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Formats of Digital Certificate and How to Change Them

What is a digital certificate?

The validity of a device, server, or user by utilizing encryption and the public key infrastructure (PKI) is confirmed by a digital certificate file or alternatively, an electronic password. To make sure that only reliable people and devices may connect to their networks, organizations can utilize digital certificate authentication. A secure sockets layer certificate, or SSL certificate, is another common use for digital certificates. It allows a web browser to confirm the validity of a website.

The digital certificate provides precise information about the certificate owner’s identity and the certifying authority. Digital certificates can be obtained or converted in a variety of forms. Different certificate types, on the other hand, offer neither advantages or disadvantages.It all relies on the format requirements of the certificate for the programme that will use it.

Certificate encoding schemes and extensions include:

Binary:

DER: .der, .cer

PKCS#12: .p12, pfx

Base64:

PKCS#7 .p7c, .p7b

PEM: .crt, .ca-bundle, .pem

Components of a digital certificate

A digital certificate is composed of four components. Owner’s Distinguished Name is at the top, followed by Owner’s Public Key, Issuer’s (CA) Distinguished Name, and Issuer’s Signature.

The digital certificate’s contents are further described in the following list:

Owner’s Distinguished Name (ODN): It is a combination of the owner’s common name and context (position) in the directory tree.

Owner’s Public Key: The receivers decrypt data using the owner’s public key.

Alternate Name for the Subject: This can be an identification like an IP address, email address, fully qualified domain name, etc.

Issue: Digital certificates are issued with an issuance date.

Expiration date: Date on which the digital certificate expires.

Name distinguished by the Issuer: Name distinguished by the Certification Authority.

Digital Signature of the Issuer: A certificate’s issuer’s digital signature is used to verify it.

Read about – Cheap Code Signing Certificate

Types of extensions: Different formats

PEM

A PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail) file is a certificate file with Base64 encoding that is used to confirm the security of websites. It could include a private key, a certificate from a certificate authority (CA) for the server, or other certificates from the trust chain. PEM files are frequently imported from a Unix-based Apache Web server and are compatible with OpenSSL applications.

Read About – SSL Certificate

A text editor can be used to see the contents of a PEM file. There are one or more headers in the file that list the data they contain. The “—-BEGIN CERTIFICATE—-” and “—-END CERTIFICATE—-” statements are present in a certificate’s PEM file.

Private keys and certificates can be sequentially stored in a PEM file. PEM files are often used by Linux and Unix-based web servers. PEM files often include the following extensions:.cer,.pem,.crt, and.key .

DEM

A certificate file in binary format is known as a DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) file. You must view the file using a text editor to distinguish between DER.cer and PEM.cer since DER files can either end in.der or.cer. A DER file shouldn’t contain any BEGIN/END statements since doing so will alter the binary data.

Both private keys and digital certificates can be encoded using the DER format. Java systems frequently employ DER files. The.cer and.der file extensions are frequently used for DER files.

PKCS#7

A certificate file that is Base64-encoded is PKCS#7. Private keys cannot be kept in this format. The PKCS#7 file format may only be used to hold digital certificates and Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL).

The “—-BEGIN PKCS7—-” and “—-END PKCS7—-” phrases are found in PKCS#7 files. The.p7b and.p7c file extensions are frequently used with PKCS#7 files. These files are often used by Microsoft Windows and Java Tomcat systems.

PKCS#8

Private keys and encrypted private key information can both be included in this format. It often uses a DER or PEM structure, which is subsequently encrypted, to store the data in base64 encoded form. The typical ending is.p8.

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RSA Algorithm: A Trusted Method for Encrypting and Securing Data

The RSA algorithm is a commonly used method for secure data transmission in the field of cryptography. It is a type of public-key encryption, which means that it uses two different keys for the encryption and decryption process: a public key and a private key. The public key is used to encrypt the data, while the private key is used to decrypt it.

What is the RSA algorithm?

The RSA algorithm is a powerful encryption method that is widely used to protect sensitive information. It is a type of public-key encryption, which means that it uses two different keys for the encryption and decryption process: a public key and a private key. The public key is used to encrypt the data, while the private key is used to decrypt it.

RSA was first introduced in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, and since then it has become the de facto standard for secure data transmission. It is based on the mathematical properties of large prime numbers, making it one of the most secure encryption methods currently in use.

The RSA algorithm works by first generating two large prime numbers, p and q. These prime numbers are used to calculate a third value, n, which is the product of p and q. The value of n is used as the modulus for both the public and private keys.

Read about – Cheap Code Signing Certificate

Why is the RSA algorithm used?

The RSA algorithm is used for secure data transmission because it provides both confidentiality and authenticity. It uses a pair of public and private keys to encrypt and decrypt messages, ensuring that only the intended recipient can read the message and that the message has not been tampered with. It is widely used for secure communications such as email, file transfer, and VPNs, and for digital signatures, software protection, and secure online transactions.

How does the RSA algorithm work?

The RSA algorithm is a method for secure data transmission. It is widely used in electronic commerce and other communications. The algorithm is based on the mathematical properties of large prime numbers and the difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers.

The basic steps of the RSA algorithm are:

Select two large prime numbers, p and q.

Compute n = pq, where n is used as the modulus for both the public and private keys.

Select a public exponent e, where 1 < e < φ(n) (φ is the Euler’s totient function) and e is relatively prime to φ(n).

Compute the private exponent d, where d = e^-1 mod φ(n).

The public key is the pair of values (n, e) and the private key is the pair of values (n, d).

