CCEA Technology Revision

I do not own any images, GIFs or animations on this account. all credit to orginal sources/ creators.

[morticia-smith]

The epic saga of Rick’s Bee Gun

[endofeva1997]

Sorry straight people Batman is confirmed gay

[cobaltdays-deactivated20210208]

Bi A lesbian Trans Mmm gay A very queer bat Not straight

[the-mad-artist-james-deactivate]

Rainbow Batman Masterpost anyone?

[cobaltdays-deactivated20210208]

It got better!

[did-you-know]

NASA created retro travel posters for different locations in our solar system in hopes of inspiring young people to imagine a future where common space travel is a possibility. 

Source

[colormebowie-deactivated2017091]

these are really important to me

[neural-entropy]

behind this 100% where do I buy prints

[therealuniverse]

These are free for download and print! The files are 20x30 inches. I plan on emailing this one to my local print shop.

[katsudonski]

Originally posted by thatjoeyfella

[akiyty]

i have these on my wall, and i guarantee, they are SPECTACULAR (and yep, CC-licensed, so you’re good to print them locally)

[gargoame]

We have these framed in our aerospace senior design lounge!

[astrofyre]

IVE BEEN LOOKING FOR SPACE THEMED PRINTS THIS IS AMAZING

[dduane]

So gorgeous.

[scrawnyflannelman]

Neat!

[regularbread]

I really fucking love NASA for this.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Methods of Joining materials

For a variety of reasons it can be advantageous to produce a component in a number of parts and then join them together.

The mould tool for injection moulding or casting can be significantly simplified.

weight savings.

Much of the material removal associated with wasting can be avoided.

Standard components can be incorporated into the design.

Permanent Methods:

Welding

Permanent method of joining a wide range of materials, welding is the joining of two materials usually metal in their liquid form, which solidifies to form a joint that is as strong as the parent metal. This process can be repetitive and so is ideal for using robots. The materials are joined by melting them and allowing the molten material to mingle and then cool to become a solid. The molten material is protected by gas (to prevent impurities being absorbed) produced by the vaporisation of a powdered coating around the welding rod.

Very high melting point around 3000- 3500 degrees which produces a very strong joint which is used to join wide thicknesses of materials.

Brazing

Is very similar to soldering and with appropriate filler materials, it can be used on nearly all metals and many ceramics. The melting temperature is much higher than those used in soldering, this makes the filler alloys much stronger. 

Very clean joint performed with better tolerances. Weaker hold than welding. Temperature is above 600 degrees- 900 degrees.

Soldering

Is a quick method of joining most metals such as brass, copper, tin plate and steel. An exception is aluminium. This process is best confined to light fabrication where joints are not subjected to heat and vibration.

Low melting point around 200 degrees, used for thin metal and has a weak joint.

Rivets

Riveting is a quick and convenient method of fixing 2 or more pieces of material together in a permanent fashion. It is a cheaper alternative to threading. Rivets are used in sheet metal and are available in a wide range of materials such as iron, aluminium, copper as well as low carbon steel and stainless steel.

Adhesives

Gluing is rapidly taking the place of other methods of joining. Technological advances continue but no single adhesive will join all materials.

Drying Adhesives

These adhesives are a mixture of ingredients dissolved in a solvent. white glue and rubber cements are members  of the drying adhesive family. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens. These adhesives are typically weak and are used for household applications.

Contact Adhesives

Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together. Some contact adhesives require as long as 24 hours to dry before the surfaces are to be held together. Once the surfaces are pushed together, the bond forms very quickly. contact adhesives are used in strong bonds with high sheer-resistance.

Hot Adhesives

E.g. a hot glue gun

Hot adhesives, also known as hot melt adhesives, are simply thermoplastics applied in molten form which solidify on cooling to form strong bonds between a wide range of materials. These adhesives are popular for crafts because of their ease of use and the wide range of common materials they can join.

Semi-Permanent Methods:

Machine Screws

Machine screws, nuts & bolts provide a convenient method of securing parts. Easily un-done, this temporary method of fixing is suitable for all kinds and combinations of materials.

Self tapping Screws

Are only suitable for thin sheet metal but also plastic. Made from hardened steel, they cut their own thread as they are screwed in.

Knock Down fittings

This type of fastening offers opportunities to make self assembly products, especially large items such as kitchens, bedrooms and other furniture. For such products assembly is through flat pack. This allows:

Easy assembly and dismantling

Fittings can be used with most modern materials.

Can create varied solutions.

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Aesthetics, Ergonomics & Anthropometrics

Aesthetics

Refers to the appearance of a finished product, its colour, shape, size, style and finish. E.g. colour can influence the mood or feeling and some products will denote a hygienic feeling due to the colour of white.

Ergonomics

Is concerned with the relationship between people and the equipment and environments they use:

Safety is considered an ergonomic feature.

Products must relate to users body sizes e.g. control, handles etc.

