taken against teachers to ensure fairness.

Punishment for Violations – It punishes parents or teachers who break rules regarding mandatory attendance in primary schools.

Opening New Schools – The council considers proposals for new schools and examines other matters affecting education in the department.

All decisions made by the departmental educational councils are submitted to the Minister of Public Instruction. The Minister has the power to approve, annul, or modify these decisions to ensure consistency with national education policies Customized Tours Istanbul.

Role of Educational Committees

The educational committees are among the earliest autonomous Bulgarian institutions. They first appeared during the Turkish domination and grew in importance despite the persecutions faced by Bulgarians.

These committees acted as representative organs of the Bulgarian nation and contributed significantly to:

The intellectual and moral awakening of the Bulgarian people

The foundation of an independent Bulgarian Church

The organization of the first Bulgarian schools

By the time Bulgaria gained political independence, the country had numerous schools, trained teachers, and educated citizens, which were largely the result of the work of these committees.

Because of their key role in the national revival, educational committees became a traditional institution in Bulgaria. They have been maintained by various education laws and continue to form a vital part of the country’s educational system today.

Significance

The departmental educational councils and educational committees together form the backbone of Bulgaria’s education administration. They ensure that schools operate properly, laws are followed, teachers are guided and trained, and students receive a consistent and high-quality education. Their existence reflects Bulgaria’s long-standing commitment to education as a national priority.

#Duties of the Departmental Educational Council

Voting Process

Voting in Bulgaria is done by secret ballot to protect the privacy of each elector. The ballot-box is locked with three keys: one key remains with the president of the returning bureau, and the other two with the members of the bureau.

Before voting, the elector must show his electoral card, which is checked against the electoral list. The vote, which must be folded in four, is handed to the president, who places it in the ballot-box without opening it.

Role of the Returning Bureau President

The president of the returning bureau has full authority over the police and army forces in the electoral district to maintain order during the polling. Voting takes place from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.

After the polling ends, the president appoints two electors to help verify the results. Candidates and their agents are allowed to observe this process.

Verification of Votes

First, the electoral cards are counted and compared with the marginal notes on the electoral lists. If there is a discrepancy, the electoral lists take priority, and the incident is recorded.

Next, the ballot-box is opened. Votes that are not properly filled are not counted, but they are included in the official records.

The result of the counting is written in a special report, signed by the members of the returning bureau, the verifiers, and the candidates or their agents. This ensures transparency and accountability Istanbul Day Tours.

Reporting and Proclamation of Results

Two copies of the report are made:

First copy – sent to the president of the District Court, along with all ballots, electoral lists, and cards, sealed by the municipality.

Second copy – sent to the sub-prefect.

The District Court, without opening the parcel of ballots, checks the majority required and proclaims the candidates who received the highest number of votes as the deputies.

This system ensures that elections are fair, transparent, and carefully monitored, giving confidence to both electors and candidates in the democratic process.

#Voting Process

The Emancipation of the Bulgarian Church

The emancipation of the Bulgarian Church came before the political liberation of the country. While the political freedom of Bulgaria was influenced by foreign powers, the liberation of the national Church from the Greek patriarchate was entirely the work of dedicated Bulgarians. Their persistent efforts succeeded in 1870, when the Bulgarian Exarchate was officially established in Constantinople. This was a major step in preserving the Bulgarian language, culture, and national identity.

The Rise of a New Generation

While older and more conservative Bulgarians sought safety in religious independence, a new generation demanded more. Young Bulgarians, inspired by the hope of full freedom, began emigrating to neighboring countries, especially Romania. There, they formed organizations and prepared rebellions against Ottoman rule. These efforts were part of a wider movement in the Balkans, where Greeks, Romanians, and Serbians had already regained independence.

Rebellion and European Intervention

By 1875–1876, events in the Balkans attracted the attention of European powers. An uprising in Herzegovina coincided with the assassination of French and German consuls at Salonica by Muslim fanatics. At the same time, a revolt in the Bulgarian Sandjak of Philippopolis was brutally suppressed by Ottoman forces, resulting in widespread massacres. The horrors were reported across Europe, with British politician Gladstone voicing the outrage of the continent. Serbia, seeing an opportunity to secure its independence, sent its army across the Ottoman frontier City Tours Istanbul.