To encrypt a message, the sender uses the recipient’s public key (n, e) and raises the message to the power of e (mod n). To decrypt the message, the recipient uses their private key (n, d) and raises the encrypted message to the power of d (mod n).

Read About – SSL Certificate

Because the encryption and decryption keys are related by the properties of large prime numbers and modular arithmetic, it is computationally infeasible to determine the private key based on knowledge of the public key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can decrypt the message.

Example of RSA encryption algorithm

Here is an example of how the RSA encryption algorithm can be used to encrypt a message:

Select two large prime numbers, p = 61 and q = 53.

Compute n = pq = 61 * 53 = 3233, which will be used as the modulus for both the public and private keys.

Compute φ(n) = (p-1)(q-1) = (61-1)(53-1) = 3120.

Select a public exponent e, such as e = 17. (e is relatively prime to φ(n) = 3120)

Compute the private exponent d, using the extended Euclidean algorithm. We find that d = 2753.

The public key is the pair of values (n, e) = (3233, 17) and the private key is the pair of values (n, d) = (3233, 2753).

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OWASP AND ITS 10 VULNERABILITIES

The full form of OWASP is the Open Web Application Security Project. It is a non-profit group that helps a variety of organizations to develop, purchase, and maintain software applications that can be trusted. The educate developers, designers, architects, and business owners all are sought by OWASP to identify the risk associate with the most common web application security vulnerabilities. OWASP is known as a forum as it supports both open source and commercial security products in which information technology professionals can network and build expertise. The materials which are needed by the organizations are available for the free and open software license.

TOP 10 VULNERABILITIES OF OWASP

OWASP is the open call for data and best for industries and companies to perform secure code reviews, penetration testing, etc., and can send their data anonymously. For producing a frequency of each risk and each vulnerability, the data will be collated and assigned based on the score on its exploitability, prevalence, detectability, and technical impact.

Injection

Broken Authentication

Sensitive data exposure

XML External Entities (XXE)

Broken access control

Security misconfigurations

Cross-Site Scripting

Insecure Deserialization

Using components with known Vulnerabilities

Insufficient Logging and Monitoring

Original Article

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What is the Difference between Hashing and Encryption?

Hashing, encryption these words seem more complex and challenging to understand even when we heard them, right?

But don’t worry; there is nothing complicated or complex about them. Hashing and encryption are simply techniques to hide the data from a third party when we are sending it over the network.

So you must be a thing if both perform the same function why we need them both? But here comes a tricky part even both techniques do the same function more or less, the usage for each technique is different.

Let’s first look at the hashing and what it does?

The hashing technique has three parts the data or we can say input, hash function, or an algorithm for data conversion and output or the data we get after processing with the algorithm.

So what hashing does is, it converts large data files into a small one. So again, the question comes it similar to compression of data? The answer is no. Compression is reversible; hashing is not.

Once the data is converted it is very difficult to reverse the process.

Let’s take an example.

You are the General in Military and you get the information through your spy network that your enemy is coming back to your base in a few hours so you must relocate your position with all the important data.

Now, what will you do? How can you transfer such sensitive data you have collected and stored so far with an open network with just a few hours left? And that’s where hashing comes to play.

In this situation, you put your data into a hashing algorithm and send it to the command base so even if the enemy somehow gets hold of your data all they can see is just numbers and letters. And your data transformation also becomes very fast and also required less space to store the data in the command base.

So the advantages of hashing are transferring data becomes fast and required less space as the data is now converted into numbers.

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What is Vishing? And How to Protect from it?

All of us at least ones got that phone call telling us we won the lottery of million dollars but when we try to get that so-called winning money they told us to give them our bank detail and that is what we called Vishing in technical terms.

The word vishing made up of two terms voice and phishing. Phishing is the word used mostly by cybersecurity professionals, meaning trying to get sensitive information about one’s bank account, credit card number, etc. through emails, dummy websites, or any other electronic communication.

So the word Vishing means trying to get someone’s personal information through the voice that is through phone calls.

How many kinds of Vishing is there?

There are numerous ways people can do Vishing. Some of them are as follows.

Bank frauds

In this kind of fraud, a person tries to get your bank details by saying your bank account is compromised.

Credit card frauds

In this scammer try to get detail of your credit card by saying they can give you an exclusive offer on your credit card.

Tax frauds

A fraud person can call you telling he is from the Income Tax Department and if you don’t file your Income Tax today only, you will need to pay extra charges. And then can tell you to file income tax with a given website. In this way, you will lose the money you put on to file income tax and your bank details.

Original Article

What is Vishing?

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What is Cloudflare SSL Certificate & How to Install it?

How to Enable Free SSL Certificate From CloudFlare

The full model of SSL encryption provides from end-users to Cloudflare and from its origin server. On your origin server, an SSL certificate is required. There is 3 option for installing the server in full SSL mode: one is issued by a Certificate Authority (CA), one is issues by Cloudflare (Origin CA), and last is a self-signed certificate. It is recommended that you should always use a certificate that is obtained through Cloudflare Origin CA.

MODES OF OPERATION

Depending on the level of security requires and the amount of configuration you need the different modes of Cloudflare SSL to operate accordingly. The end-users’ traffic will always be encrypted which means your website will still enjoy the benefits of HTTPS. There can be a variety of ways through which traffic between Cloudflare and origin server can be configured.

