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Summary of 4-Bromobenzonitrile

IUPAC Name: 4-Bromobenzonitrile 

Synonyms: 1-Bromo-4-cyanobenzene ; p-Bromobenzonitrile ; Benzonitrile, 4-bromo- ; Benzonitrile, p-bromo- (8CI)  Molecular Formula: C7H4BrN Molecular Weight: 182.02 CAS NO: 623-00-7 EINECS: 210-764-9 H bond acceptors: 1  H bond donors: 0  Freely Rotating Bonds: 0  Polar Surface Area: 23.79  Index of Refraction: 1.606  Molar Refractivity: 39.04 cm3  Molar Volume: 113.1 cm3  Surface Tension: 52.1 dyne/cm  Density: 1.6 g/cm3  Flash Point: 97 C  Enthalpy of Vaporization: 47.36 kJ/mol  Boiling Point: 236.8 C at 760 mmHg  Vapour Pressure: 0.0464 mmHg at 25C  Melting Point: 110-115 C(lit.) Appearance: white to light yellow powder or flakes Product Categories of 4-Bromobenzonitrile (CAS NO.623-00-7): FINE Chemical and INTERMEDIATES; blocks; Bromides; Carboxes; Halides; Phenyls and Phenyl-Het; Nitrile; Nitriles; Miscellaneous; Bromine Compounds; Benzonitriles (Building Blocks for Liquid Crystals);Building Blocks for Liquid Crystals;Functional Materials;Phenyls & Phenyl-Het;C6 to C7;Cyanides/Nitriles;Nitrogen Compounds.

Safety Information about 4-Bromobenzonitrile:  Hazard Codes:HarmfulXn,Xi ToxicT Risk Statements: 36/37/38-20/21/22 R20/21/22: Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.  R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.  Safety Statements: 61-36/37/39-26 S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.  S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.  S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.  RIDADR: UN 3439 6.1/PG 3 WGK Germany: 2 RTECS: DI2460000 Hazard Note: Toxic/Irritant  HazardClass: 6.1  PackingGroup: III  HS Code: 29269095

General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear.

Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or chemical foam.

Handling: Avoid breathing dust, vapor, mist, or gas. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.  Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container.

Spill Cleanup Instructions of 4-Bromobenzonitrile: Toxic material. Irritating material. Environmentally hazardous material. Stop leak if without risk. DO NOT get water inside container. DO NOT touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Eliminate all sources of ignition. Consult federal, state, and/or local authorities for assistance on disposal.

Handling and Storage Information of 4-Bromobenzonitrile: TOXIC. IRRITANT. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD. Keep locked up. Keep away from heat. Mechanical exhaust required. When not in use, tightly seal the container and store in a dry, cool place. Avoid excessive heat and light. DO NOT ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Treat symptomatically and supportively. Always store away from incompatible compounds such as oxidizing agents, alkalis (bases).

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How does Cetirizine Hydrochloride work?

Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a second-generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and urticaria. It is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and a racemic selective H1 receptor inverse agonist.

It is an antihistamine that treats symptoms, such as itching, runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing from hay fever (allergic rhinitis) and other allergies, such as allergies to molds and dust mites. It is available in generic form. Common side effects include: drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, and dry mouth. In children, stomach pain and vomiting may occur.

Cetirizine hydrochloride(CAS NO:83881-52-1) syrup is a colorless to slightly yellow syrup containing cetirizine hydrochloride at a concentration of 1 mg/mL (5 mg/5 mL) for oral administration. The pH is between 4 and 5. The inactive ingredients of the syrup are: artificial grape flavor, glacial acetic acid, glycerin, methylparaben, purified water, propylene glycol, propylparaben, sodium acetate, and sucrose.

We will tall about the clinical pharmacology of Cetirizine Hydrochloride in this article.

Mechanism of Actions:

Cetirizine Hydrochloride, a human metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine; its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors. The antihistaminic activity of cetirizine has been clearly documented in a variety of animal and human models. In vivo and ex vivo animal models have shown negligible anticholinergic and antiserotonergic activity.

In clinical studies, however, dry mouth was more common with cetirizine than with placebo. In vitro receptor binding studies have shown no measurable affinity for other than H1 receptors. Autoradiographic studies with radiolabeled cetirizine in the rat have shown negligible penetration into the brain. Ex vivo experiments in the mouse have shown that systemically administered cetirizine does not significantly occupy cerebral H1 receptors.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption Cetirizine Hydrochloride was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of approximately 1 hour following oral administration of tablets or syrup in adults. Comparable bioavailability was found between the tablet and syrup dosage forms. When healthy volunteers were administered multiple doses of cetirizine (10 mg tablets once daily for 10 days), a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 311 ng/mL was observed. No accumulation was observed. Cetirizine pharmacokinetics were linear for oral doses ranging from 5 to 60 mg. Food had no effect on the extent of cetirizine exposure (AUC) but Tmax was delayed by 1.7 hours and Cmax was decreased by 23% in the presence of food.

Distribution The mean plasma protein binding of cetirizine is 93%, independent of concentration in the range of 25 to 1000 ng/mL, which includes the therapeutic plasma levels observed.

Metabolism A mass balance study in 6 healthy male volunteers indicated that 70% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 10% in the feces. Approximately 50% of the radioactivity was identified in the urine as unchanged drug. Most of the rapid increase in peak plasma radioactivity was associated with parent drug, suggesting a low degree of first-pass metabolism. Cetirizine is metabolized to a limited extent by oxidative O-dealkylation to a metabolite with negligible antihistaminic activity. The enzyme or enzymes responsible for this metabolism have not been identified.

Elimination The mean elimination half-life in 146 healthy volunteers across multiple pharmacokinetic studies was 8.3 hours and the apparent total body clearance for cetirizine was approximately 53 mL/min.