The Constantinople Conference

These disturbances forced the Great Powers to convene a conference in Constantinople from December 11–23, 1876. This conference was a historic moment for Bulgaria. For the first time, the name “Bulgaria” appeared in official international diplomacy. The conference also outlined the preliminary organization of the future Principality, laying the foundation for Bulgaria’s eventual political independence.

The period between the emancipation of the Church and the political liberation shows how Bulgarians combined spiritual leadership, national consciousness, and revolutionary energy to prepare for freedom. The Church acted as a beacon of national identity, while young patriots abroad organized and inspired the movement that would lead to the creation of modern Bulgaria.

#The Emancipation of the Bulgarian Church

The Seaward Walls of Constantinople

Early Repairs and Challenges

Early Period and Initial Effectiveness

After their construction, there are no detailed records of repairs to the seaward walls of Constantinople for the next 250 years. Despite this, the walls must have been structurally sound, because they successfully withstood significant threats during the seventh century. In 610, the fleet of Heraclius used the walls as a staging point to overthrow the tyrant Phocas. Later, between 673 and 678, the city faced a siege by the Saracens, yet the walls held firm, protecting the southern approaches to Constantinople. These events demonstrate that even without formal records, the walls were robust and strategically effective.

Restoration under Tiberius Apsimarus

The condition of the seaward walls entered a new phase during the reign of Tiberius Apsimarus. As Admiral of the Imperial fleet in the Aegean, he witnessed the growing strength of the Saracens, who had expanded from the Nile to the Atlantic. Aware of the dangers both on land and sea, Tiberius recognized the necessity of maintaining the city’s maritime defenses. Upon his return to Constantinople, he ordered the neglected walls to be repaired and strengthened, ensuring they could withstand future attacks. His efforts marked the beginning of a systematic approach to fortifying the seaward walls Private Bulgaria Tours Yachting.

Renewed Efforts under Anastasius II

About eight years later, Anastasius II took additional steps to reinforce the seaward walls. These repairs were prompted by the Saracens’ preparations for a second major assault on the capital of Eastern Christendom. The work was highly effective; by 718, when the Saracen fleet attacked with more than 1,200 vessels, the city’s defenses, including the strengthened seaward walls, successfully repelled the invasion. The repairs and vigilance of the Byzantine authorities ensured that Constantinople remained secure and unconquered during this critical period.

Natural Threats: Ice and Flooding in 764

The seaward walls also faced unusual natural challenges. In the spring of 764, an extreme Arctic winter had frozen the northern and western Black Sea for nearly 100 miles from the coast, with ice reaching 60 feet deep. On top of this ice, a layer of snow 45 feet high accumulated. When the thaw came, enormous ice-floes traveled down the Bosporus, forming massive ice-piles at the entrance to the Sea of Marmara. These ice masses extended from the Palace of Hiereia (Fener Bagtchessi) to the city, and from Chrysopolis to Galata, reaching as far as Mamas at the head of the Golden Horn. The seaward walls were tested by these extraordinary conditions, which could have caused serious damage, highlighting the walls’ durability and strategic importance in protecting the city.

From the seventh to the eighth century, the seaward walls of Constantinople proved to be both resilient and essential. They protected the city against military attacks and withstood extreme natural forces, ensuring the security of the capital. Efforts by emperors such as Tiberius Apsimarus and Anastasius II show that the maintenance of these walls was considered crucial for the survival of the Byzantine Empire, particularly against the growing naval power of its enemies.

#The Seaward Walls of Constantinople

Cattaro and Montenegro's Political Importance

Cattaro is only important because it is the port of Montenegro, a small principality in the Balkans. This port has caused a lot of disagreement between European countries. It is also the end point of the road to Cetinje, which is Montenegro’s capital. Although Cattaro is close to Montenegro, it does not belong to the country. This is because England and Austria are worried that Prince Nicholas, the ruler of Montenegro, would give the port to Russia if he had control over it.