Texture on buttons/ controls/ lids are ergonomics features.

maintenance- easy to access systems/ control- replacing batteries.

Anthropometrics

Concerns the measurements of the physical characteristics of humans and in particular the determination of their physical dimensions, although other data on, how far people reach, how much space you need and force they can exert are all determined.

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Quality Systems

Quality Control- “the process of inspecting products to ensure that they meet the required quality standards”

Checks for faults

Sets standards on how much variation in products is accepted.

Can be implemented at short notice, focuses on output, work in progress and finished goods.

Targets at production.

Emphasises standards required.

Advantage- intended to prevent faulty goods

Disadvantage- individuals not necessarily encourages to take responsibility of their own work, rejected product is costly.

Quality Assurance- focuses on processes how things are made.

This is a medium to long term process, cannot be implemented quickly.

Improves production processes.

Targets at the whole organisation.

Emphasises the customer.

Quality is built into the product,

Stock control can be controlled by ICT

Registering of low stock.

Ordering of stock.

Checking stock levels or stock supplies.

Statistical testing methods:

This testing is usually performed by computers which means automation makes 100% inspections possible.

Data can be immediately feedback.

Reduces failure in the system.

Factor of Safety

Reference to the safety margin (factor) that the designer has allowed for in the design above that which the product or component would normally be expected to withstand.

Inspection

Examination of product to determine if it meets the specified design standards, e.g. dimensions, surface, finish, composition and structure.

Testing

More concerned with functional aspects of the product. Only a limited number tested in this way. Companies do this to:

Avoid expensive recalls.

Ensure consistence/ quality of product manufacture.

Avoid bad publicity.

Ensure the product or components are capable of doing what they were designed to do.

Tolerance

all components are made to a level of tolerance, which is the excepted degree by which they may vary from their normal size. Component parts are manufactured within dimension guidelines known as tolerances. Tolerance is concerned with what is acceptable for the part or [parts to fit together or function.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Design & Manufacture

CAD- Computer Aided Design

Produce 2D & 3D drawings.

production of working drawings

Can be used for designing profiles or stress loading.

Reduced time & labour costs.

Reduces problems when manufacturing.

Information can be stored, edited, shared and retrieved easily.

CAM- Computer Aided Manufacture

Links 2D & 3D modelling with manufacture.

Faster production, more accuracy and material consistency.

Less waste, repeat jobs can be quickly downloaded.

Requires skilled labour.

Saves time and labour and reduces error.

CIM- Computer Integrated Manufacture

Entire production is controlled by computers.

Traditional separated processes are joined-this manufacturing is faster, fewer errors, main disadvantage is that this process is fully automated.

Virtual Imaging

Is the process of producing designs using computer graphics to see all sides of the solution.

Three dimensional views of products of screen.

Images can be manipulated on-screen to give a sense of realism

Quick, interactive with client.

Rapid Prototyping

Is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using 3-dimensional CAD data.

Like a 3D printer instead of ink it uses a solid material and ‘grows’ a 3D product.

Produces detailed products at a relatively low cost.

Relatively quick process compared to other 3D processes.

Spot errors in the design.

Solid Modelling

Is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer modelling of 3D solids such as solid works and solid edge.

Computer based pictorial views provided.

Contains information about the volume and mass of the object.

Suitable for section views.

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Safety

Risks associated with employee and consumer. Employee safety is concerned with concerned with the safety of personnel mainly during the manufacturing stage of a product, whereas consumer safety is concerned that the product is safe for the person to use under normal conditions.

Employee Safety

Refers to safety of people at work. Employers have legal duty to comply with the standard set in the Health and Safety at Work Act and are required to take steps to minimise the risk to employees whilst at work.

This act  aims to protect employees from risks, for controlling the keeping and use of dangerous substances, and for controlling certain emissions into the atmosphere; to make further provision with respect to the employee medical advice.

Trade Description Act

Any descriptions of goods and services, given by a person acting in the course of the trade or business, should be accurate and not misleading. Seeks to control the accuracy of statements and most factual statements about goods are covered. Ensures the users is informed about the country of origin.

British Standards

As the worlds first national standards organisation, BSI British standards has a globally recognised reputation for independence, integrity and innovation in the production of standards and information products that promote and share best practice. It is a leading provider of standardisation and consortia services to the public and private sectors, serving the interest of a wide range of industry sectors as well as governments, consumers, employees and society overall.

British Standards- Reference to the standard set by the British Standards Institute (BSI). 

Safety Standard- Fitness for purpose.

European Kite- marketing

Since 1985 the European Union has been setting out new harmonised technical standards for products sold in the EU. The aim is to protect consumers whilst making sales to member states easier.

Issued as European Directives these standards place particular emphasis on Health & safety. The standards are mandatory, any company from any country selling a product into the EU must ensure its compliance with the applicable European Directives.