Also Read – Top FREE SSL Certificate Providers

FLEXIBLE SSL

The end-users’ data on your website is encrypted in flexible SSL traffic from Cloudflare but not from Cloudflare to your origin server. This way is one of the easiest of enabling HTTPS on your origin without any installation requirement of an SSL certificate. It is not as secure as other option but flexible SSL helps in protecting your visitors from large scale threats including public Wi-Fi snooping and ad injection over HTTP.

ORIGIN CA

Origin CA does not use the certificate issued by the Certificate Authority (CA). It uses a Cloudflare-issued SSL certificate. The friction and configuring SSL on your origin server is reduced and also still secure the traffic from your origin to Cloudflare. You can generate a signed certificate in the Cloudflare dashboard instead of issuing a certificate signed by the CA.

HOW TO SETUP CLOUDFLARE FLEXIBLE SSL FOR WORDPRESS

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How to Send Encrypted Email on Outlook, Gmail, iOS, & Android

With the rise of the internet, our world started growing a lot faster, a lot bigger. The Internet made everything easier to be it sending some files to your colleague through email or asking help from your friend who is living far away from you.

But as Uncle Ben said to our favorite Spiderman, “With great powers comes great responsibility”. Everyone should use the internet responsibly. But it is not the case. Some people use information and messages we send to others for their advantages.

And that’s where encryption comes to play. And most common use of encryption is the encryption of emails.

Emails are the most common way of communication between different organizations and between people. There were millions of emails sent and received. Although we don’t know how many of them are encrypted.

So if you are wondering how to encrypt your emails read the article carefully and you will thank me later.

Let first see what exactly encrypting emails mean.

So encryption is a technique used to convert the plain text or a simple text into some hidden text.

So encrypting emails means converting whatever that you are sending to the other person a data, a text or images into something which is not recognizable by simply looking at it or reading it.

Therefore if another person gets hold of this information he won’t be able to identify or specify what is in the data.

There are two types of encryption techniques uses to encrypt emails.

S/MIME is a short form for secure/multipurpose internet mail extension

In this technique, there is a centralized authority that stores your keys.

This technique already installed in the software which is provided by big companies such as Gmail, Outlook, iOS.

PGP/MIME is a short form for pretty good privacy/multipurpose internet mail extension

In this technique, there is a decentralized authority.

You can create your key with this technique.

We have to use a third party system to use this technique.

It is generally used in an Android-based system.

Both of these techniques two key methods. In which sender has the public key which is available in the public domain and the receiver has the private which is stored somewhere in his system. So to decrypt the data sent by the private sender key is necessary

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How to Encrypt Files on Linux?

How to encrypt files on linux?

There are various commands for encrypting files on Linux. You can use file permission option to limit the access of file contents but the more effective limiting of access on files can be done by choosing the file encryption option. The encryption of files in Linux means that a file is altered with commands and tools of Linux and it is unusable and unreadable for everyone unless the owner did not reverse the process of encryption. The size of the file is not reduced while encryption in Linux unless compression is not used for it. The encryption might make some files larger.

While preparing the file to encrypt there are some things which you need to keep in mind and those are how you intend to use it, how to manage keys of file decryption, and check whether the original file remains in the original system or replace from the place after encryption. Every user’s top priority is security and the user wants to secure sensitive information.

WAYS OF ENCRYPTING FILES ON LINUX

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What is Document Signing Certificate? Importance of Documents Signing

DOCUMENT SIGNING CERTIFICATE AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Digital signing certificates enable the digitally signing of Adobe, Microsoft office, and other types of documents. This will ensure the marking of visual trust indicators that verifies the publisher’s identity. This will also indicate that the document has not been altered.

Different documents authenticate at the time of document signing certification such as legal documents, invoices, engineering plans, and diagrams, diplomas, etc. This will help in secure and efficient electronic transmission of official papers. The digital signing reduces the cost of printing and maintaining paper files.

BRIEF HISTORY OF DOCUMENT SIGNING

The document signing certificate is the first-ever human document. Since a long time ago, people are using paper records, scrawling notes on walls, stone tablets, parchment, etc. In the present time, people are more engage in digital records and communicate via digital tools. With time the standardized languages and documents authentication methods have been developed.

In 1069, El Cid a nobleman of Spanish put his mark on military documents by signing his name and enabled that those who received it would able to identify that he genuinely writes it. This is one of the earliest records in the history of a notable person that used a handwritten signature for validating a document. The primary means of substantiating documents are written signatures.

In 1996 United Nations officially recognized digital signatures and because of the modern computerized world signatures have gone digital. The digital signature makes the work easy. People can sign emails, documents, and all other files through digital media. This not only improves efficiency but also authenticates documents which are the most secure method in human history.

Complete Article

What is Document Signing Certificate?

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Basics of Encryption, Types of Encryption & Encryption Algorithm

BASICS OF ENCRYPTION

Encryption has become part of every person’s everyday life. It helps to defeat the cybercriminals and snoopers. The online traffic will be clear and visible to the prying eyes by definitely using VPN. In the US legislative push people and limit ways to use encryption. The EARN IT Act which is set by the government will be the best practice for tech companies. The encryption and its algorithms can be of various types that help you to understand better about what is encryption.

Must Read – What is Encryption?

What’s an Encryption Type?

