Hey again in the previous post you said "And the result of that is that we get this image of gods being ârude, unfair, etcâ. If someone doesnât understand the Greek concept of hubris they just WONâT understand the final meaning of any myth where a God punishes someone." What then was the concept of hubris to the Greeks?
Ok, hybris/hĂșbris is not a translatable word, therefore its complexity. But by hĂșbris we could understand: human arrogance, excessive pride, or humanâs tendency to overstep the cosmic and divine limits of the world.Â
For Ancient Greeks, the gods were superior beings that ruled over their lives. By hierarchy, humans are always below gods. Humans have a place and role in the world and the limits for their actions are set by the gods. Whenever a human exceeds those limits, we have hĂșbris.
The best examples for this are the myths where humans get punished by the gods. Iâll give you 2 from Odyssey, and a general one.
- Example 1: When Odysseus blinds Polyphemus and mocks on him, Poseidon gets angry and spends years trying to punishing for that. Why itâs hĂșbris? Because Odysseus was unnecessarily pride and arrogant. At first we would think:Â okay he was defending himself and his friends when he blinded Polyphemus, but what he does after that, laughing and mocking the Cyclope is what exceeds the limit.Â
-Example 2: When Odysseusâ men eat the cows of Helios, thatâs hĂșbris again. Why? Because those cows were sacred to Helios, there is an stablished limit between divine-mortal world that Odysseusâ men overstepped.Â
-Example 3: When a mortal claims to be better/prettier/smarter than a god thatâs hybris again. Like the myth of Niobe who boasted that she gave birth to more or better sons than Leto (Artemis and Apolloâs mom). Why itâs hĂșbris? Because thatâs breaking the limit between the divine-human; by nature, a human cannot be better than a god.
Now, why I say itâs important to understand this. Because if we fail to understand this concept, we will think things like âOh, the gods are so rude! They are so flawed, so evil!â. The entire interpretation of Greek Gods as âflawed beingsâ, so often found in mythology-books comes specially from people (mostly christians) that judge the Gods for this kind of myths without understanding the logic and context behind them.
Best example for this? What Ovid did mostly in his Metamorphoses. Instead of having myths were gods punish the mortals because they overstepped their limits, we get this depiction where gods are simply angry and punish mortals âbecause they canâ.
Letâs take the so popular Medusa story, told by Ovid. For Ancient Greeks Medusa either was i) already a monster-gorgon with no background story; ii) a nymph that had consensual sex with Poseidon.
What did Ovid do? Give us a tale where i) Poseidon rapes Medusa in Athenaâs temple; ii) Athenea gets angry and punishes Medusa.Â
When you read Ovidâs tale, the only feeling you get is âwtf, why did Athena punish Medusa?! she is the victim, this makes no senseâ. And it obviously makes no sense, because the Greek-fictional-device was â1) human hybris + 2) god punishesâ. Ovid turned into some kind of â1) helpless human + 2) angry and unfair godâ which doesnât belong to Ancient Greek narrative.
A Greek parallel of Ovidâs tale would be when Ayax rapes Cassandra in Athenaâs temple. Thatâs a huge display of hĂșbris and at the end, depending on the version, Athena punishes Ayax and he dies, or Athena tries to punish Ayax and he manages to escape anyway but then Poseidon kills him. There you got the right structure: human hybris + god punishment.
So, my point is that, depriving myths from their context, inevitably leads to wrong interpretations and bad portrayals. Same happens to any myth of Zeus affairâs, Persephoneâs abduction, etc. People get all the wrong ideas because they ignore Ancient-Greek-background ideas as aristocracy system, marriage rites, etc.
btw: I donât know Ancient Greek, but from my books in Spanish the word is translated as hybris, and in English is mostly hubris. Greek is áœÎČÏÎčÏ. :P if anyone knows better please let me know <3