Montenegro is officially independent, and it is protected by the great European powers. However, the ruling family of Montenegro has a very close relationship with the Russian royal family, and many believe there is a secret treaty of alliance between them. Like other Balkan states, Montenegro was a province of Turkey until 1878, when the Treaty of Berlin gave it independence. Although Montenegro has a small population of only 228,000 people—which is smaller than the population of Washington D.C.—its political importance is much greater.

Two daughters of Prince Nicholas, the ruler of Montenegro, have married cousins of the Russian Czar. Another daughter is married to the King of Italy, and a fourth is the Duchess of Leuchtenburg, whose husband is close to being a king. These royal connections show the strong influence of Montenegro in European politics.

The Historic Town of Ragusa

Ragusa, another coastal town, is an old and charming place with a rich history. In the Middle Ages, Ragusa was almost as powerful as Venice, Naples, or Genoa, and it managed to defend itself against the Turks. One of the most famous events in Ragusa’s history is when Richard the Lionheart landed here after returning from the Crusades Sightseeing Sofia.

During a dangerous storm at sea, Richard made a vow that if he survived, he would build a church to honor his patron saint at the place where he landed safely. After surviving, he first landed on the small island of La Croma. However, he then went to Ragusa, where the people treated him so well that he decided to ask the Pope for permission to build the church there, instead of on the small island. The Pope, however, did not grant Richard’s request, and Richard, a respectful man, decided to build churches in both places. The church in Ragusa was destroyed by an earthquake in the seventeenth century, but the church on the island of La Croma still stands today.

#Cattaro and Montenegro's Political Importance

Tirnova

The Ancient Capital of Bulgaria

Tirnova, the ancient capital of Bulgaria, is a beautiful city located on the rocky banks of a fast-flowing river. The city’s streets wind up and down the hills, with houses perched on top of the rocks. Long ago, clever warriors used the limestone cliffs that surround the city as natural fortifications, adding some artificial elements to make them even stronger. These cliffs rise as high as 700 or 800 feet. The city is full of colorful houses, separated by lush gardens and the thick foliage of ancient trees.

The Architecture of Tirnova

Tirnova’s architecture is a unique mix of Eastern and Western influences. In the city, you can see the domes of Greek churches, the minarets of mosques, clock towers, steeples, and modern buildings with French roofs. This variety of styles creates a curious architectural blend, showing the city’s rich and diverse history. Nature itself seems to have made it difficult for a city to be built here, making the city even more special.

The Natural Bridge of Tirnova

In the center of the town, on the longest street, there is a natural stone bridge that spans a deep chasm, through which the Jantra River flows. Although not as wide or high as the famous Natural Bridge of Virginia, it is still a remarkable sight. Because the bridge is located in the heart of the city, it draws even more attention. Some historians believe that both the causeway and the chasm were carved out by human hands long ago, as a way to protect the citadel on the other side. If this is true, it shows how clever and resourceful people were before the days of gunpowder and heavy artillery. This made the city nearly impossible to attack in earlier times.

Historical Significance of Tirnova

Tirnova’s ancient history can be surprising and is sometimes difficult to believe. The city’s buildings and landscapes are linked to some of the most romantic moments in human history. One significant location in the city is a tower in a beautiful castle, where Baldwin, a Frankish crusader, was held as a prisoner. Baldwin had been defeated by the Bulgarian army under Czar Kalojan at Adrianople, and after his defeat, he was brought to Tirnova, where he spent many years in prison. It is believed that Baldwin was buried alive in this tower.

The tower is now called “Baldwin’s Tower.” Although it has been partly ruined over the years, enough of it remains to give visitors an idea of what it originally looked like. From the tower, you can see one of the most breathtaking views in the world Private Tour Guide Ephesus.

#Tirnova

The Ancient Gate and Its Significance

On the summit of the hill stood a marble portico, shining bright white. In front of the entrance, there was a column that once had a statue on top. When Bondelmontius visited the city in 1422, the gate was still standing. It was shown on his map of Constantinople as the “Antiquissima Pulchra Porta” (The Most Ancient Beautiful Gate). The gate remained intact even after the Turkish Conquest and was known as Isa Kapoussi, meaning “The Gate of Jesus”. It stood proudly until 1508, when a great earthquake caused it to collapse.