The CE (European Conformity) mark is rapidly replacing national standards including the British Standard Kite Mark and German DIN.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Influences on Product Design

Fashion

e.g. Car

Fashion changes to have small, compact economical, environmentally friendly vehicle. the fashion changes have also resulted in shape, colour and profile changes together with availability of internal gadgets.

Cultural/ Social

Social design refers to a process that contributes to improved human well being and livelihood. Cultural design is environmental design in its potential for improving the relationship between technological change and the quality of life. Environmental design seeks not only improved impact on nature, but also making better use of natural materials and processes.

e.g. Mobile phone

The social change has resulted in the way we communicate with the introduction of the mobile phone. The mobile phone has changed dramatically in shape, style, size, and range of functions to meet the demands of all the users.

Scientific Advances

Sustainability

The ability to maintain our quality of life at its present level. From this comes the idea that the current generation of people should not damage the environment in ways which will threaten the quality of life and the environment for future generations.

Environmental Concerns- 3 R’s; Reduce, Reuse & Recycle

Reduce- the electric kettle is designed so that it can minimise the amount of water and energy used when boiling water. This will help reduce the energy needed.

Reuse- of paper bags as a result cutting down on material/ process use.

Recycle- of aluminium cans as a result reducing the use of materials.

Product life cycle- inception, introduction, growth, maturity & decline.

Inception- no growth, product ready to go on market.

Introduction- sales low, advertising is expensive usually a period of negative profit.

Growth- rapid revenue growth, increased sales, customers aware of product.

Maturity- sales continue to increase, advertising costs reduced.

Decline- sales decline, little profit if any, customer tastes change.

Life cycle analysis: The assessment of a products energy consumption, use of raw materials, waste emissions and by-products from its conception through manufacture, distribution and use, to its recycling or disposal.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Manufacturing systems- Continuous production

Continuous production

Is a flow production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption.

Characteristics include:

One product produced.

Production 24 hours for a continual period of time.

Small workforce required.

Costly to stop & restart production.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Manufacturing systems- Concurrent Engineering

Concurrent Engineering

Is a business strategy which places the traditional product development process with one in which tasks are done in parallel and there is an early consideration for every aspect of the products development process.

This strategy focuses on the optimisation and distribution of a firms resources in the design and development process to ensure effective and efficient product development process.

Advantages-

Useful for all kinds and sizes of businesses.

Give companies a competitive edge, and efficiency

Improves the quality, development cycle, production costs and delivery time of the product.

Can create an environment for designing right the first time

Companies that use the concurrent engineering are able to transfer technology to their markets and customers more effectively, rapidly and predictable. They will be able to respond to the customers needs and desires, to produce quality products that meet or exceeds the consumers expectations.

Produces a unified profitable corporation and a satisfied consumer.

Stages of the design process can overlap.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Manufacturing systems- Just in Time Principle (JIT)

Just in Time Principle (JIT)

Means producing the necessary items in necessary quantities at the necessary times.

Benefits:

Reduced operating costs

Greater performance and throughput

Higher quality

Improved delivery

Increased flexibility and innovativeness

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Manufacturing systems- Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

Is a manufacturing system in which there is some amount of flexibility that allows the system to react in the case of changes, whether predicted or unpredicted.

Advantages: 

Preparation time for new products is shorter due to flexibility.

Improved production quality.

Saved labour costs.

Productivity increment.

Disadvantages:

Saved labour costs must be weighed against the initial cost of the FMS.

Drawback of increased flexibility may be decreased productivity.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Manufacturing systems- Cell production

Cell production

Involves both machines and human workers.

In conventional production, products were manufactured in separate areas (each with a responsibility for a different part of the manufacturing process) and many workers would work on their own, as on a production line.

In cell production, or cellular manufacturing, workers are organised into multi-skilled teams. Each team is responsible for a particular part of the production process including quality control and health and safety. This process can lead to increased efficiency and motivation and workers sharing skills.

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Manufacturing systems- One-off production

One-off production

Only one product is made and the cost of production must be covered by the one sale.

Unit cost will be high and is individual and specialised.

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Manufacturing systems- Batch Production

Batch Production

Refers to a manufacturing process in which components or goods are produced in groups (batches) and not in a continuous stream.

Can reduce initial capitial.

Useful for small businesses

Production can be ceased if product fails to sell without incurring massive loses.

Useful  for companies making seasonal products.

Inefficiencies include set up, tooling & time between batches.

[cceatechnoloyrevision]

Manufacturing systems- Mass Production

Mass Production

is the name given to the method of producing goods in large quantities at low cost per unit.

High volume output achieved.

Less need for skilled workers

Worker spends little or no time retrieving and preparing materials.

Human error reduced.

Reduction in labour costs.

Increase in profit margin.

Unit cost reduced.

common forms & sizes are materials ordered in to complete mass produced products that are similar sizes/ thicknesses.

This makes the process of production:

Quicker.

Parts are less expensive.

More readily supply.

More suited to standard tools and equipment.