Cosπ Langblr

Welcome to my langblr!! This is the place where I put stuffs about languages and linguistics.

[polyglot-linguist]

✨ Language Study Master Post! ✨

(Ill update this as I post more, but here is a master post of tons of links to language resources to help you study a language from my site (Plurilingualism) so far! 💜)

Before you start:

- A guide to making S.M.A.R.T goals (and why goals are so important!)

- A complete guide to self-studying a language

Resources and tips:

- Website resources page (with links to tons of resources for general language learning)

- 5 must-visit sites for language learners

- Master list of language challenges (vocab, reading, journaling, etc)

- 10 unique resources (I'll bet you haven't heard of even 3!)

- Where to find good foreign language books (+ links to several recommendations)

- Master list of YouTube channels in 50+ languages (With almost 500 links!!)

- All about the animedoro study method (my favorite way to study anything, but especially a language)

- All about Memrise (a great app and website)

- All about Busuu (one of my all time favorite resources)

- All about italki (a must-have resource for any language learner!)

- How to perfect your pronunciation (+ links to guides in several languages)

- How to actively and passively learn a language via TV and movies

- The best 15 apps to learn a language with (+ links to full reviews for each)

+

If you are studying Korean:

- 10 amazing Korean resources (with descriptions)

- Korean resource master post (with almost 200 links)

If you are studying German:

- German resource master post (with almost 200 links too)

If you are studying Spanish

- Spanish resource master post (with almost (you guessed it) 200 links!)

[sizvideos]

Thanks to One Third Stories, kids can learn foreign languages the easiest way possible. Get more information here

[language-princess]

THIS IS THE FUTURE I’M SO EMOTIONAL I HAVE TEARS IN MY EYES

[babelplanetvlog]

Why hasn’t this existed for years???

[cosinepi-fly]

感覺是很棒的設計~ Learner Friendly :)

[cosinepi-langblr]

Some sibling languages of the Philippine languages.

[swedishpod101]

5 Most Popular Student Phrases in Swedish! 👨‍🎓 PS: Learn Swedish with the best FREE online resources, just click here: https://www.swedishpod101.com/?src=social_special_infograph_student_phrases_081519

[dagenssvenska]

Jag tycker att “igår kväll gjorde jag klar en uppgift som skulle vara färdig idag” låter mer naturligt!

[cosinepi-langblr]

Localization of the Austronesian languages

[cosinepi-langblr]

The spread of major language families

[blacklinguist]

@injerabae i only saw one for languages . thoughts ?

[injerabae-deactivated20190818]

Syntax belongs where it is. Fuck syntax.

[salvadorbonaparte]

Where would morphology go? I think of it as having true neutral vibes but idk

[blacklinguist]

that’s what i was thinking actually! it and phonology are pretty much just…there for me. ain’t bothering a soul

[japanesepeacelilly]

Fuck syntax is honestly the most relatable sentence I’ve ever heard about linguistics

[blacklinguist]

@injerabae i think everyone except two or three people relates

[injerabae-deactivated20190818]

Most people who spend all day obsessing over syntax see languages as organized systems and not you know, parts of human symbolic culture, and I’ll stand by that.

So yes, fuck syntax.

[injerabae-deactivated20190818]

Also, many syntacticians tend to be very bad at dealing with variation in human language in the sense that if everything isn’t abiding by specific parameters, especially those they agree with specifically, they have to force it into their theoretical framework to make sense of it. I’d argue they tend to have a poor assimilation versus accommodation complex and the whole Pirahã controversy highlighted this in a terribly apparent fashion. Human language, while surely is governed by parameters that many times the speakers are unaware of, aren’t always “regular” in a clean cut fashion like a mathematics equation which is something a lot of them (and historical linguistics for that matter as well at times) just can’t deal with. This is why when it comes to the human element of human language, anthropological and sociolinguistics are basically light years ahead at times because they just accept that human language can be a messy and confoundingly chaotic affair at times.

