The Tate Guide to Modern Art Terms, Simon Wilson and Jessica Lack. ISBN 978-1-85437-750-0
Abstract Art
The word ‘abstract’, means to separate or withdraw something from something else. In that sense it applies to art in which the wrist has started with some object and abstracted elements from it to arrive at a simplified or schematised form. A cluster of theoretical ideas lies behind abstract art; the idea of art for art’s sake - that art should purely about the creation of beautiful effects. Derived from the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, that the highest form of beauty lies not in the forms of the real world, but in geometry; the idea that abstract art, to the extent that is does not represent the material world, can be seen to represent the spiritual.
Biomorphic
Sculpture biomorphic forms or images that evoke living forms such as plants and the human body. Bios (life) and morphe (form)
Caricature
Usually a drawing of a person or thing in which the features and form have been distorted of exaggerated in order to satirise the subject.
Composition
The terms on how the artist has arranged the elements of the work so as to bring them into a relationship of satisfactory to the artist and, it is hoped, the viewer.
Contemporary art
Loosely used to denote art of the present day and relatively recent past, of an avant-garde nature.
Deconstruction
A form of criticism that involves discovering, recognising and understanding the underlying assumptions, ideas and frameworks such as works of art.
Figurative
Since the arrival of abstract art the term figurative has been used to refer to any form of modern art that retains strong references to the real world and particularly to the human body. Applied to all art before abstract art.
Form
In relation to art the term form has two meanings. First it refers to the overall form taken by the work - its physical nature. Secondly, within an artwork form refers to the element of shape among the various elements that make up a work. Sculpture, for example, consists almost exclusively of form. In treating or creating form in art, the artist aims to modify natural appearances in order to make a new form that is expressive and conveys some sensation or meaning in itself.
Formalism
In general, the term formalism describes the critical position that the most important aspect of a work of art it its form, that is, the way it is made and its purely visual aspects, rather than its narrative, content, or its relationship to the visible world.
Haptic
Relates to the way in which humans interact by touch with the world around them. Artists use haptic technology to give the sensation of physical presents to a virtual object.
Luminism
Term roughly meaning ‘painting of light’.
Naturalism
Until early 19th century, human figure art tended to be idealised or stylised. Naturalism was the board movement to represent things closer to the way we see them.
Simulacrum
A term from Greek Platonic philosophy that meant a copy of a copy of an ideal form. In postmodernist thought, through the writings of Deleuze, the term has been revived in the contact of arguments about the relationship between original work of art and its replication.