Steve Harvey tells women what’s up - via http://ift.tt/1VgI2V4
Not today Justin
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@christhechemist
Steve Harvey tells women what’s up - via http://ift.tt/1VgI2V4
my granddad just called me to tell me how big his cauliflowers are growing and it was so cute theyre “TWICE as big as the ones you get in the shop”
i told my granddad this post has 3,500 notes and he said ‘who are they? do i know them?’ he wanted me to list everyone and see if he knew anyone
If you don’t reblog cauliflower granddad, then you’re just a mean person.
Switching Dreams on and Off
At the flip of a switch, UC Berkeley neuroscientists can send a sleeping mouse into dreamland.
The researchers inserted an optogenetic switch into a group of nerve cells located in the ancient part of the brain called the medulla, allowing them to activate or inactivate the neurons with laser light.
When the neurons were activated, sleeping mice entered REM sleep within seconds. REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements, is the dream state in mammals accompanied by activation of the cortex and total paralysis of the skeletal muscles, presumably so that we don’t act out the dreams flashing through our mind.
Inactivating the neurons reduced or even eliminated a mouse’s ability to enter REM sleep.
“People used to think that this region of the medulla was only involved in the paralysis of skeletal muscles during REM sleep,” said lead author Yang Dan, a UC Berkeley professor of molecular and cell biology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. “What we showed is that these neurons triggered all aspects of REM sleep, including muscle paralysis and the typical cortical activation that makes the brain look more awake than in non-REM sleep.”
While other types of neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamus have been shown to influence REM sleep, Dan said, “Because of the strong induction of REM sleep – in 94 percent of the recorded trials our mice entered REM sleep within seconds of activating the neurons – we think this might be a critical node of a relatively small network that makes the decision whether you go into dream sleep or not.”
The UC Berkeley team reported their results in the issue of the British journal Nature.
The discovery will not only help researchers better understand the complex control of sleep and dreaming in the brain, the researchers said, but will allow scientists to stop and start dreaming at will in mice to learn why we dream.
“Many psychiatric disorders, especially mood disorders, are correlated with changes in REM sleep, and some widely used drugs affect REM sleep, so it seems to be a sensitive indicator of mental and emotional health,” said first author Franz Weber, a UC Berkeley postdoctoral fellow. “We are hoping that studying the sleep circuit might lead us to new insights into these disorders as well as neurological diseases that affect sleep, like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.”
Eating and dreaming The researchers also found that activating these brain cells while the mice were awake had no effect on wakefulness, but did make them eat more. In normal mice, these neurons – a subset of nerve cells that release the neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and so are called GABAergic neurons – are most active during waking periods when the mice are eating or grooming, two highly pleasurable activities.
When a laser triggers an optogenetic switch in neurons in the medulla of a sleeping mouse, the animal goes from non-REM sleep (NREM) into REM or dream sleep. The axons of these neurons (green) reach into distant parts of the primitive brain, such as the hypothalamus, broadly affecting brain function. (Franz Weber image.)
Dan suspects that these GABAergic neurons in the medulla have the opposite effect of stress neurons, such as the noradrenergic neurons in the pons, another ancient part of the brain. Noradrenergic neurons release the transmitter noradrenalin, a cousin of adrenalin.
“Other people have found that noradrenergic neurons, which are active when you are running, shut down when eating or grooming. So it seems like when you are relaxed and enjoying yourself, the noradrenergic neurons switch off and these GABAergic neurons in the medulla turn on,” she said.
The GABAergic neurons project from the ventral part of the medulla, which sits at the top of the spinal cord, into many regions of the brainstem and hypothalamus, and thus are able to affect many bodily functions. These regions – more primitive than the brain’s cortex, the center of thinking and reasoning – are the seat of emotions and many innate behaviors as well as the control centers for muscles and automatic functions such as breathing.
Optical brain state switching Dan, Weber and their colleagues chose a powerful technique called optogenetics to study these REM-related GABAergic neurons in the medulla. The technique involves inserting a light-sensitive ion channel into specific types of neurons by means of a virus. To target the virus to GABAergic neurons, the researchers used a genetically engineered mouse line that expresses a marker protein in these specific neurons only. Once present, the ion channel can turn on the activity of neurons when stimulated by laser light through an optical fiber inserted in the brain. Alternatively, inserting an inhibitory ion pump into the GABAergic neurons allowed the researchers to turn off the activity of these neurons through laser stimulation.