[alpine-langblr]

some French words that Turkish spells logically

chateau -> şato

chauffeur -> şoför

habillé -> abiye

tableau -> tablo

saucisse -> sosis

ascenseur -> asansör

ampoule -> ampul

fréquence -> frekans

cirque -> sirk

framboise -> frambuaz

feutre -> fötr

jaquette -> ceket*

hôtel -> otel

cancer -> kanser

maquillage -> makyaj

phoque -> fok

—

*the /dj/ sound is represented by the letter “c” in Turkish, whereas the letter “j” in Turkish represents the /zh/ sound more similar to the French “j”

and “ş” equals the “sh” sound

these words are pronounced exactly the same or almost exactly the same in Turkish as they are pronounced in French

[languagessi-deactivated20210423]

Javanese Resources

Memrise

Mango Languages

Digital Dialects

BABADADA

Basa Jawi

Javanese (Tumblr)

English Javanese Vocabulary (PDF)

Javanese Grammar for Students (PDF)

Gender and Politeness in Javanese Language (PDF)

Javanese Corner (Youtube)

Learning Javanese Language (Youtube)

WIKITONGUES: Ayu speaking Javanese (Youtube)

Omniglot

Wikipedia

Wiktionary

Wikitravel

[cosinepi-langblr]

德路固語97年度原住民族語言能力認證考試試題

行政院原住民族委員會 97年度原住民族語言能力認證考試試題

賽德克語 - 德 路固語 (模擬試題)

筆試試題：本部份試題分詞彙、語法、配合與閱讀測驗四大題；每大題20分，共80分。

一、詞彙選擇：以下每題均有四個選項，請選出正確之答案，並於答案卡上作答。（本部份

10 題，每題2 分，共20 分）

( 1 ) 1. rmuba 1 咒語 2 禁忌 3 毒品 4 規範

( 2 ) 2. ququy dgiyaq

1 角落 2 山峰 3 山下 4 屋頂

( 2 ) 3. knsrabang 1 英俊瀟灑 2 貪心 3 好吃懶惰 4 醜陋

( 2 ) 4. snluan 1 信心 2 盼望 3 愛心 4 耐心

( 2 ) 5. sasaw 1 葉子 2 樹蔭/蔭下3 打雷 4 下雨

( 2 ) 6. 打嗝 1 msurak 2 tgaak 3 tqral 4 tbnguc

( 4 ) 7. 苗條 1 mtbnaw 2 llabang 3 hlpis 4 hlawax

( 4 ) 8. 蜘蛛1 kleybang 2 kuwi 3 klaway 4 krubaw

( 3 ) 9. 眼皮 1 mtung dowriq 2 thung dowriq 3 klabuy dowriq 4 pkawir dowriq

( 3 ) 10. 肋骨 1 tqring 2 pahing 3 tkrang 4 buuc

二、語法選填：以下每題均有四個選項，請選出正確之答案，並於答案卡上作答。（本部份

10 題，每題2 分，共20 分）

( 2 ) 11. Kiya da ! kiya da! da!

1 mimah 2 baka 3 kika 4 yahan

( 2 ) 12. Niqan ka hiya hug?

1 usa 2 tqiyan 3 mimah 4 kmaguh

( 2 ) 13. bi ka kana lnglingay sapah su.

1 Mhnuk 2 Kragi 3 Isil 4 Mkray

( 4 ) 14. Kmbiyax ta smluhay rudan ta.

1 marig 2 Samac(t) 3 papak 4 kari

( 2 ) 15. Mkla bi ka laqi nii.

1 qhuni 2 matas/muyas 3 taku 4 bru

( 4 ) 16. qsiya ayug ka dapa.

1 Kuung 2 Tunux 3 Kuwi 4 Mimah

( 4 ) 17. Malu bi ka hiya.