In the types, the main thing is to deal with the way that encryption processes operate. The three significant forms of encryption type are:

Asymmetric: Asymmetric cryptography is one of the common forms of encryption used on today’s internet. It is also known as public-key cryptography. The data in this type of encryption can be secured by using a pair of keys. There are two types of keys used in the encryption process, one is the public key and another one is the private key.The encryption services provider and also used to apply initial encryption is the public key. Ensure that it will usually change on a regular basis so that it can be protected from the hackers. The main work of the private key is to decrypt data once it reaches its destination. The holding of the private key is with the user or recipient only.The asymmetric encryption will be ubiquitous on the web. The asymmetric encryption used in Bitcoin, APIs payment, and many more. This will ensure that the credit card details will be secure. It is a slower encryption type as compare to symmetric encryption due to this it is mostly used to encrypt small pieces of data.

Symmetric: A single key is used in the symmetric encryption. In this, the two nodes of the information are encrypted and decrypted by a single key. By using random-number generators the key will be created and they are grades of sophistication. The best symmetric encryption will be weaker than the asymmetric alternatives. The main benefit of symmetric encryption is its speed. As well have discussed the only key is used in this type so data can be encrypted and read must faster.

Hash functions: Hash functions slightly vary in features than symmetric and asymmetric encryption. For the data protection purpose, the hash functions turn the plaintext into impenetrable code. The main aim of the hash function is to convert an input into a predetermined output. The size of the input does not matter either it is small or large; it will create a hash for the same fixed length. In the conventional sense, there is no decryption as the hash created will not turn back into the input. It is a very powerful tool but at the same, it also seems less useful than standard encryption.

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Basics of Encryption

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What is Transport Layer Security (TLS)? A COMPLETE GUIDE ABOUT TLS

A COMPLETE GUIDE ABOUT TLS

The first TLS version was established in 1999. TLS is a Transport Layer Security that is a widely adopted security protocol. It is designed to ensure privacy and data security for communication over the Internet. The primary and main purpose of TLS is encrypting the communication between web applications and servers.

TLS also provides encryption to other communication modes like emails, messaging, and voice over IP. It was proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In 2018, the most recent version of TLS 3.0 was published. TLS is valuable because it provides security to both the user and client by encrypting the information.

Must Read – What is SSL Certificate?

WHAT DOES TLS DO?

Three major security problems while sending information online are:

– How can we identify that the person whom we are communicating is the one who they say?

– How can we know the data hasn’t tampered which they sent?

– What will be the ways of preventing data from other people?

These issues are very crucial and can create a big mess if even a single issue is not identified properly. A good range of cryptographic techniques is used by TLS to address these problems. They check the data integrity of the third party in connection and provide encryption to information.

For instance – one person simply transfers some payment to his/her relative friend that lives across the country; then one will surely be worried about the problems mentioned above. TLS fulfills all these process requirements of the person. TLS handshake is the way through which authentication takes place and keys are established.

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What is TLS

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Your Connection Is Not Private – Best Solution in 2021

What is “Your Connection Is Not Private” Error?

The websites that are running over HTTPS shows “Your connection is not private” error. The place where the site is hosted gets a message by the browser when you visit a particular website. For ensuring that the website certificate is up to current privacy standards, the browser needs to install the validated certificate on the website. The certificates also checked by a certificate authority for the decryption of the certificate.

The browser will always prevent you from reaching that particular website whose certificate is not valid. This is an exciting feature that is already in built-in web browsers for protecting users. If the certificate on the website is not properly set up, that means that the user’s data is not encrypted and it is also not safe to visit that site. So these unsafe sites show a message by the browser that “Your connection is not private.”

SSL CONNECTION ERROR MEANING

Secure Socket Layer (SSL) certificates provide privacy and encryption over HTTPS connections. The security barriers that are used for the safety and protection of the data on authorize connection is HTTPS. When the browser doesn’t have a way secure way to protect your data from the unsafe site then it will show SSL connection error. The browser will try to stop you from accessing the website if it will feel that the particular site is unsafe and not have a secure connection. There are some reasons due to which SSL connection error appears:

– Missing or expired certificate

– Non-updated browser

– Antivirus and date or timing settings are wrong

– Issue in the server

HOW “Your Connection Is Not Private” LOOKS ON DIFFERENT BROWSERS?

Depending on the web browser you are using, there are variations or looks of this error. The configuration is also differing for different web browsers.

Google Chrome

Google Chrome will take you to a separate page named privacy error when this error message shows to the user. On that page, a significant exclamation point in red color appears and also “Your connection is not private” message visible on the page. This will protect your information and tell you about the problems like attackers that may hack your credit card details, passwords, and messages.

This will highly aware of you and protect you from not visit that particular unsafe website but even then if you want to visit that site then it will show an advance option. Click on that Advance option while going back to the previous page and attempt to visit the website.

Must Read – How to Solve / Fix SSL Certificate Error in Google Chrome?

Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Firefox shows the message “Your connection is not secure”. Along with this message the browser also aware you that the owner misconfigured the website. It will also give you the option of advanced settings if you want to visit the unsafe site.

Also Read – How to Fix SSL Error on Firefox

Safari

Safari browser users will receive the message of an error on the new page, saying, “This connection is not private.” This also makes aware that your information may be stolen and hacked as the site is impersonating.

Also Read – SAFARI CAN’T VERIFY THE IDENTITY OF THE WEBSITE

Microsoft edge

Microsoft Edge shows the error that is almost similar to Google chrome. It says that “Your connection is not private”.

HOW TO FIX “Your Connection Is Not Private” ERROR?

Sometimes you might even get confused about how to begin and deal with this error. Typically, there can be 2 significant reasons for appearing the error: one is the issue from the client-side and others can be a certificate problem on the website. There are different ways discussed below through you can fix this error.