Interaction Studies Pharmacokinetic interaction studies with Cetirizine Hydrochloride in adults were conducted with pseudoephedrine, antipyrine, ketoconazole, erythromycin and azithromycin. No interactions were observed. In a multiple dose study of theophylline (400 mg once daily for 3 days) and Cetirizine Hydrochloride(20 mg once daily for 3 days), a 16% decrease in the clearance of Cetirizine Hydrochloride was observed. The disposition of theophylline was not altered by concomitant Cetirizine Hydrochloride administration.

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Summary of Docusate sodium

Docusate sodium often referred to as DSS, Aerosol OT or AOT is a common ingredient in consumer products, especially laxatives of the stool softener type. It is also used as an emulsifying, wetting, and dispersing agent, as a pesticide, as well as a component of the oil dispersant Corexit which was used in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010. It is an anionic surfactant, a substance that lowers the surface tension of water.

It is used to treat occasional constipation. Some medications and conditions can make constipation more likely. Stool softeners such as docusate are often the first method used for preventing and treating this type of constipation. Docusate is often used when straining to have a bowel movement should be avoided (e.g., after a heart attack or surgery).

Docusate calcium(CAS NO:577-11-7) is a stool softener. It works by increasing the amount of water the stool absorbs in the gut, making the stool softer and easier to pass.

Take this medication by mouth, usually at bedtime with a full glass (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) of water or juice, or as directed by your doctor. The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy. Decrease your dose or stop taking this medication if you develop diarrhea.

Follow all directions on the product package unless otherwise directed by your doctor. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

If you are using the liquid form of this medication, measure the dose carefully using a special measuring device/spoon. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. If you are using the drops, measure the medication with the dropper provided, or use a dose-measuring spoon or device to make sure you have the correct dose. Mix the syrup, liquid or drops in 4 to 8 ounces of fruit juice, milk or infant formula to prevent throat irritation and mask a bitter taste.

Use this medication only when needed. Do not use this product for more than 1 week unless directed by your doctor. Relief is usually seen in 1 to 3 days. Inform your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.

Possible side effects are typically mild and include stomach pain, diarrhea, or cramping. Serious allergic reactions can occur with the drug. The most severe side effect of docusate, although very rare, is rectal bleeding.

Docusate sodium is a strong irritant for eyes and lungs, and also a skin irritant. Ingestion can cause the side effects described above, such as diarrhea, intestinal bloating and occasionally cramping pains. DSS is not known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic.

Docusate sodium is highly toxic for rainbow trout with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.56 mg/l after 48 hours for the pure substance. It is only slightly to moderately toxic for rainbow trout fingerlings, and slightly toxic for harlequin rasboras (LC50 27 mg/l of a 60% formulation after 48 hours).

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Sorafenib tosylate was approved to cure liver cancer

Sorafenib tosylate is a drug approved for the treatment of primary kidney cancer (advanced renal cell carcinoma) and advanced primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma).

On November 16, 2007, the FDA approved sorafenib tosylate (CAS NO:475207-59-1), a small molecule Raf kinase and VEGF receptor kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer.

In November 2009, the UK's National Institute of Clinical Excellence declined to approve the drug for use within the NHS in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, stating that its effectiveness (increasing survival in primary liver cancer by 6 months) did not justify its high price, at up to £3000 per patient per month. In Scotland the drug had already been refused authorization by the Scottish Medicines Consortium for use within NHS Scotland, for the same reason.

In March 2012, the Indian Patent Office granted a domestic company, Natco Pharma, a license to manufacture generic Sorafenib, bringing its price down by 97%. Bayer sells a month's supply, 120 tablets, of Nexavar for INR280000 (US$4,300). Natco Pharma will sell 120 tablets for INR8800 (US$130), while still paying a 6% royalty to Bayer. Under Indian Patents Act, 2005 and the World Trade Organisation TRIPS Agreement, the government can issue a compulsory license when a drug is not available at an affordable price.

The current approval was based on the results of an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with unresectable, biopsy-proven hepatocellular carcinoma. Overall survival was the primary efficacy endpoint. A total of 602 patients were randomized; 299 to sorafenib 400 mg twice daily and 303 to matching placebo.

Demographics and baseline disease characteristics were similar between the sorafenib and placebo groups. Prior treatments included surgical resections (20 percent), locoregional therapies (including radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection and transarterial chemoembolization in 40 percent), radiotherapy (5 percent), and systemic therapy (4 percent).

The trial was stopped following a pre-specified second interim analysis for survival disclosing a statistically significant advantage for sorafenib [median 10.7 vs. 7.9 months; HR: 0.69 (95 percent CI: 0.55, 0.87), p= 0.00058]. The final analysis of time-to-tumor progression (TTP) by independent radiologic review was based on data from an earlier time point and demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in TTP in the sorafenib arm [median 5.5 vs. 2.8 months; HR: 0.58 (95 percent CI: 0.45, 0.74), p=0.000007].

The most common adverse reactions (≥20 percent) considered related to Sorafenib tosylate were fatigue, weight loss, rash/ desquamation, hand-foot skin reaction, alopecia, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea and abdominal pain. Diarrhea was reported in 55 percent of Sorafenib tosylate patients (grade 3 in 10 percent). Hand-foot syndrome (21 percent overall; grade 3 in 8 percent) and rash (19 percent overall; grade 3 in 1 percent) were the most common dermatologic adverse reactions toSorafenib tosylate.

Cardiac ischemia or infarction was reported in 2.7 percent of Sorafenib tosylate patients (1.3 percent placebo). Treatment-emergent hypertension was reported in 9 percent of Sorafenib tosylate patients (4 percent placebo). Grade 3 hypertension was reported in 4 percent of Sorafenib tosylate patients (1 percent placebo). Elevated serum lipase occurred in 40 percent of Sorafenib tosylate patients (37 percent placebo), and hypophosphatemia occurred in 35 percent of Sorafenib tosylate patients (11 percent placebo).

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Some warnings about Pitavastatin calcium

Pitavastatin calcium is a member of the medication class of statins, marketed in the United States under the trade name Pitavastatin calcium. Like other statins, it is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyses the first step of cholesterol synthesis. It has been available in Japan since 2003, and is being marketed under licence in South Korea and in India. It is likely that pitavastatin will be approved for use in hypercholesterolaemia and for the prevention of cardiovascular disease outside South and Southeast Asia as well.In the US, it received FDA approval in 2009.