Using this genetically engineered strain of mice, the researchers mapped the activity of these neurons in the medulla and then recorded how activating or inactivating the neurons for brief periods affected sleep and waking behavior.
They also used a drug to inactivate the same set of neurons and found a reduction of REM sleep, though not as immediate and lasting for a longer period of time, since the drug required about half an hour to take effect and wore off slowly.
They also inserted the light-sensitive ion channels into a different set of neurons in the medulla: glutamatergic neurons, which release the neurotransmitter glutamate. Activating these neurons immediately awakened the animals, the opposite effect of activating the GABAergic neurons.
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Anomalously Amusing
➨ funny tumblr [via imgur]
Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory have discovered a way to use sound waves to levitate individual droplets of solutions (Video)
PS4′s lead architect discusses the death of console gaming
Five years ago, video game fans and analysts alike would have told you the next console generation would be the last. The market was shifting to mobile and PC gaming, the generation had lasted years longer than it should have and nothing could possibly impress the skeptical enthusiasts. …
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Gen1-Gen6 starter Pokemon :)
The Camel Did It: Scientists Nail Down Source Of Middle East Virus
In the two years since Middle East respiratory syndrome was first diagnosed in people, scientists have struggled to figure out how we catch the deadly virus. Some blamed bats. Others pointed at camels.
Now scientists in Saudi Arabia offer the strongest evidence yet that the one-humped dromedaries can indeed spread the MERS virus — which has infected more than 800 people on four continents, including two men in the U.S.
Last October, a 44-year-old retired military man caught MERS while treating one of his drippy-nosed camels at a farm near Jeddah, scientists say. The camel was congested. The man applied something like a vapor rub directly to the camel’s nose. A week later, he fell ill. He was admitted to an intensive care unit on November 3 and died on the 18th.
The MERS viruses isolated from both the man and camel had almost exactly the same the DNA sequence, scientists report Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine.
"It unequivocally demonstrates that transmission from camels to people is possible," says virologist Ian Lipkin from Columbia University, who wasn’t involved in the study.
MERS causes pneumonia-like symptoms and sometimes organ failure. There’s no cure or vaccine. So figuring out where the virus originates is key to stopping it.
Camels have been at the top of list. The MERS virus has been circulating in Arabian camels for more than two decades, scientists reported in February. And the virus has been found in a camels at a farm owned by two people who caught MERS in Qatar.
But these studies were missing one critical component, says immunologist Matthew Frieman of the University of Maryland: “The direction of the infection was never known,” he says. Did the camels infect people or did people infect the camels?
Continue reading.
Photo: A Saudi Arabian man wears a mask to protect against the Middle East respiratory syndrome at his farm outside Riyadh, May 12. (Fayez Nureldine/AFP/Getty Images)
Silent train and bus journeys can be long and miserable, but one study found that a bit of small talk with strangers can make those trips more enjoyable.
Researchers at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business divided commuters into three groups—one told to ignore their fell...
So eh, this is the greatest thing ever.
Merry Christmas!
Frozach Submitted
Whoa that was good
VU investigators confirm bromine’s critical role in tissue development
Twenty-seven chemical elements are considered to be essential for human life.
Now there is a 28th — bromine.
In a paper published Thursday, June 5, in the journal Cell, Vanderbilt University researchers establish for the first time that bromine, among the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements in the universe, is the 28thelement essential for tissue development in all animals, from primitive sea creatures to humans.
“Without bromine, there are no animals. That’s the discovery,” said Billy Hudson, Ph.D., the paper’s senior author and Elliott V. Newman Professor of Medicine.
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Just me, most of the time
Missouri Pastor’s Fiery Speech Against Equal Rights for Homosexuals Has Stunning Twist Ending
Pardon my French, but this Pastor is a badass mothafucka.
The entire speech is further enhanced by the insight provided in this YouTube comment:
(Source)
Watch till the end. Trust me.
Someone give this man an award.
He literally just slayed their assholes open wow
Watch how uncomfortable the people in the background get when the speech turns around. They were probably agreeing with everything he had said up until then.
Give this man a gold medal to go along with those cast-iron balls.
There are two primary choices in life: to accept conditions as they exist, or accept the responsibility for changing them”
― Denis Waitley (via psych-quotes)
"It is a strange process to suck the pollution out of the air and have it in our hands a few minutes later," Roosegaarde says. "It looks like a mystic black powder, but most mesmerizing about this is that normally you would have to breathe it."
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