1 mkan idaw 2 kmari qsiya 3 trima hiyi 4 laqi empatas

背面尚有試題

( 1 ) 18. Shiya bi uqun ka nii .

1 rudux balay 2 siyaw elug 3 mksa ayug 4 meuyas uyas

( 1 ) 19. Rima idas empusal rima jiyax ka mu.

1 jiyax pncingan 2 akay balay 3 siqa balay 4 mqaras balay

( 4 ) 20. ka bubu rudux.

1 Rudu 2 Balung 3 Sari 4 Tmbalung

三、配合測驗：請依每大題提示，選出互相配合之正確答案，並於答案卡上作答。（本部份

10 題，每題2 分，共20 分）

A. 請就右欄12345中選出最適當之答案，使兩欄成一完整句子。

( 4 ) 21. Mskuy bi ka 1 ida su dhuq bi miyah mita.

( 3 ) 22. Mrulung ka 2 ungac saan da.

( 2 ) 23. Paru quyux 3 karac da.

( 1 ) 24. Ana su mtbiyax, 4 misan

( 5 ) 25. Mnarux ka seejiq o 5 saani pqita ising

B. 請就右欄12345中選出回答左欄問句之最適當答案。

( 3 ) 26. Gaga su hmuya? 1 yaasa daan mnarux meeru.

( 4 ) 27. Piya ka pila su? 2 bahu nhari.

( 1 ) 28. Ma mhuqil kana ka babuy ? 3 nii ku pspung matas.

( 5 ) 29. Niqan tqiyan su ? 4 rima pila.

( 2 ) 30. Mruciq ka lukus o hyaun hug ? 5 Ungac , ga dha rrihan da.

四、 閱讀測驗：請閱讀下列兩篇文章，並於答案卡上作答。（本部份10題，每題2分，共20分）

A. Kari smbu hidaw

Seuxal balay o dha ka hidaw mniq karac(t) han. Kiya ni mssriyux sriyu ni prdax dxgal ka

hidaw nii. Wada gmqi ribaq ka kingal han o sriyu ka kingal duri. Saw nii thdagan dha hidaw kjiyax

ka dxgal do mdngu mhuqil kana ka uqun ni pnegalang pnhuma seejiq. Kiya do ungac(t) uqun dha

ka seejiq ni mrana mhuqil. Duri o yaasa ungac(t) keeman ni ini tduwa msangay ka seejiq uri. Kiya

do dha hiyi risaw ga, empprngaw “saay ta smbu ka hidaw”mkksa. Gbulun dha towkan ka masu ni

mudu uqun dha mkleelug. Kndadax paah sapah muda elug siida o sqada siyaw elug ka buuc(t)

mudu qnqan dha. Thiyaq balay ka endaan dha ni yasaw wada piya hngkawas do qlngan dha dhuq ka

pusu nklaan hidaaw.

選擇題（A）：請依據上列文章，選出下列問題之正確答案。

( 1 ) 31. Mssriyux prdax dxgal o

1 hidaw. 2 pngrah

3 idas 4 ranaq

( 3 ) 32. Mhuqil ka pnhuma o qnqan

1 kumay 2 mnarux

3 hidaw 4 bgihur

( 4 ) 33. Sqada dha siyaw ka mudu.

1 uqun 2 qaya

3 lukus 4 buuc(t)

( 2 ) 34. Uqun dha mklelug o

1 bunga 2 masu

3 idaw 4 sari

( 2 ) 35. Uqun dha o gbulun dha manu ?