But, before using Pitavastatin calcium(CAS NO:147526-32-7), I have some warnings and precautions need to tell you!

1.Skeletal Muscle Effects

Cases of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria have been reported with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, including Pitavastatin calcium. These risks can occur at any dose level, but increase in a dose-dependent manner.

Pitavastatin calcium should be prescribed with caution in patients with predisposing factors for myopathy. These factors include advanced age (≥65 years), renal impairment, and inadequately treated hypothyroidism. The risk of myopathy may also be increased with concurrent administration of fibrates or lipid-modifying doses of niacin. It should be administered with caution in patients with impaired renal function, in elderly patients, or when used concomitantly with fibrates or lipid-modifying doses of niacin.

There have been rare reports of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), an autoimmune myopathy, associated with statin use. IMNM is characterized by: proximal muscle weakness and elevated serum creatine kinase, which persist despite discontinuation of statin treatment; muscle biopsy showing necrotizing myopathy without significant inflammation; improvement with immunosuppressive agents.

Pitavastatin calcium therapy should be discontinued if markedly elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels occur or myopathy is diagnosed or suspected. Pitavastatin calcium therapy should also be temporarily withheld in any patient with an acute, serious condition suggestive of myopathy or predisposing to the development of renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis. All patients should be advised to promptly report unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, particularly if accompanied by malaise or fever or if muscle signs and symptoms persist after discontinuing this medicine.

2.Liver Enzyme Abnormalities

Increases in serum transaminases have been reported with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, including Pitavastatin calcium. In most cases, the elevations were transient and resolved or improved on continued therapy or after a brief interruption in therapy.

In placebo-controlled Phase 2 studies, ALT >3 times the upper limit of normal was not observed in the placebo, Pitavastatin calcium 1 mg, or Pitavastatin calcium 2 mg groups. One out of 202 patients (0.5%) administered Pitavastatin calcium 4 mg had ALT >3 times the upper limit of normal.

It is recommended that liver enzyme tests be performed before the initiation of Pitavastatin calcium and if signs or symptoms of liver injury occur.

There have been rare postmarketing reports of fatal and non-fatal hepatic failure in patients taking statins, including pitavastatin. If serious liver injury with clinical symptoms and/or hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice occurs during treatment with this medicine, promptly interrupt therapy. If an alternate etiology is not found do not restart this medicine.

As with other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, Pitavastatin calcium should be used with caution in patients who consume substantial quantities of alcohol. Active liver disease, which may include unexplained persistent transaminase elevations, is a contraindication to the use of Pitavastatin calcium .

3.Endocrine Function Increases in HbA1c and fasting serum glucose levels have been reported with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, including Pitavastatin calcium.

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Summary of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol (abbreviated 2-EH) is a fatty alcohol, an organic compound is a branched, eight-carbon chiral alcohol. It is a colorless liquid that is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. It is produced on a massive scale as a precursor to plasticizers, some of which are controversial as potential endocrine disruptors.

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is a clear, colourless liquid with an odour described as sweet, floral, intense, and unpleasant. Its formula is C8H18O, and CAS NO is 104-76-7. It occurs naturally in food and is also added as flavouring to foods. This compound is formulated by petrochemical synthesis and used predominately in the production of plasticizers for PVC resins, hexyl esters, and arylates. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is also used in textiles and as a solvent and wetting agent.

Almost all 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is converted into the diesters bis(2-Ethyl-1-hexanol) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer. Because it is a fatty alcohol, its esters tend to have emollient properties. For example, the sunscreen octocrylene contains a 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol ester for this purpose. It is also commonly used as a low volatility solvent. This chemical can also be used as an octane booster when reacted with nitric acid.

In the atmosphere, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol occurs in the vapour phase and will undergo atmospheric degradation via photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. It is only moderately soluble in water, from which it will volatilize or undergo biodegradation. This compound is unlikely to adsorb to sediments or soil.

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol is produced industrially by the aldol condensation of n-butyraldehyde, followed by hydrogenation of the resulting hydroxyaldehyde. About 2,500,000 tons are prepared in this way annually. The n-butyraldehyde is made by hydroformylation of propylene, either in a self-contained plant or as the first step in a fully integrated facility. Most facilities make n-butanol and isobutanol in addition to 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol.

Plants, including a variety of fruits, are a natural source of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol emissions. Anthropogenic emission sources of this chemical include those resulting from its manufacturing and use as a solvent. It is also released in the manufacturing of plasticizers, plastics, coatings, cetane improvers, lubricant additives, and surfactants. It is formed from combustion of PVC plastics and disinfection of water and wastewater using chlorine dioxide. In indoor environments, it is emitted from some carpeting. This chemical is currently not a reportable substance for Environment Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory.

In humans and animals, toxicity endpoints associated with acute 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol inhalation include irritation of eyes and throat, headaches, cough, dizziness, and fatigue. There is limited evidence to suggest acute, reversible neurotoxicity. No chronic effects were reported in either animal or human studies. Animal studies have concluded that this chemical is neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic. No data was identified for the effects of this chemical on terrestrial vegetation. In algae (Chlorella emersonii), 50 and 100 mg dm3 this chemical added to growth medium severely inhibited algal growth rate.

The standard method for monitoring 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol in air employs the use of charcoal solid sorbent tubes. Reference air monitoring methods were limited to one method developed, tested and reported by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Ambient air quality guidelines or objectives were developed for 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol by only 5 of the 22 agencies evaluated.These agencies included: Ontario, Texas, Oklahoma, Michigan, and Vermont. Where reported, the basis for the guideline or objective was odour. No guidelines were developed based on occupational exposure criteria as there were no occupational criteria for 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol.

