21 | Activist | Poet | Two-Spirit , any pronouns | Hocąk and Mille Lacs Ojibwe | Indigenous Music and Language revitalization | Scholar cover 📸: isnanaun
Linguistic Diversity Challenge – the indigenous languages of the Americas
What is the language called in English and the language itself?
English names: Winnebago, Ho-Chunk
Own name: Hoocąk, Hocąk
Where is the language spoken?
It is spoken in N ebraska and Wisconsin, USA
How many people speak the language?
There are about 250, mostly elderly speakers; the language is endangered and may become extinct within the next one or two generations
Which language family does it belong to? What are some of its relative languages?
Hoocąk is a Siouan language of the
What writing system does the language use?
Hoocąk is usually written in the latin alphabet with diacritics, it can also be written with Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics
What kind of grammatical features does the language have?
It is an SOV language, agglutinating, with rich inflectional and derivational morphology, both in prefixes and suffixes.
What does the language sound like?
What do you personally find interesting about the language?
There is a notable sound law in Hoocąk called Dorsey’s Law which dictates that /ORS/ → [OSRS], where O is a voiceless obstruent, R is a resonant, and S a syllabic sound.
Furthermore, Hoocąk ’s stress system is substantially different from that of other Siouan languages, which have main stress on the second syllable or second mora. It is theorized that Ho-Chunk underwent a stress shift one mora to the right at some point in its history.
“She was the first woman ever described in the written history of Wisconsin and the only known female chief of the Hocak (Winnebago) nation. She was married to Sabrevoir de Carrie, a French colonist, who was remembered favourably in the Hocak oral tradition. She firmly allied herself with her husband’s people when the French struggled with the Fox people, and was instrumental in bringing peace.”
I follow you on Instagram. Just wanted to ask, how you liking Tumblr?
I used to have a tumblr back in middle school+ high school! I used it for other purposes though lol (fandom brainrot) but I am looking forward to utilizing this platform for more essay/blog purposes :))
December 12, 2025 - The United Nations voted to declare December 14 2025 the first International Day against Colonialism in All Its Forms and Manifestations.
The proposal was adopted by a recorded vote of 116 in favour to 2 against (Israel, United States) with 54 abstentions (mostly current or former European colonial powers and their closest allies). [link]/[link]
[ID: Two black and white photos of Kwame Ture/Stokely Carmichael, a young Black man, saying into a microphone with a sardonic expression, "In order for non-violence to work, your opponent must have a conscience. The United States has none, has none." End ID.]
The sale was part of a movement called Land Back, which sees ownership of lands return to tribes for the sake of effective stewardship.
"In Northern California, a Native American tribe is celebrating the return of ancestral lands in one of the largest such transfers in the nation’s history.
Through a Dept. of the Interior initiative aiming to bring indigenous knowledge back into land management, 76 square miles east of the central stretch of the Klamath River has been returned to the Yurok tribe.
Sandwiched between the newly-freed Klamath and forested hillsides of evergreens, redwoods, and cottonwoods, Blue Creek is considered the crown jewel of these lands, though if it were a jewel it wouldn’t be blue, it would be a giant colorless diamond, such is the clarity of the water.
Pictured: Blue Creek
It’s the most important cold-water tributary of the Klamath River, and critical habitat for coho and Chinook salmon. Fished and hunted on since time immemorial by the Yurok and their ancestors, the land was taken from them during the gold rush before eventually being bought by timber companies.
Barry McCovey Jr., director of the Yurok Tribal Fisheries Department, remembers slipping past gates and dodging security along Blue Creek just to fish up a steelhead, one of three game fish that populate the river and need it to spawn.
Profiled along with the efforts of his tribe to secure the land for themselves and their posterity, he spoke to AP about the experience of seeing plans, made a decade ago, come to fruition, and returning to the creek on which he formerly trespassed as a land and fisheries manager.
“To go from when I was a kid and 20 years ago even, from being afraid to go out there to having it be back in tribal hands … is incredible,” he said.
Part of the agreement is that the Yurok Tribe would manage the land to a state of maximum health and resilience, and for that the tribe has big plans, including restoring native prairie, using fire to control understory growth, removing invasive species, restoring native fish habitat, and undoing decades of land-use changes from the logging industry in the form of culverts and logging roads.
“And maybe all that’s not going to be done in my lifetime,” said McCovey. “But that’s fine, because I’m not doing this for myself.”
The Yurok Tribe were recently at the center of the nation’s largest dam removal, a two decades-long campaign to remove a series of four hydroelectric dams along the Klamath River. Once the West Coast’s third-largest salmon run, the Klamath dams substantially reduced salmon activity.
Completed last September, the before and after photographs are stunning to witness. By late November, salmon had already returned far upriver to spawn, proving that instinctual information had remained intact even after a century of disconnect.
Pictured; Klamath River flows freely, after Copco-2 dam was removed in California
“Seeing salmon spawning above the former dams fills my heart,” said Joseph L. James, chairman of the Yurok Tribe, the leaders of the dam removal campaign along with the Karuk and Klamath tribes.
“Our salmon are coming home. Klamath Basin tribes fought for decades to make this day a reality because our future generations deserve to inherit a healthier river from the headwaters to the sea.”
Last March, GNN reported that the Yurok Tribe had also become the first of America’s tribal nations to co-manage land with the National Park Service under a historic memorandum of understanding involving Redwoods National Park.
The nonprofit Save the Redwoods bought a piece of land adjacent to the park, which receives 1 million visitors annually and is a UNESCO Natural Heritage Site, and handed it over to the Yurok for stewardship.
The piece of land, which contained giant redwoods, recovered to such an extent that the NPS has incorporated it into the Redwoods trail network, and the two agencies will cooperate in ensuring mutual flourishing between two properties and one ecosystem.
Back at Blue Creek, AP reports that work has already begun clearing non-native conifer trees planted for lumber. The trunks will be used to create log jams in the creek for wildlife habitat.
Costing $56 million, the land was bought from the loggers by Western Rivers Conservancy, using a mixture of fundraising efforts including private capital, low interest loans, tax credits, public grants and carbon credit sales.
The sale was part of a movement called Land Back, which involves returning ownership of once-native lands of great importance to tribes for the sake of effective stewardship. [Note: This is a weirdly limited definition of Land Back. Land Back means RETURN STOLEN LAND, PERIOD.] Studies have shown around the tropics that indigenous-owned lands in protected areas have higher forest integrity and biodiversity than those owned by national governments.
Land Back has seen 4,700 square miles—equivalent to one and a half-times the size of Yellowstone National Park—returned to tribes through land buy-back agreements in 15 states." [Note: Since land buyback agreements aren't the only form of Land Back, the total is probably (hopefully) more than that.]
-via Good News Network, June 10, 2025
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