1 qabang 2 towkan

3 lubuy 4 towrah

背面尚有試題

B. Smapuh Utux Rudan

Smapuh Utux rudan sbiyaw ka seejiq Truku o babaw mnangal uqun, mnhdu mangal uqun ka

kana alang do , musa tmsamac(t) kana ka dsnaw. Mnsa bbuyu dhuq sapah ka dhiya do o mangal

rnabaw qhuni tamun ni lbuun dha kkska hika hlama masu, buuc(t) samac(t) ni sinaw, spqaya dha

sida qhuni llingay sapah. Mangal cicih hlama masu ni sbgay na utux rudan rmngaw：“Kana ana

manu hmnru ni mneudus nii o qrasun nami sunan, qrasi nami haya ka bnegay nami nii, Sus

Bari.”Muda saw nii o kingal sapah nanak., uxay kana alang.

選擇題（B）：請依據上列文章，選出下列問題之正確答案。

( 4 ) 36. Ima ka qrasun ta mgay ?

1 seejiq. 2 samac(t).

3 btunux. 4 utux rudan.

( 1 ) 37. Knuwan ka mqaras ?

1 babaw kmntuy 2 babaw tmukuy

3 babaw emphuma 4 mdakil

( 1 ) 38. Rnabaw qhuni manu ka slabu dha ?

1 qhuni tamul 2 bhngin

3 brayaw 4 raus

( 2 ) 39. Manu ka lbuun dha ska rnabaw ?

1 damac(t) 2 hlama masu

3 bunga 4 sari

( 3 ) 40. Spqaya dha inu ka lnbuan ?

1 pusu qhuni 2 truma btunux

3 sida qhuni 4 muhing sapah

行政院原住民族委員會 97年度原住民族語言能力認證考試試題

賽德克語 - 徳路固語 (模擬試題)

口試試題：本部份試題分朗讀與會話兩大題；每大題60分，共120分。

ㄧ、朗讀：請用族語唸出下面文章。

Mqaras Tmsamac(t)

Seuxal balay ka rudan Truku ga, smparu bi gaya hnici rudan, manu saw kiya do ana manu ka

ddaun kingal qpahun o ida asi ka plealay smapuh utux rudan han! dsnaw Truku ga babaw mnhdu ka

tmbiyaxan kmtuy masu do musa bbuyu kana bitaq mkmpitu ni bitaq maxal spac jiyax . Ini hmuc(t)

musa, mmowsa bi brah na gbiyan siida, kngkingal sapah o qmrak kingal rudux gdraun dha ssapuh

dha rudan, dara rudux o srisuh dha puniq, pucing, buji, smbrangan ni gasil, meysa quri tuxan

hhtngay napa miyah sapah , saw nii ka kari rngaw dha.

“Utux Bari! kana spac(t) papak , mkkarang ni qqduda skaya o nnisu kana. Nii hini kana ka

djiyun nami tmsamac(t) ni tmqbhni/tmbqduda. Pkngahun su kana ka samac(t) ni qduda ni mhnuk

nksa nami, psshjil nami miyah. Saw nii tblaiq nami niqan damac(t). Mhuway su balay Utux Bari.

Sus Bari! ”Sayang ka saw euda nii o ida niqan duma ka tmsamac(t) saw nii nuda dha.

二、會話：請用族語回答口試委員問題。

1. Ma su miyah pspung matas kari Truku hug？

你為什麼會來考族語認證呢？

2. Niqan manu pnegalang ka alang su hug ?

你的部落有哪些物產呢？

3. Jiyax sngayan musa su inu ? musa su hmuya?

假日時，你會去哪裡？做什麼？

4. Huya su msa pgkla seejiq tnpusu ka sunan nanaq ?

你如何介紹你是原住民？

5. Huya su ksun tmgsa ka kari hnici rudan ta？

你要如何傳承我們的族語？

[cosinepi-langblr]

somowal 說 vs. caciyaw 說話

Amis: aka kasomowal

Taiwanese: 莫講 mài kóng

Mandarin: 不要說  Bùyào shuō

English: Don’t say (it)!