The Fall of Isa Kapoussi

According to the Turkish historian Solak Zade, Isa Kapoussi, near Avret Bazaar, had been standing for about 1900 years before it fell to the ground in 1508. The historian writes, “Isa Kapoussi… fell and was levelled to the ground after existing for 1900 years.” Despite the destruction, the name of the gate still lingers in the area. A small mosque near Avret Bazaar is called Isa Kapoussi Mesdjidi (The Mosque of Isa Kapoussi), and the street next to it is named Isa Kapoussi Sokaki (Isa Kapoussi Street) Sofia Guided Tours.

The Mosque and Its Connection to the Gate

The mosque, now standing on the site, was originally a Christian church. The name of the mosque and street suggests the church may have had a name that influenced its Turkish title. This is significant because the original Isa Kapoussi gate was near the spot where this mosque stands today.

The Wall of Constantine

It is clear from these facts that the Wall of Constantine, when it crossed the Seventh Hill, passed very close to the Isa Kapoussi Mesdjidi mosque. This matches the previous conclusion about the location of the Exokionion district. The column outside the Ancient Gate was likely the same one that gave its name to the district. A column bearing a statue of the city’s founder, Constantine, would have been perfectly placed in front of this grand entrance.

In summary, the Ancient Gate of Constantine, also known as Isa Kapoussi, played an important role in the history of Constantinople. The gate stood for almost 1900 years before being destroyed by an earthquake in 1508. Today, the name Isa Kapoussi still lives on through the mosque and street nearby, marking the former location of this impressive structure.

#The Ancient Gate and Its Significance

Great Hotels to Stay in Sofia

Sofia has a wide variety of hotels that offer comfort, convenience, and style for all types of travelers. From luxury to boutique hotels, here are some great options worth considering.

Barcelo Festa Sofia

Location: G-7, Blvd. Bulgaria 83 Contact: Tel: +359 2 818 96 18

Located a few kilometers from the city center on busy Bulgaria Boulevard, the Barcelo Festa Sofia is an impressive modern hotel. While the reception area is a bit flashy, the rooms are calm and stylish Bulgaria Trips.

Rooms: Designed in coffee and cream tones, with minimalist, modern bathrooms and full-size bathtubs.

Luxury Category: These rooms are larger, with lounge-style furniture and flat-screen TVs.

Views: South-facing rooms overlook Mount Vitosha, while north-facing ones offer a city view.

Facilities: Wi-Fi, restaurant, spa, gym, conference room, parking

Best Western Hotel City

Location: B-4, ul. Stara Planina 6 Contact: Tel: +359 2 915 15 00

This modern four-star hotel is near Sofia’s historic city center, making it ideal for tourists. Rooms are spacious, clean, and well-maintained. The helpful staff add to the positive experience.

Facilities: Wi-Fi, restaurant, fitness center, air conditioning, business services

Casa Boyana Boutique Hotel

Location: G-6, ul. Ivanitsa Danchev 23, Boyana Contact: Tel: +359 2 805 08 00

A small and stylish boutique hotel in the peaceful Boyana neighborhood near the National History Museum. The hotel features Italian furniture, bold interior colors, and luxury bathrooms.

Views: Excellent city views from the restaurant windows.

Service: The staff are especially welcoming and attentive.

Facilities: Restaurant, Wi-Fi, parking, quiet location, personal service

Central Park Hotel

Location: C-2, Blvd. Vitosha 106 Contact: Tel: +359 2 805 88 88

The Central Park Hotel enjoys a prime city-center location right in front of the National Palace of Culture. It’s close to Sofia’s best shopping, dining, and nightlife spots.

Rooms: Comfortable and well-equipped, many offering great views of the nearby park or Mount Vitosha.

Dining: The hotel restaurant serves modern European dishes with a good wine selection.

Business Services: Offers full office support and secretarial services for business travelers.