Reload the page

This might seem to be obvious and the first thing you should try. Reload the page again when you face the error “your connection is not private.” Simply close and re-open the browser and again search for the site which you want to visit. This may solve the issue sometime when the owner of the website is reissuing the SSL certificate or browser is having some problem.

Try Incognito Mode

In Incognito mode, the data will be saved to try this and visit that particular site. If the website is seriously having some security issues, it will not open in Incognito mode.

Check date and time

Check your system date and time. The site can also show the error if your system date and time is not updated. The information will appear on the previous date and time that is updated on your system.

Clear cache and cookies from the browser

When you search something then at that time the browser stores caches and cookies that can take up a huge space of your hard disk. The computer will become slow down. For solving this issue, you can go to your browser settings and clear all the caches and cookies. This will speed up the connection and also may explain the “your connection is not private” error.

Check Wi-Fi connection

The public Wi-Fi may not be safe and secure as some public Wi-Fi does not run HTTPS and has a poor configuration. Try not to use public Wi-Fi for searching for anything related to information that can be hacked. Always use your private and safe Wi-Fi connection. This will secure and encrypt your information. If it’s very urgent and you don’t have any option rather using public Wi-Fi, then you can hide your information by using Virtual Private Network (VPN). This will hide your identity and also protect you from traffic.

Check antivirus

If there is an antivirus connection in your system, then search for its update. The antivirus can override your network because “your connection is not private” error appears. This issue can be resolve by disabling the antivirus for some time.

CONCLUSION

The browser may sometime be challenging to troubleshoot for the person. This “your connection is not private” error does not always mean that it is not secure. The ways we discussed so far may be the problem of the error and can be solved using one of them.

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TOP CERTIFICATES AUTHORITIES IN 2021

In the present time, people live most of their lives online. They try to find out everything thing on the internet, even the smallest item. For example – payment of bills, online meetings, online shopping, recharges, etc. Various tasks become easier, faster, and more practical via online mode.

The work through online mode will be more interactive and real-time. But the main point is that there is a dangerous side effect also of using online platforms. The information may be hacked which users put for doing any work. The one that secures the user’s information is the SSL certificate.

The Certificate Authorities can issue an SSL certificate that secures there as well as user’s information from cybercrime attacks.

10 BEST SSL CERTIFICATES IN 2021

1. Sectigo

Sectigo has an SSL certificate solution for anybody. It provides certificate security from home to office and e-commerce as well as enterprises. This company is trusted by almost all browsers and also it offers 256-bit encryption. They provide a reasonable time of warranty, unlimited server license, and expert phone support.

The Sectigo DV SSL certificate can be installed in minutes and its package starts from $79 per year. It is one of the most trusted certificate companies in the whole world. The Sectigo SSL certificate comes with various handy tools that can be used very quickly.

List of Sectigo SSL Certificates

2. Comodo

One of the largest SSL certificate providers to small and medium business companies. It protects customer transactions and also very cost-effective. The price of the Comodo SSL certificate starts from $7.27 per year. It provides excellent support to the customers.

The validation of the certificate may take some time. The ‘point-to-verify’ technology is a unique feature offered by Comodo. It helps in showing the real-time view to your customers and the verification of your business credentials. It provides the protection of 256-bit encryption and a prominent level of security to the customers with 2048 bit signatures. This Certificate Authorities also give you the 30-day money-back guarantee, TrustLogo seal, and free SSL certificate management tools.

List of Comodo SSL Certificates

3. Digicert

It is an American company certificate provider which was found in 2003. Digicert provides encryption solutions for websites and the Internet of Things (IoT). The best advantage of Digicert SSL certificate company is it reissues a free certificate for the lifetime on unlimited servers.

The Digicert certificate is costly as the starting price of the company is $188 per year. Most of the web browsers, mail systems, and mobile devices have full faith in this company. It provides 256-bit encryption. The Digicert SSL certificate is used by multinational companies like IBM, Verizon, etc. It is one of the highly popular certificate providers of companies.

List of Digicert SSL Certificates

4. Symantec

All over the world, Symantec provides cybersecurity software and services and it is a Fortune 500 company. It will be able to secure our website with 256-bit encryption. It also provides a feature that helps to safeguard your website from malicious and dangerous infections automatically.

It provides one of the most trusted seals named Norton secured seal on their SSL certificates. It is not supported by TLS 1.3 version. The SSL certificate price of Symantec company starts from $340 per year.

List of Symantec SSL Certificate

5. Global Sign

Global Sign SSL certificate Provider Company was established in 1996. It is the most well-known and best certificate provider in the web industry in India. It provides certificates to all the business size, automates the authentication and encryption, and manages online communication. It gives encryption by using SHA-256. Global Sign certificate price starts from $249 per year.

Whenever you want to cancel or reissue the certificate, then Global Sign will do it immediately and at any time. It will not give you the money-back guarantee benefit. The SEO ranking on Google can be boosted by Global Sign certificate.

List of Globalsign SSL Certificate

6. Thawte

40% of the global SSL market is an account by Thawte Certificate Authorities. It is protecting identities and transactions in over 240 countries. Thawte SSL certificate price starts from $149 per year. It is again one of the cost-effective certificate provider companies. It offers 256-bit encryption.

It consists of excellent certificate management tools. It can be installed in as many servers as you want without any extra charge. In case you have upgraded or made some changes in your server then you can reissue the SSL certificate from Thawte for free. There will be a variety of certificate plans according to your need and demand.