Amis: aka kacaciyaw

Taiwanese: 莫講話  mài kóng-uē

Mandarin: 不要說話 Bùyào shuōhuà

English: Don’t talk/speak! (be quiet)

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Natural Semantic Metalanguage is a theory that claims there is a common set of semantics underlying all natural languages. This is a descriptive theory, but we can also use it to evaluate constructed languages and perhaps use it prescriptively to help us create effective constructed languages (or at least let

[cosinepi-langblr]

横書き仮名 A vízszintes írásirányú kana

Interesting 🤔🤔🤔

[ricardastudies-deactivated20170]

DICTIONARY MASTERPOST

pons [Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovenian, Spanish, Turkish]

shabdkosh [Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu]

wordreference [Arabic, Chinese, Czech, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Turkish]

dict.cc [Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Latin, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish]

bab.la [Arabic, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Swahili, Turkish]

linguee [Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish]

cambridge [Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malaysian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Turkish, Vietnamese]

dicts.info  [73 languages]

dict.com  [30 languages]

larousse  [French, German, Italian, Spanish]

hablaa [73 languages]

glosbe  [2150 languages]

freelang  [267 languages]

Afrikaans  rieme.co.za

Albanian  argjio

Amharic  abyssinica,  amharicdictionary

Arabic  arabdict, almaany, firdaous

Armenian  nayiri, english2armenian

Bengali / Bangla  bword, english-bangla, ovidhan

Burmese burmese-dictionary, myordbok

Cantonese  cantodict

Catalan  catalandictionary

Croatian  hrvatski-rjecnik

Czech  seznam, slovnik

Dutch  vandale

Estonian  sõnastik, dukelupus, eki.ee

Farsi  dictionary-farsi, farsidic, aryanpour, ariadic

Finnish kaannos, findc

Georgian  lang.interes,  translate, targmne, nplg.gov, margaliti

German  langenscheit, leo

Greek  greek-language

Hawaiian hawaiiandictionary

Hebrew  morfix

Hindi  hindi-english, hinkhoj, hindi wordnet

Hungarian  sztaki, dictzone, topszótár

Icelandic snara

Indonesian  kamus, sederet

Irish irishdictionary, potafocal

Italian garzantilinguistica

Japanese  tangorin, excite, jisho

Javanese kamusjawa

Kazakh  lugat

Korean naver, daum, zkorean

Khmer  angkor-planet, kheng

Latvian letonika, latvianforyou

Lithuanian anglu-lietuviu, dict.lt

Macedonian  time, off.net.mk

Malay bhanot, kamus

Maltese  mlrs.research, englishmaltesedictionary

Mandarin  dict.cn, mdbg

Mongolian  bolor toli, englishmongolian

Norwegian  ordnett

Palauan  tekinged

Polish pitt.edu, ling.pl

Portuguese  portuguesedictionary

Punjabi  ijunoon, learnpunjabi

Russian  multitran

Spanish  spanishdict

Swahili kiswahili, africanlanguages

Swedish  ord

Tagalog pinoydictionary, tagalog-dictionary, tagaloglang

Tamil  tamildict, tamilcube, agarathi, tamildictionary

Telugu andhrabharati, telugupedia

Tibetan eng-tib

Thai  thai-language, thai2english, longdo, linedict

Turkish tureng, turkishdictionary, turkishclass

Ukrainian slovnenya, cybermova

Urdu  urduword, urduenglishdictionary, urdu123, studypart

Uyghur uyghurdictionary, yulghun

Uzbek  zangorikema

Welsh  geiriadur

Vietnamese vietdictionary, vdict

Zulu  isizulu

[cosinepi-langblr]