Facilities: Wi-Fi, restaurant, business center, air conditioning, conference services

#Great Hotels to Stay in Sofia

Great Britain's Lack of Protest Against the Treaty of Bucharest

The Reason Behind Great Britain’s Silence

It is not easy to understand why Great Britain did not protest against the clear injustice of the Treaty of Bucharest. However, there are some factors that explain this decision:

Western Europe’s Judgment: At that time, Western Europe’s judgment was clouded because of the false information spread by Greece and Serbia. These countries launched a campaign of lies during the six weeks when Bulgaria was isolated. Their goal was to turn European opinion against Bulgaria and hide their own wrongdoings.

Great Britain’s Policy: The policy adopted by Great Britain seemed to follow the approach of Mr. Balfour, who had unfortunately decided to leave the entire Balkan issue to the two most interested countries, Greece and Serbia. This decision also appears to have been a last attempt to maintain the so-called Concert of Europe—an idea that was meant to bring European countries together. However, this Concert of Europe never really existed in practice. It mainly allowed for selfish diplomacy to flourish, driven by ambitions for power and control Turkey Sightseeing.

The Price of Europe’s Actions

God’s Justice: The Powers of Europe are now facing the consequences of their past mistakes. They are paying a heavy price for their sins of omission and commission—for ignoring the plight of the Christian nations in the Balkans and for their involvement in Militarism.

Human Suffering: This has led to a terrible war, filled with human suffering, misery, and pain. The lands that were treated as empire and the people as property are now paying the price for those actions.

Great Britain’s failure to speak out against the Treaty of Bucharest is partly due to the misinformation spread about Bulgaria and a desire to maintain an ineffective European system. However, Europe is now facing the painful consequences of its actions, and the Balkans continue to suffer from the decisions made by powerful countries.

#Great Britain's Lack of Protest Against the Treaty of Bucharest

Citizens Deprived of Basic Human Rights

Under the Peace Treaty signed between Bulgaria and the Allied Powers, which was ratified by the Presidency of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria on 26 August 1947, Bulgaria agreed to respect the basic human rights of its citizens. According to Article 2 of the treaty, Bulgaria was required to ensure that all its citizens, regardless of race, sex, language, or religion, would enjoy fundamental freedoms such as freedom of speech, a free press, freedom of religion and political beliefs, and the right to public gatherings. This treaty was effective from 15 September 1947.

However, throughout the entire period of communist rule in Bulgaria (from 1944 to 1990), the communist regime systematically violated these fundamental rights, disregarding the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Violations Under the Communist Regime

Despite the treaty’s provisions, the communist regime did not honor the rights guaranteed by the Peace Treaty or international human rights standards. Instead, it engaged in widespread violations, such as suppressing freedom of speech, restricting the press, and silencing opposition. The government used state-controlled media to manipulate public opinion, and dissidents were either imprisoned or sent to labor camps. The freedom of assembly was also restricted, and anyone who attempted to challenge the regime faced serious consequencesPersonal Istanbul Tours.

Human Rights in East Germany

In 1977, Erich Honecker, the First Secretary of the German United Socialist Party and the head of state of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), made a statement claiming that there were no human rights issues in the GDR. He said, “There may be no human rights activists in the German Democratic Republic because all human rights are fully observed in this country.” Despite this claim, many citizens in the GDR still tried to escape the oppressive regime, and the number of people attempting to legally leave the country increased every year.

The Expatriation Movement in East Germany

By the late 1970s, a movement began to form in East Germany, called the “Voting on a Request for Expatriation”. This movement was primarily made up of young people who were trying to leave the German Democratic Republic for a better life. Despite the regime’s claims that human rights were respected, many East Germans felt trapped and sought to escape. According to Robert Havemann, a prominent critic of the regime, the movement had grown to 120,000 members by 1976, and by 1977, the number had reached an estimated 200,000.

The communist regimes in both Bulgaria and East Germany were responsible for widespread violations of human rights. While the government officials in both countries claimed to uphold human rights, the reality was far different. Citizens faced constant surveillance, imprisonment, and suppression of their basic freedoms. Movements like the Expatriation Movement in East Germany showed the growing frustration and desire for freedom among young people. These events highlight the contrast between the regime’s promises and the lived reality of the people under their control.