List of Thawte SSL Certificate

7. Geotrust

Geotrust is the second-largest SSL certificate provider in the whole world. It is providing an SSL certificate in over 150 countries. Geotrust SSL certificate price starts from $149 per year. It provides the encryption of 256-bit. Geotrust is a high-quality SSL certificate and trusted by many companies.

It offers a 30-day money-back guarantee feature. They offer a variety of features like browser compatibility, unlimited server license, good warranty period, and many more. The installation of the Geotrust SSL certificate can take up to 1-3 days.

List of Geotrust SSL Certificate

8. SSL.com

SSL.com is one of the most affordable Certificate Authorities in the World. It provides the highest protection to one or multiple sites. They give 24/7 customer support and a 30-day refund back guarantee.

This will also give the reissues of the certificates for free for the lifetime. The SSL.com certificate price starts from as low as $36.75 per year. The SSL.com certificate is suitable for those who are planning to start a small business.

List of SSL.com Certificates

9. Rapid SSL

Rapid SSL Certificate authorities is an impressively cheap certificate provider. Its price starts from $14.95 per year. It is one of the most affordable certificates out of all. It also offers a 30-day return back guarantee. Rapid SSL secures and encrypts multiple servers without any additional cost.

It has working experience with over 4,00,000 websites. It is at number 4 position globally as a recognized brand. There are various price and features options of Rapid SSL certificate which can choose according to your need and demand.

List of RapidSSL Certificates

10. GoDaddy

Almost everyone knows that GoDaddy is the biggest domain registration company. The GoDaddy SSL certificate price starts from $59.99 per year. It provides excellent security and encryption to the website. It will not offer free renewals and charge extra costs for renewals of certificates. It will provide 24/7 customer support, SHA-2, and 2048-bit encryption. It will also give a 30-day money-back guarantee.

List of Godaddy SSL Certificate

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How To Fix NET:: ERR_CERT_REVOKED Error in Google Chrome

ERR_CERT_REVOKED is a very serious error of Chrome and cannot be ignored. This error is not from the client-side rather it is the error that id fixed by the website owner or manager. If you are not a website owner, then don’t try to bypass this error rather, it will be better to contact the website owner. The website owner, details the error message that you are receiving, access to the webpage, and article link.

What is NET:: ERR_CERT_REVOKED error in Chrome?

Before discussing the solution of the error, let’s first discuss what the exact meaning of this error is. In almost all cases, this error is caused by the website side. The visitors of the website who are receiving this do not need to be concern about the issue in their system as this error is from the website side and not from the user side.

The visitors cannot solve the error and they have the choice of directly leave the website or ignore the error. If the user chooses to continue with the website, ignoring the error, he/she must not transfer any critical details, which might lead to cybersecurity threats.

What causes an ERR_CERT_REVOKED message?

When the SSL certificate is revoked by the Certificate Authority that issued it then the problem of error is caused. There so a number of reasons due to which this may happens:

– May be requested by the website

– Mis-issuance of the certificate recognized by CA

– Key may have been compromised

The visitor should leave the website if this error appears as it is a very serious error and hacks all the user’s sensitive information.

How to fix NET:: ERR_CERT_REVOKED error as website owner in Google Chrome?

If the website owner sees this error message, which means your SSL certificate is revoked. This does mean that you cannot fix it. There are ways of fixing this error as a website owner.

– If you did not request the revocation of your certificate, contact the SSL certificate authority to determine the cause.

– Purchase and install a new SSL certificate for your website.

This is a global error and every single person visiting your website gets this error so it’s better to install a new SSL certificate. This will solve the immediate and other solutions that may take much more time.

Quick issue of new SSL certificate

If you are using a business authentication SSL certificate such as OV or EV then for getting your website back up quickly you should opt for a DV certificate. The DV SSL certificate will take only 5 minutes or less for validation and issuance.

This is a temporary process so that your website can get back to working again. After this, you should apply for OV or EV SSL certificate so that you can install it later as it has been a long process.

How to fix NET:: ERR_CERT_REVOKED error as website visitor in Google Chrome?

The website visitor is facing this error then the first thing you should do is contact the website owner and inform them about the error. This error will only be resolved when the website owner acts upon it. There are some temporary methods that the website visitor can use for working on the website.

– Set the correct date and time: The main issue from the website visitor side is the incorrect date and time settings. The user should make sure that their system is updated with date and timings. The update of the date and timings of your system may solve this error.

– Bypass certificate revocation warnings: Click on the internet options and a box of internet properties open. Go to the advanced tab and scroll down the security. This step is not recommended as this may lead to serious cyber-attacks and all your information may have hacked.

CONCLUSION

The main reason the NET:: ERR_CERT_REVOKED error is from the website side and not from the visitor side. It can be solved by using the various methods discussed above. If the user ignores this error, then it may become a serious cyber threat for them as it may hack the information that the user fills on the website. It is recommended not to ignore this error and leave the website right away.

Similar Google Chrome Errors and Solutions

Common Name Mismatch Error

ERR_SSL_PROTOCOL_ERROR

ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED

SSL Handshake Failed Error

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HOW TO FIX ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED ERROR ON GOOGLE CHROME?

The first version of Google’s web browser Chrome was launched in 2008. The application leads a very high success in the coming years after launched and gives tough competition to Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc., web browser applications. Its rapid success is its marketing strategy that was done by its own already popular brand name Google. The browser’s performance is excellent even though it may show some error many times that leave its users confronted with cryptic messages.

When you visit some website and it shows an error message “ERR_CONNECTION-CLOSED” then this means that the browser closed your connection to the website. This fixing of this error is very complex tasks because Chrome does not cause that particular error.

