EXPOSURE TO PORNOGRAPHY AS A CAUSE OF CHILD SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION
by Diana E. H. Russell and Natalie J. Purcell
There are 3 causal factors, according to "Russell's Theory", that explain how exposure to CSAM (child sexual abuse material) or IIOC (indecent images of children) can lead to some men committing child sexual abuse (rape, sexual assault, molestation).
Catharsis Vs. Intensified Desire
Some argue that the use of pornography as well as (CSAM) or (IIOC) has a cathartic affect on its consumer, but common sense, reality, and data proof otherwise. Indeed, the vast majority of SOs (sex offenders) who engaged in both contact and non-contact offenses reported that consuming (CSAM) or (IIOC) lead to them wanting more extreme images because they eventually become bored with the material they were currently consuming. For example, looking at images of young teens in swimwear would lead to looking at images of pre-pubescent girls in swimwear, which would lead to looking at nude images of children, and so on.
Much like a gambler who doles out more and more money for a greater high after a win, the same principle applies with CSAM. One would never make the argument that gambling just once would satisfy a person in a casino or give him a sense of catharsis, such that he would never want to gamble again. Yet many, including academics, make such arguments with regards to CSAM or IIOC.
The consumption of legal, misogynistic pornography is another example of the debunking of the catharsis theory. Indeed, we have testimony from women, as well as teenage girls, that their boyfriends either asked to or just blatantly choked them during sexual intercourse. When asked why they would want to or why they did that, the boyfriends responded they saw it in pornography. Clearly, they wanted to act out what they saw. Violent pornography, especially when consumed by young, impressionable men and boys, can give them toxic and problematic views on what women like, how women should be treated, and undermine the important of consent.
Sexual interest in minors is much more widespread than people either understand or want to believe. An interview was conducted by a political content creator named Ryan Dawson of an SW (sex worker) and she said that 60% of her clientele wanted her to act out a fantasy in which she was a child. Freund, K., in his work "Assessment of pedophilia" (1981), claimed that "normal heterosexual males respond even to very young girls substantially more than to males of any age group" (page 161-162). Additionally, he found that, even though "normal" males were more sexually aroused by women than female children, "children have some arousal value even for normal males" (Freund, 1981).
Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1989) "University males' sexual interest in children: Predicting potential indices of 'pedophilia' in a nonforensic sample" concluded that "based on a review of anthropological and historical data,” that adult sexual attraction to children is ubiquitous" (page 71). Briere and Runtz’s (1989) study confirms "the current data offer strong support for the notion that male sexual interest in children is relatively common in our society, even among “normal” (non-incarcerated and nonclinical) males [i.e., non-pedophiles — by the terminology Freund, Howells, and we favor]."
Jenkins, P. (2001) "Beyond tolerance: Child pornography on the Internet" drew similar conclusions. "A sexual interest in children is not confined to a tiny segment of hardcore… ‘pedophiles’” (p. 25). He rejects the notion that there is “a fundamental gulf dividing ‘child-lovers’ [sic] from ‘normal’ people” (p. 27)." Jenkins also says "those interested in child pornography might not be so far removed from the ‘normal’ population" (page 30).
However, the research shows that the overwhelming majority of those who sexually abuse children are not pedophiles. In Howells, K. (1981) "Adult sexual interest in children: Consideration relevant to theories of aetiology", he says "There is good reason to think that such persons [pedophiles] form a minority in the total population of people who become sexually involved with children" (page 76). Other researchers have come to a similar conclusion (Bromberg & Johnson, 2001; Mohr, Turner, & Jerry, 1964; Swanson, 1968). The reasons for their offending behavior are to exercise power or authority over the children, or another pathology that is not related to the sexual desire for minors.
Russell's 4 factors that cause child sexual victimization
1a. Consuming CSAM or IIOC causes some males, not previously so disposed, so desire children
By Merging Sexual Images of Girls and Women Thereby Increasing Male Viewers' Propensity to Use Girls as Sexual Substitutes for Women
By Application of the Laws of Learning (boot experiment by Rachman and Hodgson (1968)
seeking more extreme pornography
1b. Consuming CSAM or IIOC increases the desire for children in males who are already attracted to minors
masturbation increases their desire for minors
seeking new CSAM because they are bored with older CSAM
CSAM provides material for offenders to imitate
creates a desire for ever more extreme CSAM
2. Disregard internal inhibitions
undermining the moral indecency and illegality of child sexual abuse
trivializing the harm of child sexual abuse
reinforcing lies about child sexual abuse
desensitizing consumers to the pathology if desiring children and the trauma of victims
advocating, legitimizing, and normalizing child sexual abuse
providing a blueprint for child sexual abuse
3. Disregard external inhibitions
diminishing fear of disapproval
diminishing fear of legal and social consequences
4. Bypassing the resistance of the minor
sexually arousing children
normalizing child sexual abuse for the child
using guilt to silence the child