#Citizens Deprived of Basic Human Rights

Halil Bereket and the Kuşadası Municipality Band

Halil Bereket’s Early Life and Military Service

Halil Bereket served in the Navy during his military service. In 1942, during the funeral of Prime Minister Refik Saydam, he began his journey with music by joining the Navy Marine Corps Band. This marked the beginning of the Kuşadası Municipality Band.

Establishing the Band in Kuşadası

After serving in the military for 3.5 years, Halil Bereket returned to Kuşadası and was appointed to create a band for the town. However, he discovered that all the instruments had been lost in a strong storm. Despite this, Bereket managed to find and repair the instruments Coastal Bulgaria Holidays.

Building the Band

Bereket then placed ads offering free music lessons to recruit new band members. He successfully gathered 12 new members, most of whom were local tradesmen and civil servants. With these musicians, he officially founded the Kuşadası Municipality Band, which has been an essential part of the town’s festivals, parades, and official ceremonies for over 63 years. The band survived through determination, sacrifice, and hard work.

The Kirazlı Cherry Festival

Introduction to the Festival

The village of Kirazlı, known for its delicious cherries, has hosted the “Cherry Festival” for the past four years to promote its famous cherries. The festival takes place in the front yard of the elementary school, where various activities celebrate the cherries.

Festival Highlights

During the festival, the best ecological cherry producers are awarded, and the title of “Miss Cherry” is given. Folk dances and concerts are also performed. This year, 55 participants from four categories of cherry farming competed: Black Cherry, Napoleon, Grafting, and Agriculture 900.

Miss Cherry 2025

The winner of the Miss Cherry competition was Gözde Durmaz, followed by Ash Bozkurt and Hatice Özsoy. The winner received various gifts and plaques. The audience also enjoyed a dance performance by the world champion KUFAD, the Kuşadası Folklore Research Association.

Evening Concert

In the evening, Tolga Çandar, a popular folk music singer from the Aegean region, performed a concert, adding to the excitement of the event.

A Call for Improvement

One thing that was missing at the festival was the lack of promotion in foreign languages. KURED hopes that this issue will be addressed in future festivals to reach a wider audience.

#Halil Bereket and the Kuşadası Municipality Band

A Guest in Elbasan

Most of my time in Elbasan was spent with the main Albanian gentleman in town, a young man who only spoke Turkish, Albanian, and a little Italian. He had never traveled abroad, not even to Italy. One thing he knew about England was that you could buy good guns there. Owning a double-barrelled English gun was his dream. He also believed that the English were a great people because they were rich.

A Surprising Question About Carnegie

I explained that not all English people were rich, and that some were actually very poor. He seemed puzzled and then asked, “What about Carnegie?” It surprised me that he knew who Mr. Carnegie was. This man, living in the heart of wild Albania, knew that Mr. Carnegie was famous for giving away money. I told him I didn’t know Mr. Carnegie personally, and that it was unlikely he would visit Elbasan Istanbul Day Tour.

Mr. Carnegie’s Generosity

The Albanian man then asked if Mr. Carnegie spoke Turkish, to which I answered that he probably didn’t. He continued, “Isn’t Mr. Carnegie the man who gives away money, money, and more money?” He spread his arms wide to show just how much money Mr. Carnegie must have. He said that if Mr. Carnegie really wanted to be a hero for the Albanian people—like Gladstone or Byron—he should send a million dollars to Elbasan so the people wouldn’t have to work anymore.

I agreed that it was a good idea if Mr. Carnegie could be convinced. But I wasn’t sure why he would choose Elbasan over other places. Perhaps Mr. Carnegie had been so busy that he just hadn’t thought about helping Elbasan yet.

#A Guest in Elbasan

The Sultan's Challenges

The Sultan, Abdul Hamid, has never really had the chance to judge the political situation fairly. When he talks with foreign Ambassadors, it often feels like a constant struggle between opposing forces. The Sultan is very smart and cautious, but he has not received broad education or intellectual training. Since he was young, he has been surrounded by slaves and eunuchs. The government is filled with hidden groups, and the Sultan prefers to appoint strong ministers. A strong minister may fall from power, not because the Sultan is afraid of him, but because Turkish politics is so complicated that rivals quickly find evidence of any secret plots. In the East, it is believed that every person acts out of self-interest, and you can’t argue against this view because it is deeply rooted in the culture.