What does ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED mean?

Sometimes when you visit a website an error appears on your screen “ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED.” This is the way of Chrome for informing the user that transferring of data that needs to establish a connection is interrupted. This error also indicates that the connection between browser and server is closed.

How to fix ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED error?

There may be several different solutions for resolving the ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED error. This will emphasize the real and exact problem of the error. The details of why connection interruption happens are not revealed. If the reason for connection interruption not revealed, then there is no main and perfect solution for fixing this error. There can be various solutions that can be tried for resolving the ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED error.

1. Check internet connection and restart the router

Before you will try deep and technical methods for resolving ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED error, check your internet connection first. In the network connection settings of your system, you can easily identify your internet connection status. If it’s not connected properly then you can restart your router and connect again. This may be the problem of the error.

2. Reset network settings

The error message ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED problem may also occur due to some network connection issues in your system’s TCP/IP setup. This problem can be solved by resetting the settings of TCP/IP stack from their original state.

The one thing you need is administrator rights and command-line tool Netshell and this has been installed since Windows 2000 as default. This can be done by first accessing the start menu and entering the term ‘cmd’ in the search bar. Then right-click on cmd application and select ‘Run as administrator.’

3. Disable the proxy server and VPN connection

Proxy and VPN connection offers you different possibilities in their way of remaining anonymous during your time on the internet. Both solutions are fully and actively participating in the data transfer process.

This can be the reason of causing complications and showing the error message ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED. At least for testing purposes deactivate bridging techniques and don’t use it in case of VPN.

4. Clear DNS cache

One of the essential mechanisms of the internet is the resolution of the DNS server name. Whenever a particular website has accessed the conversion of domain address into their numerical counterparts takes place. When both DNS servers and browsers create address entries, then it is called DNS cache.

The loading time becomes faster but can also cause unwanted errors like ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED. This error can be resolved by flushing out the DNS caches from the system. You need to empty the address cache.

5. Change DNS server manually

Not just DNS cache is the problem of showing the error message. Other issues can also cause the error. The connection may also have interrupted and Chrome shows error message ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED if the server’s availability is limited or server is completely down.

The address of the DNS server usually obtains automatically. However, this can also be done manually and thus transferring the name resolution task to another server to fix the “ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED” message.

6. Check firewall and antivirus software

Due to numerous attackers’ danger on your daily activities of the web, today’s time must protect the system from antivirus. The firewalls, antivirus software, etc., does a very excellent job but even then these tools are not infallible. The error ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED can be caused by incorrect configurations, software errors, or outdated program files. This can be resolve by updating the software of your system or deactivate antivirus or firewall software temporarily.

7. Update or reinstall chrome

Check the version of your Chrome in your system and if it’s not updated version then update it fast. You should always make sure that the browser is up to date as this may also cause ERR_CONNECTION_CLOSED error. The last and final option of fixing this error is the reinstallation of Chrome. By this, all your settings and saved data in the browser lost but it may fix the error.

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Free Code Signing Certificate and How to get it

Every person wants everything free and they don’t want to pay any cost even for their security and privacy of the information. No company or organization comes in the market till now with a free code signing certificate. Is the free code signing certificate available?

The answer to this question is a big NO. The one should not believe in the organization that says that they provide you with the free code signing certificate. This will not be safe at all and spread all the secured information of a person who can be hacked very quickly. There are no certificate authorities (CAs) who will provide free security. Runaway very speedily from the company that offered your free code signing certificate.

The best code signing certificates are available at a low cost but not for free. This is the best option for buying a code signing certificate at a low price.

FEATURES OF CODE SIGNING CERTIFICATE

– The signing of unlimited valid certificates will give you 2 years of validity options.

– To accommodate a wide-ranging of developmental cycles chose the time-stamping option.

–  32-bit and 64-bit user-mode compatibility available.

– Both secure algorithm SHA-1 and SHA-2 support

–  The customers are protected with malicious and malware attacks.

–  The maintenance cost is low.

PRIVATE KEY HOLDER HAS THE POWER

There is one more question which can come in your mind that How come there are free SSL certificate but not free code signing certificate when both of them are X509 certificate? This a very great question. Yes, they both are X509 certificates but both serve a different purpose, and features of both vary.

The SSL is a basic level certificate. The SSL certificate binds both the private and public keys to a website. The users don’t have to search a lot regarding the security of the browser and website. They just have to see that the website is secure via HTTPS. For gaining SSL certificate trust and security the owner has to pay for an Organization Validation (OV) and Extended Validation (EV).

Also Read – Benefits of Code Signing Certificate

The code signing certificate does not have any DV-parallel. In this when you sign code, that means you want that the browser makes a trustworthy decision and warns the users regarding the download safety. The browser trusts the software only when the code signing certificate purchased from the trusted organization. The keys and certificates mismanagement will always be a threat. This can be avoided by buying a certificate from a trusted organization.

GROWING TRUST FOR CERTIFICATES

The backbone of the encryption in the modern time that serves a mechanism for authenticating entities is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). The SSL certificates can be issued only by a trusted certificate authority. The CAs provide some basic requirements for maintaining the trusted status and also it is legislated in the laws of browser forums. The trust of the organization for purchasing the certificate can be of 2 types:

Social trust

Technical trust

By strictly following the guidelines and standards of the certificate, social trust can be maintained. This includes properly validate the certificate, full documentation submission, deposit the audits at a regular time, all the certificates that are issued should be logging in, and other various procedures need to follow. The CA will only give trust to that party which maintains all these requirements and ensure the good faith of the website.