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General risk of Malathion

Malathion is an organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. It is an insecticide of relatively low human toxicity. In the former USSR, it was known as carbophos, in New Zealand and Australia as maldison and in South Africa as mercaptothion.

This medication is used to treat head lice, tiny insects that infest and irritate your scalp. Malathion belongs to a class of drugs known as organophosphates. It works by paralyzing and killing lice and their eggs (nits).

Malathion(CAS NO:121-75-5) itself is of low toxicity; however, absorption or ingestion into the human body readily results in its metabolism to malaoxon, which is substantially more toxic. In studies of the effects of long-term exposure to oral ingestion of malaoxon in rats, malaoxon has been shown to be 61 times more toxic than malathion. It is cleared from the body quickly, in three to five days.

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency there is currently no reliable information on adverse health effects of chronic exposure to malathion Acute exposure to extremely high levels of malathion will cause body-wide symptoms whose intensity will be dependent on the severity of exposure. Possible symptoms include skin and eye irritation, cramps, nausea, diarrhea, excessive sweating, seizures and even death. Most symptoms tend to resolve within several weeks.

Malathion present in untreated water is converted to malaoxon during the chlorination phase of water treatment, so malathion should not be used in waters that may be used as a source for drinking water, or any upstream waters.

If malathion is used in an indoor, or other poorly ventilated environment, it can seriously poison the occupants living or working in this environment. A possible concern is that malathion being used in an outdoor environment, could enter a house or other building; however, studies by the EPA have conservatively estimated that possible exposure by this route is well below the toxic dose of malathion. Regardless of this fact, in jurisdictions which spray malathion for pest control, it is often recommended to keep windows closed and air conditioners turned off while spraying is taking place, in an attempt to minimize entry of malathion into the closed environment of residential homes.

In 1981, the late B. T. Collins, Director of the California Conservation Corps, publicly swallowed and survived a mouthful of dilute Malathion solution. This was an attempt to demonstrate Malathion's safety following an outbreak of Mediterranean fruit flies in California. Malathion was sprayed over a 1,400 sq mi (3,600 km2) area to control the flies.

In 1976, numerous malaria workers in Pakistan were poisoned by isomalathion, a contaminant that may be present in some preparations of malathion It is capable of inhibiting carboxyesterase enzymes in those exposed to it. It was discovered that poor work practices had resulted in excessive direct skin contact with isomalathion contained in the malathion solutions. Implementation of good work practices, and the cessation of use of malathion contaminated with isomalathion led to the cessation of poisoning cases.

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Alcohols to Trimethylacetyl chloride

Conversion of alcohols into the corresponding Trimethylacetyl chloride is one of the most important and commonly used transformation in organic synthesis and development of such a procedure is still desirable in academia as well as in industrial research. A number of reagents have been employed to carry out this transformation. Some of the methods developed for this purpose utilize reagents such as thionyl chloride, PCL, Vilsmeier–Haack salt, benzothiazolium salts,2-chlo-robenzoxazolium salts, Vieche salts, polymer-supported triphenyl phosphine, dimethylammoni-umchloride or a filterable phosphine source such as 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane.

More recently, halide based ionic liquids and complex of TCT–DMF have been reported to effect this transformation. During our recent endeavor with HKR (hydrolytic kinetic reso-lution) mediated synthesis of biologically active compounds, werequired to convert a diol into the required epoxide through piva-late via a three step-sequence reaction. Interestingly, we observed an efficient chlorination of alcohol instead of its protection as piv-alate when reaction was performed in DMF. This could probably be attributed to the generation of a new reactive species responsible for chlorination and this observation prompted us to initiate a sys-tematic investigation of pivaloyl chloride/DMF reagent system for chlorination of alcohol. Herein we wish to disclose our results for a very mild and efficient conversion of alcohol to chloride.

In a typical experimental procedure, when alcohols were trea-ted with a pre-formed complex of DMF and pivaloyl chloride in dichloromethane, it gave the corresponding chloro compounds in moderate to good yields.

The present procedure is quite general as a wide range of struc-turally varied alcohols such as primary, secondary, allylic, homoal-lylic, and benzylic ones underwent smooth conversion with pivaloyl chloride/DMF into their corresponding Trimethylacetyl chloride(CAS NO:3282-30-2) under mild reaction conditions in moderate to good yields of the corre-sponding chloride. It should be mentioned here that insome cases small amount (5–15% yield) of the pivaloyl ester of the corresponding alcohol was also obtained as a side product.

The superiority of this procedure can be clearly visualized in chlo-rination of b-amino alcohol leading to the corresponding chloro compound in good yield without formation of any side product. The cleavage of acetonide group under the reac-tion conditions employed was not observed. It should be men-tioned here that the amino acid based azide thus prepared could serve as a useful building block to synthesise a new class of unnat-ural C-glycosyl amino acid featuring a triazole moiety between the sugar and amino acid entities.

PMBCl, an important protecting group in organic synthesis was also synthesized from the corre-sponding alcohol. Our method yielded the prod-uct free from any acidic impurities while the conventional method of its synthesis using hydrochloric acid generally affords the prod-uct contaminated with acidic impurities.

The measurement of optical rotation and its com-parison with literature values indicated that the reaction occurs with inversion of configuration via SN2 displacement leading to the corresponding chloro product in enantiomerically pure form. The involvement of Vilsmeier–Haack type complex as a possible reactive intermediate is invoked which adds on the hy-droxyl group of the alcohol to form the cationic species followed by subsequent nucleophilic attack of chloride ion in SN2 fashion to produce the corresponding chloride.

Some of the crude chloro compounds which were found to be volatile and unstable were subsequently treated with sodium azide in DMF at 60 C to afford the corresponding azide in good yield.

In conclusion, a mild, general and efficient conversion of alco-hols into Trimethylacetyl chloride has been developed. The noteworthy feature of the present method is the use of pivaloyl chloride/DMF as a mild, non-toxic and inexpensive reagent coupled with simple operation and ease of work-up. We believe this will present a better and more practical alternative to the existing methodologies.

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What is Diethylamine used for ?