Two Sides of Turkey

When talking about Turkey, we often make generalizations that are misleading. There are actually two Turkeys: one is the government, and the other is the people. We don’t know much about Turkey as a country, but we tend to form opinions based on the corruption in the government. While corruption is widespread and severe, it is important to remember that the problem lies in the system of government. Turkish administration today runs on corruption as its main driving force. This corruption isn’t hidden or something people are ashamed of; it’s a normal part of the system. For example, if someone pays a high official £5,000 for a position that only pays £500, both the official and the person receiving the post understand that the money will be regained by taking money from others. This is open corruption, where taxes are never fully used for their intended purposes, and people are crushed under heavy costs Central Synagogue.

The Difficulty of Change

Although this system is wrong, it has been in place for so long that it’s hard for Turks to imagine doing things any other way. I remember talking with a high-ranking Turkish official who had traveled widely and seen how things work in other countries.

#The Sultan's Challenges

Extracting Attar from Rose-Water

Second Distillation Process

To get the pure attar from rose-water, a second distillation is needed. From 40 liters of rose-water, about 5 liters of liquid is distilled. During this process, the attar forms as a yellow, oily layer about 2 to 4 millimeters thick on top of the rose-water. This oily layer is carefully skimmed off using a small bowl shaped like an upside-down cone. The bowl has a small hole at the bottom to allow the heavier water to pass through, leaving the attar behind.

Adulteration of Attar

Mixing with Other Oils

One common way to adulterate attar of rose is by mixing it with attar of geranium, which comes from the Indian geranium or Palma rosa. This problem is not limited to Constantinople (Istanbul), where, in fact, no pure attar of rose is exported. In Bulgaria, some growers even mix it themselves. Since 1888, the Bulgarian government has tried to stop this practice by banning the import of geranium attar. However, it is still available illegally. Often, the attar is sent to Constantinople where it is freely mixed Coastal Bulgaria Tours.

Another method of adulteration is adding white roses to the red ones being distilled. White roses are less fragrant but richer in stearoptene (a chemical compound), which can affect the quality of the final product. In some cases, attar of geranium is also mixed with turpentine oil. As a result, it is possible that the attar of rose you buy in a high-end store may contain very little of the genuine perfume.

Life of the Rose Growers

The Realities of Rose Farming

The peasants who grow roses are generally kind and hardworking, but their lives are not as ideal as they may seem. There are no large rose farms; instead, small farmers tend to their own patches of roses. Merchants find it more profitable to buy roses from these small growers who use simple methods to make attar. This system works for merchants because they do not have to bear the risk of crop damage—the peasant farmers do.

The two or three main merchants in Kasanlik hold a monopoly over the rose market. They control the price of attar, and the rose growers have little choice but to sell their product to them. If a farmer refuses, there are few other buyers. While some merchants have made fortunes from attar of rose, the small farmers who grow it do not get rich.

#Extracting Attar from Rose-Water

The Ransom Negotiations

While the violence in the village was ongoing, Hafiz Pacha was secretly negotiating with the men he had captured in the camp about the terms for the ransom of the village. After much effort, they finally agreed on a price, and the money was raised. The men were then set free and allowed to return to their damaged homes. Mr. Schuyler has gathered most of the details about this transaction, although it was not easy to do. The villagers remain fearful of Hafiz’s revenge. If he discovers who revealed information about him, he might retaliate against them.

This ransom money was not collected for the government, but for Hafiz Pacha’s own benefit. Given that the government is in urgent need of funds, they might eventually request that he deposit this money into the treasury.

Casualties and Their Impact

The number of people killed in the village is estimated to be between 200 and 300. Among the casualties, there were relatively few women and children. Most of the deaths occurred among those who tried to escape the village but were caught and killed by the Bashi-Bazouks in the surrounding countryside. This tragic loss highlights the severe impact of the conflict on the community Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

Arrival in Bucharest

Bucharest, August 22

I have just arrived in Bucharest after spending a few weeks traveling through Bulgaria. During part of the trip, I was accompanied by Mr. Schuyler, but I left him to continue his investigations in the Balkans. Before I share further details about what we witnessed, I would like to discuss a few points with Mr. Disraeli regarding the issue of “exaggerations.” I also want to comment on the actions of Sir Henry Elliot and provide a brief overview of the current situation in the country.