在現今中文性別自然語言處理的研究脈絡下，大多數研究僅專注於生理性別的討論，對於性別文本的自動分類，更僅建立於一般異性戀男女的文本上。然而，從人文科學的角度出發，性別本身的複雜度亦會影響語言的表現。對此，本論文為中文性別自然語言處理領域中，少數由性取向的觀點出發，討論性別文本分類的研究。首先，為證明性取向亦為有效分類性別文本的參考指標，本論文從中文PTT收集了同性戀男性、異性戀男性、同性戀女性與異性戀女性的性別文本，並利用卷積神經網路模型輔以Word2Vec詞向量訊息，以及支持向量機器搭配語言學特徵組，個別訓練分類器來偵測中文男性文本與女性文本中所蘊含的性取向訊息。機器訓練結果顯示，無論是使用卷積神經網路模型或是支持向量機器，訓練的分類器皆能在隨機機率(準確率0.5)的標準下，成功分類同性戀與異性戀的文本。其次，有別於過去研究僅專注於分類異性戀男女文本，本論文另利用了與上述相同的機器學習模型與文本特徵，來訓練男女同性戀文本的分類器。除此之外，本論文另收集了中文同性戀論壇的性別文本來測試訓練好的分類器，以證明本分類器不僅能夠成功預測PTT的同性戀文本，亦能夠適應來自於其他網路來源：UThome以及2Girl的同性戀文本訊息。在有限的時間與計算資源下，本論文的訓練結果顯示，在判斷男女同性戀文本的成效上，支持向量機器優於卷積神經網路模型。 另外，在男女同性戀文本的語言學分析下，本論文亦觀察到不同性別文本除了在實詞的使用上會有所不同之外，在虛詞、標點符號、句法架構、甚至是統計數據，例如詞彙豐富度、字元數量、詞組數量、資訊可預測性等的量測上，也有顯著的統計差異。In the present days, research under the issue of gender and natural language processing (GenderNLP) usually target at gender-norm language that spoken by biologically males and females. However, from the standpoint of humanistic science, language is a subject to many influences like gender complexity. For this reason, the current thesis aims at exploring gendered texts from the perspective of sexual orientation in Chinese GenderNLP domain. Firstly, in order to prove that gendered texts can be well-categorized not only by biological sex, but also sexual orientation, this thesis adopts both Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and uses both Word2Vec embeddings and linguistic feature set as input vectors to train classifiers that are able to correctly categorize texts written by homosexual males, heterosexual males, homosexual females, and heterosexual females. By simply using the threshold of 0.5 in this pilot experiment, training results show that either using CNNs or SVM, our trained classifiers are able to classify homosexual texts from heterosexual texts collect from Chinese social media PTT. Secondly, with the adoption of identical model settings as in our pilot experiment, the current thesis trains another homosexual classifier in order to automatically identify homosexual males and females’ texts. In addition, since this study expects our trained classifier does not only limits to homosexual texts records from one single source, but could also correctly classify gendered data from different textual environments, homosexual texts from two different online sources: UThome and 2Girl are also collected and used. Under the experimental limitation of time and computing resource, results of our experiment show that in such homosexual classification task, the SVM model is likely to outperform the CNNs model. Furthermore, under the linguistic analysis of homosexual texts, it is also found that gendered texts do not only differ in the use of content word, but linguistic features such as function word, punctuation, syntactic structure and statistical measurements such as lexical diversity, word count, character count, and information unpredictability also show significant statistical differences in our homosexual classification tasks.

Lavender Linguistics!? Hmmm.....

[cosinepi-langblr]

Conditional entailment

Mandarin: 「 要是」 、 「 倘若」 、 「 即使」、「就算」 、 「 如果…… 就…… 」、「只……才……」

假设复句和条件复句有哪些区别？ https://www.zhihu.com/question/23739532

Japanese: 「～と」「～ば」「～たら」「～なら」

条件 http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/083.html

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Mandarin Teaching Material

Free Chinese test: https://mtc.ntnu.edu.tw/chinese-test.htm

Online resource tool: https://mtc.ntnu.edu.tw/resource-tool.htm

Online resourse link: https://mtc.ntnu.edu.tw/resource-link.htm

A course in comtemporary Chinese - Teaching Material: https://mtc.ntnu.edu.tw/chinese-resource.htm