Diethylamine is a secondary amine with the molecular structure CH3CH2NHCH2CH3 (also written as C4H11N). It is a flammable, strongly alkaline liquid. It is miscible with water and ethanol. It is a colorless liquid which often appears brown due to impurities. It is volatile and has a strong unpleasant odor.

Diethylamine is manufactured from ethanol and ammonia and is obtained together with ethylamine and triethylamine. It is used as a corrosion inhibitor and in the production of rubber, resins, dyes and pharmaceuticals.Diethylamine is a corrosive chemical and contact with skin may cause irritation or burns.

Physical properties:

Molecular weight: 73.14 Boiling point: 55.5°C (760 mm Hg) Color: colorless liquid Specific gravity: 0.71 (water = 1) Formula: (C2H5)2NH Vapor pressure at 20°C: 195 mm Hg Flash point (closed cup): less than -18°C Odor: fish, ammonia-like Synonyms: diethamine; N-ethyle-ethanamine CAS NO.: 109-89-7

Diethylamine vapor is a severe irritant to mucous membranes, eyes, and skin. Rabbits repeatedly exposed to 50 ppm for 7 hours daily showed corneal damage and pulmonary irritation. In one reported human case, liquid splashed into the eye caused immediate intense pain. In spite of emergency irrigation and treatment, the cornea became swollen and cloudy. Some permanent visual impairment resulted. Contact with the liquid causes vesiculation (blisters) and necrosis (death of tissue) of the skin.

Diethylamine is used in preparation of textile finishing agents, surfactants, rubber processing chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as a corrosion inhibitor in iron, steel, and metal industries.

Sometimes, it may be used as a polymerization inhibitor and catalyst in the polymer industry and as an intermediate in the dye industry. The other usages of Diethylamine is used as a depilatory of animal skins and in electroplating solutions.

In medicine, Diethylamine salicylate is widely used, it is used to treat muscular aches, sprains, and strains. It contains a mixture of ingredients that have a warming and pain-relieving effect that can help treat these types of conditions.

Diethylamine is available as a cream that is rubbed into the skin.You should try this medicine on a small area of skin first to make sure that you do not have a bad reaction to it.This cream should be applied sparingly. If you have sensitive skin or if you apply this medicine in hot weather or after a hot bath you may experience some discomfort.Speak to your doctor if your symptoms do not improve or if they get worse during treatment with Diethylamine.

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MSDS of N-BOC-4-Hydroxypiperidine

Molecular Formula:　C10H19NO3 

Molecular Weight: 　201.26 InChI=　1/C10H19NO3/c1-10(2,3)14-9(13)11-6-4-8(12)5-7-11/h8,12H,4-7H2,1-3H3 Canonical SMILES:　CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CCC(CC1)O MOL File: 　109384-19-2.mol

Appearance: 　N-BOC-4-Hydroxypiperidine is white or off-white crystalline powder Density:　1.107 g/cm3                           Melting Point: 60-65℃ Boiling Point: 292.3 oC at 760 mmHg    Vapour: 0.000198mmHg at 25°C Refractive Index: 1.495                          Flash Point: 130.6 oC Storage temp: Store at -15°C                 CAS NO: 109384-19-2

FIRST AID MEASURES

General advice: Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance. If inhaled: If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician. In case of skin contact: Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician. In case of eye contact: Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician. If swallowed: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.

FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES

Suitable extinguishing media:Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Special protective equipment for fire-fighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Personal precautions: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid N-BOC-4-Hydroxypiperidine contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection. Conditions for safe storage: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Store in cool place.

Further information

The above information about N-BOC-4-Hydroxypiperidine is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information this document is based on the resent state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. guidechem shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. Want to learn more information about N-BOC-4-Hydroxypiperidine, you can access the guidechem.com. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals.

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The warning about taking Cyclosporin A

Ciclosporin cyclosporine (USAN), cyclosporin (former BAN), or cyclosporin A (often shortened to CsA) is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection. It reduces the activity of the immune system by interfering with the activity and growth of T cells.It was initially isolated from the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum (Beauveria nivea), found in a soil sample obtained in 1969 from Hardangervidda, Norway by Dr. Hans Peter Frey, a Sandoz biologist. Most peptides are synthesized by ribosomes, but ciclosporin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of 11 amino acids and contains a single D-amino acid, which are rarely encountered in nature

Cyclosporin A(CAS NO:59865-13-3) is widely used in medicine, but there are some special cases which you should not take this medicine. Now I will show you the warning about taking Cyclosporin A

Cyclosporin A is available in its original form and as another product that has been modified (changed) so that the medication can be better absorbed in the body. Original cyclosporine and Cyclosporin A (modified) are absorbed by the body in different amounts, so they cannot be substituted for one another. Take only the type of cyclosporine that was prescribed by your doctor. When your doctor gives you a written prescription, check to be sure that he or she has specified the type of this medicine you should receive. Each time you have your prescription filled, look at the brand name printed on your prescription label to be sure that you have received the same type of Cyclosporin A. Talk to your pharmacist if the brand name is unfamiliar or you are not sure you have received the right type of this medicine.

Taking Cyclosporin A may increase the risk that you will develop an infection or cancer, especially lymphoma (cancer of a part of the immune system) or skin cancer. This risk may be higher if you take Cyclosporin A with other medications that decrease the functioning of the immune system such as azathioprine (Imuran), cancer chemotherapy, methotrexate (Rheumatrex), sirolimus (Rapamune), and tacrolimus (Prograf). Tell your doctor if you are taking any of these medications, and if you have or have ever had any type of cancer. To reduce your risk of skin cancer, plan to avoid unnecessary or prolonged exposure to sunlight and to wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen during your treatment. If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: sore throat, fever, chills, and other signs of infection; flu-like symptoms; coughing; difficulty urinating; pain when urinating; a red, raised, or swollen area on the skin; new sores or discoloration on the skin; lumps or masses anywhere in your body; night sweats; swollen glands in the neck, armpits, or groin; trouble breathing; chest pain; weakness or tiredness that does not go away; or pain, swelling, or fullness in the stomach.