Observations on the Situation

It is important to consider how these events have shaped the lives of the local people. The fear and uncertainty caused by Hafiz Pacha’s actions have left a deep mark on the community. Many residents are still recovering from the trauma of losing their loved ones and homes. The fear of further violence remains, making it difficult for the villagers to rebuild their lives. The situation in the region is complex, with political and social factors contributing to the ongoing strife.

As we reflect on these events, it becomes clear that the consequences extend far beyond immediate violence. The loss of life, the destruction of homes, and the fear instilled in the community will have lasting effects on future generations. Understanding this context is crucial for any efforts toward peace and recovery in the region.

This rewrite clarifies the text and organizes the information with appropriate subtitles, making it easier to read. Let me know if you’d like any changes or further details!

#The Ransom Negotiations

The Ransom Negotiations

Casualties and Their Impact

Arrival in Bucharest

Bucharest, August 22

Observations on the Situation

This rewrite clarifies the text and organizes the information with appropriate subtitles, making it easier to read. Let me know if you’d like any changes or further details!

#The Ransom Negotiations

The Decree of 24 October 1944

On 24 October 1944, a decree was issued that allowed members of the newly formed “Writers’ Union” to be appointed to high-ranking positions in the central and local administration, even if they did not have university degrees. This decree marked a significant shift in how qualifications were viewed under the new communist regime in Bulgaria. It favored political loyalty over professional competence, reflecting the broader transformation happening in the country at that time.

The People’s Tribunal

On 24 September 1944, the Politburo of the Bulgarian Communist Party approved an ordinance that established the “People’s Tribunal.” This ordinance was officially adopted on 30 September 1944. The stated purpose of this tribunal was to hold accountable those responsible for aligning Bulgaria with the Axis powers during World War II. However, in practice, the tribunal became a tool for the communist regime to eliminate its political enemies and consolidate power.

Targeting the Nation’s Elite

The People’s Tribunal targeted a broad range of individuals, including political leaders, military officers, intellectuals, scientists, writers, and journalists. These were people who had been influential in pre-war Bulgaria and who could potentially oppose the new Soviet-backed regime. The goal was clear: to exterminate the nation’s elite and prevent any organized resistance against the imposition of the Soviet model in Bulgaria Istanbul Tour Guide.

Violations of Justice

The establishment of the People’s Tribunal was a direct violation of the Bulgarian Constitution and the basic principles of justice. The tribunal operated outside the normal legal system, and those appointed as “people’s prosecutors” were often party activists with little or no legal training. They conducted preliminary inquiries, legal proceedings, and issued indictments, all with the presumption that the accused were guilty.

Pre-determined Guilt and Immediate Executions

The People’s Tribunal was notorious for its lack of fairness. The accused were deemed guilty from the start, and there was no possibility of appealing the sentences handed down by the tribunal. Death sentences were carried out immediately after being pronounced, with no opportunity for the condemned to seek a reprieve. In addition to executions, the property of the convicted was confiscated, and their families were stigmatized as “enemies of the people,” subjecting them to lifelong persecution.

Mass Executions

One of the most infamous acts of the People’s Tribunal occurred on the night of 1-2 February 1945. During this single night, the tribunal ordered the execution of three regents, 33 government ministers, 67 members of parliament, and 47 high-ranking military officers. They were all executed by firing squad, marking one of the darkest episodes in Bulgaria’s history.

The People’s Tribunal was not about justice but rather about political repression. It served as a mechanism for the communist regime to eliminate its opponents and reshape Bulgarian society according to Soviet ideals. The tribunal’s actions had long-lasting effects on the country, destroying much of its pre-war leadership and creating a climate of fear and repression that would last for decades. The legacy of these events is a painful reminder of the dangers of unchecked political power and the importance of upholding the rule of law.

#The Decree of 24 October 1944

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