Now after social trust, it’s time for technical trust. The collection of root CA certificates is referred to as a root program. Google, Mozilla, Apple, etc., are different root programs. Every connected device uses one root program. Any code signing certificate issuing process is just like an SSL certificate or any X509 certificate.

Also Read – Code Signing vs SSL Certificate

WHY FREE CODE SIGNING CERTIFICATE DOESN’T EXISTS?

The free code signing certificate doesn’t exist and talking about this will majorly impact the compliance and reputation. The software through which the owner of the website is earning is signed by a trusted certificate authority (CA) which is a very powerful thing.

The different browsers will trust your software if trustworthy CA signs your software. The users will trust your software and it increases the number of visiting users on your website. After signing by trusted CA, the browser will not show the warning signs to the users visiting the website.

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SSL Handshake Failed Error: Troubleshooting SSL/TLS handshake failures

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF SSL/TLS?

The full form of SSL is Secure Sockets Layer. It allows a secure connection between a website and a web browser. The SSL consists of various versions like 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 which improves the quality continuously. The technology of SSL is deprecated now and TLS entirely replaces it. Transport Layer Security is referred to as TLS. It provides the security of the data similar to SSL. The people should start using this new version of SSL that is named as TLS.

WHAT IS SSL/TLS HANDSHAKE?

The beginning of every SSL/TLS certificate starts with a handshake. This is the negotiation between two parties in which the proceeding details of work are discussed. How cipher suite encrypts their communication and also how they can use this for verifying server and establishing a secure connection? A handshake decides this. This process is very complex and you will not be able to see precisely as all this work happens in the background.

OPERATE SSL/TLS HANDSHAKE

When the client and the server both agree and ready to start communication with each other through secured and encrypted SSL/TLS medium with data security then this process lye under Handshake SSL/TLS. The client and server can develop a secret communication key for encryption when they meet for the first time.

A card number with a random set of symbols establish at the time of establishing of secure connection and afterwards sent it to the server. By using the special key receiving party can encrypt the message. If any cyber-attack takes place for hacking the information, then they can only see the set of symbols and nothing else.

The SSL/TLS handshake is not only used for bank servers but it is providing protective security and privacy so that the information on the internet will be confidential and cannot spread anywhere else.

HOW TO FIX SSL/TLS HANDSHAKE FAILED ERROR?

On the connection parameters, both the client and the server should agree for exchanging data such as verification of valid certificates, transferring data management, etc. This is not a very easy and simple process; instead it is a very complicated and multi-level process.

Even if only in one level of the process some disturbance came or it becomes failed then the whole SSL/TLS handshake failed and shows an error.

Possible Causes and Solutions of SSL/TLS Handshake Failure

Troubleshooting for the website owner

Mismatching of Protocol

In order to ensure the proper protection and security, SSL and TLS protocol versions are being improved with better features and remove the most vulnerable segments. Some of the people are still using the outdated version. These versions operate unsafe cipher suites and short keys.

The mobile apps or software which not updated on time, this issue comes in those mainly. The main reason for the error in the SSL/TLS handshake may be that both the client and the server support the protocol version. If you use the latest version, then this problem of error will not come while in most cases the client-server is of outdated protocol and in this case, the server will not be able to resolve the issue.

Cipher mismatch

The first and main step is creating a common ground for the communication of the client and the server. A cipher suite is used for this purpose and identifies a secure connection. At the beginning of SSL/TLS handshake a list of latest available cipher suites will be provided by the client-server.

You may face SSL/TLS handshake errors when cipher matches not found. This is the common cause of the error. The encryption protocol is used in different fields with its standards and for banks as well as industries they create and approved on their demand. In this case, the only solution is of decreasing the level of security but this may make your connection unsafe.

Wrong SSL/TLS certificate

The hostname in your SSL/TLS certificate may be incorrect and this can be the reason for facing error in SSL/TLS handshake. For this first you need to check the hostname should match with cipher suite and if not then reissue your certificate.

Also Read – How to Solve SSL Certificate with Wrong Hostname Error?

Middle Man

The SSL/TLS handshake may also cause failure when a third party is trying to attack your information and hacking it. The variants of “Man in the Middle” are a lot such as API. You need to identify who is the Middle man due to which SSL/TLS handshake showing failure.

Troubleshooting for clients

Change or update your browser

As a rule, all browsers are updated with the TLS protocol but some browsers may use the outdated version of the TLS protocol. When you use a browser for banking purpose and if it is using an outdated version of TLS protocol then it will directly reject everything and not accept anything in the old version.

In this case, you need to change your browser. Also, the browser you are using may be not up to date so update it and then start using it. This will not show any error afterwards.

Deactivate your extensions

The SSL/TLS handshake error may also come because of your plugins. Try them to deactivate one by one.

Change Wi-Fi Password

The SSL/TLS handshake failure may also be a cause due to the publicly acceptable internet network. You need to change your Wi-Fi password and don’t share it with anybody.

Clear Cache and Cookies

Try to clear your device from cache and cookies. This may also show error and handshake failure.

Correct time and date in your computer

The data of the certificate is read by the server first and it verifies it if it’s valid or not. It will show the data invalid if your time zone is not correct on your computer. This will be the reason for SSL/TLS handshake failure. You need to update the correct time and date on your computer and make sure always that they will be correct.

Expired SSL certificate

It would help if you always looked for the expiration date of your SSL certificate. The certificate average validity date is only up to 12 months. The expired SSL certificate may cause a handshake failure.