Cyclosporin A may cause high blood pressure and kidney damage. Tell your doctor if you have or have ever had high blood pressure or kidney disease. Also tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following medications: amphotericin B (Amphotec, Fungizone); cimetidine (Tagamet); ciprofloxacin (Cipro); colchicine; fenofibrate (Antara, Lipophen, Tricor); gemfibrozil (Lopid); gentamicin; ketoconazole (Nizoral); melphalan (Alkeran); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), and sulindac (Clinoril); ranitidine (Zantac); tobramycin (Tobi); trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra); and vancomycin (Vancocin). If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: dizziness; swelling of the arms, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs; fast, shallow breathing; nausea; or irregular heartbeat.

If you have psoriasis, tell your doctor about all the psoriasis treatments and medications you are using or have used in the past. The risk that you will develop skin cancer is greater if you have ever been treated with PUVA (psoralen and UVA; treatment for psoriasis that combines an oral or topical medication with exposure to ultraviolet A light); methotrexate (Rheumatrex) or other medications that suppress the immune system; UVB (exposure to ultraviolet B light to treat psoriasis); coal tar; or radiation therapy. You should not be treated with PUVA, UVB, or medications that suppress the immune system while you are taking Cyclosporin A to treat psoriasis.

Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain lab tests to check your body's response to Cyclosporin A.

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This advance notice of using 2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1)

2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1) , also known as ferrous fumarate, is the iron(II) salt of fumaric acid, occurring as a reddish-orange powder, used to supplement iron intake. It has the chemical formula C4H2FeO4, the CAS NO is 141-01-5. 2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1) is a type of iron. You normally get iron from the foods you eat. In your body, iron becomes a part of your hemoglobin (HEEM o glo bin) and myoglobin (MY o glo bin). Hemoglobin carries oxygen through your blood to tissues and organs. Myoglobin helps your muscle cells store oxygen.

2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1) is used to treat iron deficiency anemia (a lack of red blood cells caused by having too little iron in the body). It may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.

Before using 2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1)

It may not be suitable for everyone and some people must never have it. Check the leaflet that comes with your medicine to make sure that the medicine is suitable before having it. Always get advice from a healthcare professional before taking this medicine if:

You are allergic or sensitive to or have had a reaction to any of the ingredients in the medicine, this medicine is for a child you have other types of anaemia, you have conditions where there is too much iron in the body such as haemochromatosis or haemosiderosis, you notice blood in your urine, you have or have had a gastrointestinal ulcer, you have repeated blood transfusions, you have ileus, you have ulcerative colitis, you have intestinal strictures, you have diverticular disease, you have had part or all of your stomach removed, you have diabetes - the syrup form of this medicine may contain sugar.

Medicines interactions

If you are taking more than one medicine they may interact with each other. Before taking this medicine consult your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking or have recently taken any other medicines including vitamins, supplements and herbal or complementary preparations.

The following medicines may interact with this medicine: Thyroxine (you should take thyroxine and this medicine at least two hours apart), penicillamine, bisphosphonates,ciprofloxacin,entacapone,levodopa,levofloxacin,moxifloxacin,mycophenolate,norfloxacin,ofloxacin,zinc,chloramphenicol,tetracyclines,calcium,salts,magnesium trisilicate,trientine,cholestyramine,dimercaprol,methyldopa.

Possible side effects of 2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1)

Most medicines can cause some side-effects but not everyone taking the same medicine will get the same side-effects.

The following side-effects have been associated with people taking this medicine:

gastrointestinal irritation, constipation which may lead to faecal impaction, nausea, stomach pain, diarrhoea, dark coloured stools, black discolouration of the teeth - this has been reported to occur with the liquid form of this medicine.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding

If you are trying to become pregnant, are pregnant, or are breast-feeding, you should seek medical advice before taking this medicine.

Other important information

Make sure that you read the leaflet that comes with 2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1) to check what dose you should take. Seek immediate medical advice if you take more than the recommended dose. If you are in any doubt about whether this medicine is suitable for you, speak to your doctor or pharmacist. 2-Butenedioicacid (2E)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1) contains iron. It is important to keep it out of the reach and sight of children because an overdose may be fatal.

Some foods such as tea, eggs or milk may decrease the absorption of iron and should not be taken at the same time as iron supplements.Keep all medicines out of the sight and reach of children.

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Change Ethanol to Bromoethane

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with the structural formula CH3CH2OH, often abbreviated as C2H5OH or C2H6O. A psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs known, ethanol produces a state known as alcohol intoxication when consumed as a beverage. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a solvent, and as a fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol or spirits.

Bromoethane, also known as ethyl bromide, is a chemical compound of the haloalkanes group. Its CAS NO is 74-96-4. It is abbreviated by chemists as EtBr. This volatile compound has an ether-like odour. In organic synthesis, Bromoethane is the synthetic equivalent of the ethyl carbocation (Et+) synthon. In reality, such a cation is not actually formed. For example, carboxylates salts are converted to ethyl esters, carbanions to ethylated derivatives, thiourea into ethylisothiouronium salts, and amines into ethylamines.

Here is an experiment about the conversion of ethanol to Bromoethane, This experiment could be done by advanced pupils, if sufficient fume cupboards were available. Alternatively it could be a teacher demonstration. It takes about 20 minutes.

Health, safety and technical notes

Wear goggles throughout. Work in a fume cupboard. Wear protective gloves when handling phosphorus tribromide.  Ethanol (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE) or Industrial Denatured Alcohol, IDA, C2H5OH(l), (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, HARMFUL) - see CLEAPSS Hazcard.  Phosphorus(III) bromide (phosphorus tribromide), PBr3(l) (CORROSIVE). Similar to phosphorus(III) chloride - see CLEAPSS Hazcard. The vapour will hydrolyse in the moisture in air to give HBr (CORROSIVE) - see CLEAPSS Hazcard.

