On Non-Fallacious Arguments
Philosophy is really about nuance. If you failed to understand nuances, youâll likely fail to understand subtle differences between one view and another. This understanding is required to see that some otherwise fallacious arguments are not actually fallacious; in other words, there are, for instance, non-fallacious ad hominem arguments. Iâll give an example of such an argument prior to talking about a particular kind of argument thatâs surprisingly common; itâs also effective, but overlooked because itâs considered fallacious.
An example of a non-fallacious ad hominem argument is when you point to someoneâs lack of expertise or acumen on a topic or in a technical field. Again, nuance is required because such an argument can also be fallacious. There are, however, cases in where the argument is effective. Letâs say you need an appendectomy. We can all agree that no one would consider getting one from someone who isnât a surgeon unless in a rare case like finding yourself in a precarious situation in where there are no available medical professionals, e.g., during the zombie apocalypse. So when someone says x person canât speak on y field because he doesnât have the qualifications, I consider this an effective argument unless the individual on the receiving end of this non-fallacious ad hominem can prove otherwise. Perhaps the individual has acquired a level of expertise or, at the very least, can prove themselves adept without having attended college or having more traditional experience in the field in question.
An argument along these lines that I see quite often is an argument from ignorance that isnât fallacious. A fallacious argument from ignorance is, for example, an argument from personal incredulity. Itâs not enough that you donât have enough information, that you are not familiar with enough evidence or proof. Thatâs pretty much your problem and is no argument against something you refuse to accept as fact. There are, however, cases in where collectively we donât have enough information â cases in where we donât have enough evidence or proof. So when people say that theyâre not willing to write off alien life, some of them employ non-fallacious arguments from ignorance. In this particular case, we donât have enough information; we donât have enough evidence for or against. Sure, we have the statistical likelihood that thereâs life elsewhere in the universe, i.e., Drake Equation; we, however, do not have solid evidence. Moreover, we arenât even familiar with the various combinations of parameters that could result in life. In fact, the assumption that only Earth-like parameters result in life, e.g., the importance of liquid water, may be whatâs holding us back.
As with all things in philosophy, even the identification of fallacies requires an understanding of subtleties. Thereâs quite a difference between âyouâre wrong, you moron!â and âI doubt your conclusion because you have no relevant qualifications in this particular discipline.â Thereâs quite a difference between âyouâre wrong because I havenât come across evidence to support your conclusionâ and âwe donât know enough or havenât acquired enough evidence to draw a conclusion on this matter.â The key with a non-fallacious argument from ignorance is that this claim of ignorance has to be true not just of you but also of everyone else. It has to be a demonstrable collective ignorance rather than just your ignorance.