Procedure of this experiment

a. Put 20 drops of ethanol into a test-tube. b. By adding one drop at a time, put 15 drops of phosphorus tribromide in the test-tube. c. Leave the mixture to stand for 10 min. d. Put 2 cm3 of deionised water in a measuring cylinder and, one drop at a time, add the water to the test-tube. e. Observe the test-tube carefully. What do you notice?

The teaching notes

This is an alternative method to heating the alcohol under reflux with sodium bromide and concentrated sulfuric acid, generating HBr in situ. Yields by the HBr method are seldom impressive.

The phosphorus tribromide reacts vigorously with the ethanol and it is important that it is added only one drop at a time. The reaction is: PBr3 + 3C2H5OH → 3C2H5Br + H3PO3 This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The water removes excess PBr3 by the hydrolysis reaction: PBr3 + 3H2O → 3HBr + H3PO3 A few globules of bromobutane should be seen at the bottom of the tube.

This is a brief introduction about the conversion of ethanol to Bromoethane, Want to learn more information about Bromoethane, you can access the guidechem.com. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals.

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Usages and safety of Diethanolamine

Diethanolamine was considered by a previous IARC Working Group in 2000 ( IARC, 2000 ). Since that time new data have become available, which have been incorporated to this Monograph, and taken into consideration in the present evaluation.

Diethanolamine, often abbreviated as DEA or DEOA, is an organic compound with the formula HN(CH2CH2OH)2. Pure diethanolamine(CAS NO:111-42-2) is a white solid at room temperature, but its tendency to absorb water and to supercool mean it is often encountered as a colorless, viscous liquid. It is polyfunctional, being a secondary amine and a diol. Like other organic amines, diethanolamine acts as a weak base. Reflecting the hydrophilic character of the alcohol groups, DEA is soluble in water. Amides prepared from DEA are often also hydrophilic.

Diethanolamine is widely used in the prepa-ration of diethanolamides and diethanolamine salts of long-chain fatty acids that are formulated into soaps and surfactants used in liquid laundry and dishwashing detergents, cosmetics, sham-poos and hair conditioners. It is also used in the production of lubricants in the textile industry, in industrial gas purifica-tion to remove acid gases and as an emulsifier and dispersing agent in preparations of agri-cultural chemicals.

Diethanolamine is used in metalworking fluids for cutting, stamping and die-casting operations as a corrosion inhibitor. In the production of detergents, cleaners, fabric solvents and metalworking fluids, dietha-nolamine is used for acid neutralization and soil deposition. Aqueous diethanolamine solutions are used as solvents for numerous drugs that are administered intravenously. Shampoos and hair dyes may contain free diethanolamine as a component and/or as a contaminant of fatty acid alkanolamides, generally in the range of 0.2–10% (Bailey, 2007). It is used with sulfolane in the sulfinol process to absorb carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gases (NTP, 1999a; Edens & Lochary, 2004; OECD, 2007, 2008 ).

The database for substances in preparations in Nordic countries lists a wide variety of uses of this chemical registered in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. In 2004, 520 preparations containing this chemical, accounting for a total volume of 19 865.8 tonnes, were registered in Denmark. In Norway, Sweden, and Finland, 103 (856.8 tonnes), 307 (459.0 tonnes), and 75 (132.7 tonnes) products were registered, respectively. Use categories included intermediates, cleaning/washing agents, paints, lacquers and varnishes, surface treatments, cutting fluids, pH-regulation agents, impregnation materials, surface-active agents, corrosion inhibitors, process regulators, colouring agents, reprographic agents, lubricants and additives. Its use in consumer preparations was indicated for products registered in Norway and Sweden (SPIN, 2006 ; OECD, 2008).

Diethanolamine is a potential skin irritant in workers sensitized by exposure to water-based metalworking fluids. One study showed that this chemical inhibits in baby mice the absorption of choline, which is necessary for brain development and maintenance; however, a study in humans determined that dermal treatment for 1 month with a commercially available skin lotion containing this chemical resulted in DEA levels that were "far below those concentrations associated with perturbed brain development in the mouse". In a mouse study of chronic exposure to inhaled DEA at high concentrations (above 150 mg/m3), DEA was found to induce body and organ weight changes, clinical and histopathological changes, indicative of mild blood, liver, kidney and testicular systemic toxicity. A 2009 study found that Diethanolamine has potential acute, chronic and subchronic toxicity properties for aquatic species.

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History of Elixir sulfanilamide

Benzenesulfonamide,4-amino- (also called sulphanilamide) is a sulfonamide antibacterial. It is a kind of white granular or crystalline powder, odorless, slightly bitter taste. It is slightly soluble in cool water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, soluble in boiling water, glycerol, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solution, insoluble in benzene, chloroform, ether and petroleum ether. Drug use in medicine can do for bacterial growth and proliferation inhibition.CAS NO is 63-74-1, Formula is C6H8N2O2S, and the Molecular Weight is 172.22.

Chemically, Benzenesulfonamide,4-amino- is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline. As a sulfonamide antibiotic, it functions by competitively inhibiting (i.e., by acting as a substrate analogue) enzymatic reactions involving para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). PABA is needed in enzymatic reactions that produce folic acid which acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of purine, pyrimidine and other amino acids.

Elixir sulfanilamide was an improperly prepared Chemically, Benzenesulfonamide,4-amino- medicine that caused mass poisoning in the United States in 1937. It caused the deaths of more than 100 people. The public outcry caused by this incident and other similar disasters led to the passing of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Aside from the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Harrison Act of 1914 banning the sale of some narcotic drugs, there was no federal regulatory control insuring the safety of new drugs until Congress enacted the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in response to a drug poisoning crisis.

In 1937, S. E. Massengill Co., a pharmaceutical manufacturer, created a preparation of sulfanilamide using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, and called the preparation "Elixir Sulfanilamide". DEG is poisonous to humans, but Harold Watkins, the company's chief pharmacist and chemist, was not aware of this (although it was known at the time). The company chemist merely added raspberry flavoring to the sulfa drug which he had dissolved in DEG and the company marketed the product. Although animal testing should have been routine in most drug company operations, Massengill performed none and there were no regulations requiring premarket safety testing of new drugs.

The company started selling and distributing the medication in September 1937. By October 11, the American Medical Association received a report of several deaths caused by the medication. The Food and Drug Administration was notified, and an extensive search was conducted to recover the distributed medicine. Frances Oldham Kelsey assisted on a research project, which verified that the excipient DEG was responsible for the fatal adverse effects. At least 100 deaths were blamed on the medication.

The owner of the company, when pressed to admit some measure of culpability, famously answered, "We have been supplying a legitimate professional demand and not once could have foreseen the unlooked-for results. I do not feel that there was any responsibility on our part." Massengill's chief chemist, Harold Watkins, committed suicide while awaiting trial.2

Congress responded to public outrage by passing the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which required that companies perform safety tests on their proposed new drugs and submit the data to the FDA before being allowed to market their product. The Massengill Company paid a minimum fine under provisions of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act which prohibited labeling the preparation an "elixir" if it had no alcohol in it.

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Learning basic knowledge about 1,3-Dimethoxy benzene

1,3-Dimethoxy benzene, which is also known as Dimethyl resorcinol, m-Dimethoxybenzene, Resorcinol dimethyl ether, Dimethylresorcinol, 3–Methoxyanisole, Dimethylether resorcinolu(Czech), 1,3-Dimethoxybenzeen, 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene and Dimethylether resorcinolu. The CAS NO of 1,3-Dimethoxy benzene is 151-10-0, MF is C8H10O2, MW is 138.1638.

The density of 1,3-Dimethoxy benzene is 1.055. Boiling point is 85-87 degree. Refractive index is 1.523-1.525, flash point is 87 degree, and relative density is 1.005g/cm3. It is a kind of colorless and transparent liquid. There are orange blossom aroma ether, slightly spicy taste 1,3-Dimethoxy benzene is used for organic synthesis intermediates, and benzoyl chloride in three aluminum chloride catalyst for mandrax-Crafts reaction, to be 2,4-dimethoxy benzophenone. It is the UV absorber UV-9 intermediates.

A Typical Iodination Procedure Using Micromixing.

A solution of 1,3-dimethoxy benzene (112 mg, 0.811 m mol) in CH3CN and an I+ solution (8 mL, cooled at 0 ℃), generated from I2 (127 mg, 0.500 m mol) using the electrochemical method described above, were simultaneously introduced to an IMM single mixer (version 2) having a Si inlet (channel width = 50 μm), which was dipped in a coolant at 0 ℃, using syringe pumps (flow rate is 3.0 mL/min each). Then, the reaction mixture coming out from the outlet of the micromixer was collected with a 100 mL round bottom flask, containing sat. NaHCO3 (30 mL), sat. NaS2O3 (1 mL), and Et2O (30 mL), with magnetic stirring.

The organic layer was separated and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue  was quickly filtered through a short column (10 cm) of silica gel to remove Bu4NBF4. The silica gel was washed with Et2O (100 mL). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in hexane (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with sat. NaHCO3 (30 mL) and then was separated. The solvent was removed to give a crude product (204 mg). Yields of 4-iodo-1,3-dimethoxybenzene (monoiodo product) and 4,6-diiodo-1,3- dimethoxybenzene (diiodo product) were determined by GC analysis: 4-iodo-1,3-dimethoxybenzene 78% (167 mg, 0.632 m mol): 4,6-diiodo-1,3- dimethoxybenzene 4% (13 mg, 0.033 m mol).

First Aid Measures

Eyes: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid.

Skin: Get medical aid. Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse.

Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid.

Inhalation: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.

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L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- does good for our body

L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- was discovered as a constituent of green tea in 1949 and was approved in Japan in 1964 for unlimited use in all foods, including chocolates, soft drinks, and herb teas, except infant foods. It also provides a unique umami (brothy or savory) taste and flavor to green tea infusion.

In 1950, the tea laboratory of Kyoto successfully separated L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- from gyokuro leaf, which has high L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- content. It is an analog to glutamine and glutamate, and can cross the blood–brain barrier. It is sold in the US as a dietary supplement, and is classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient. However, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, BfR) has objected to the addition of isolated L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- to beverages.

L-Glutamine,N-ethyl-(CAS NO:3081-61-6) is an amino acid derived from another amino acid, glutamic acid. Glutamine plays a role in the health of the immune system, digestive tract, and muscle cells, as well as other bodily functions. It appears to serve as a fuel for the cells that line the intestines. Heavy exercise, infection, surgery, and trauma can deplete the body's L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- reserves, particularly in muscle cells.

The fact that L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- does so many good things in the body has led people to try L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- supplements as a treatment for various conditions, including preventing the infections that often follow endurance exercise, reducing symptoms of overtraining syndrome, improving nutrition in critical illness, alleviating allergies, and treating digestive problems.

Early studies of this chemical involved much larger doses than are found in an everyday cup of tea. Researchers wonder whether drinking tea might have the same effects found in those studies.However, one recent study by Unilever found that smaller doses typical of those found in a cup of tea did induce changes in alpha waves as shown by EEG. Alpha waves occur in the brain and are associated with relaxation.

As a naturally occurring amino acid, L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- is thought to be a safe supplement when taken at recommended dosages. There is strong evidence that this medicine is safe at levels up to 14 g per day, although higher dosages have been tested without apparent adverse effects.

Nevertheless, those who are hypersensitive to monosodium glutamate (MSG) should use L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- with caution, as the body metabolizes it into glutamate. Also, because many anti-epilepsy drugs work by blocking glutamate stimulation in the brain, high dosages of L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- might conceivably overwhelm these drugs and pose a risk to people with epilepsy .

In one case report, high doses of the supplement L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- (more than 2 g per day) may have triggered episodes of mania in two people not previously known to have bipolar disorder. In a small randomized trial including 30 older people,L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- did not cause any clinically significant changes in lab tests. The researchers did urge caution, though, since there were some statistically significant changes for certain kidney levels.

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