Katra's Plant Guide

[itskatra-blog]

Catalpa bignonioides - Catalpa

Plant community: N/A

Native region: United States

Mature size: Height: 30 to 60 feet, Spread: 20 to 40 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), forests

Hardiness Zone(s): 5-9

Leaf color: Summer: light green above, pubescent below, Fall: yellow

Bloom color: white flowers with purple and yellow inner markings

Benefit to Wildlife: Important source of nectar for honey bees. 

Larval host: Sole larval host: Catalpa sphinx (Ceratomia catalpae)

Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/catalpa/bignonioides/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277905&isprofile=0&

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CABI8

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Lindera benzoin – Spicebush

Plant community: Oak Hickory Forest

Native region: Eastern United States

Mature size: Height: 6 to 12 feet, Spread: 6 to 12 feet

Habitat: Floodplain (river or stream floodplains), shores of rivers or lakes, swamps

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9

Leaf color: Summer: light green, Fall: yellow

Bloom color: Greenish yellow

Benefit to Wildlife: Attracts birds and butterflies.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Spicebush Swallowtail (Papilio troilus) (1/7), Promethea silkmoth (Callosamia promethea) (1/6)

 Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/lindera/benzoin/

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LIBE3

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=d890

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/papilio-troilus

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Callosamia-promethea

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Celtis occidentalis - Hackberry

Plant community: N/A

Native region: Central and northeastern North America

Mature size: Height: 40 to 60 feet, Spread: 40 to 60 feet

Habitat: Floodplain (river or stream floodplains), forests, meadows and fields

Hardiness Zone(s): 2-9

Leaf color: Summer: glossy to dull green, Fall: undistinguished yellow

Bloom color: green

Benefit to Wildlife: Common hackberry use by deer can be heavy. In the Sylamore Ranger District of the Ozark National Forest, the summer utilization frequency of common hackberry by white-tailed deer was 20%, while the frequency of common hackberry in the available vegetation was only 4%. Rodents, rabbits, and northern raccoons utilize common hackberry. In central Indiana, common hackberry trees were often used for nesting by eastern fox squirrels. In eastern South Dakota, more than 45% of 1- to 2-year-old common hackberry stems received heavy browsing when not protected from rodents and rabbits. On the Fort Hays Kansas State College campus, eastern fox squirrels fed on common hackberry fruits and nipple galls (Pachyslla mamma) on common hackberry leaves. In Connecticut, researchers observed woodchucks feeding on common hackberry leaves in the field. In a review of southern, fruit-producing woody plants, common hackberry was reported as a principal northern raccoon food. Many bird species feed on common hackberry fruits and use common hackberry trees for foraging and nesting. Cedar waxwings, mockingbirds, American robins, bluebirds, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, northern flickers, wild turkeys, quail, and about 20 other bird species eat common hackberry seeds. Common hackberry was found in the stomachs of American robins and eastern bluebirds. In the South, common hackberry is reported as a preferred fall and winter wild turkey food. Use of common hackberry and common hackberry habitats by woodpeckers was also reported. In the Illinois River Valley of central Illinois, black-capped chickadees foraged more than expected in common hackberry based on its relative availability. In the oak-hickory forest type in central Missouri, cavity-nesting birds preferred white oak, green ash, and common hackberry snags most for foraging. The following birds were observed: northern flickers, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, other woodpeckers, white-breasted nuthatches, tufted titmice, and black-capped chickadees.  On South Bass Island in Lake Erie, 6% of cedar waxwing nests were built in common hackberry trees. In Missouri, the occurrence of common hackberry seed in fecal samples from captured eastern box turtles was 2.8%.

Larval host: Sole larval host: Hackberry butterfly (Asterocampa celtis), Snout butterfly (Libytheana carinenta), Tawny emperor (Asterocampa clyton), Specific larval host: Wild cherry sphinx (Sphinx drupiferarum), Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa)

Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/celtis/occidentalis/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a858

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/celocc/all.html#ImportanceToWildlifeAndLivestock

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Sphinx-drupiferarum?order=field_recorddate_value_1&sort=asc&hs_form_build_id=hs_form_75f9672223f970c7dddecbbc7b298f3a

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Nymphalis-antiopa?order=field_sightingdate_value&sort=asc

[itskatra-blog]

Gaylussacia brachycera - Box Huckleberry

Plant community: N/A

Native region: Eastern and Midwestern United States

Mature size: Height: .5-1.5 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), coastal beaches (sea beaches)

Hardiness Zone(s): 5-9

Leaf color: Summer: dark glossy green Fall: deep bronze to reddish-purple

Bloom color: white or pinkish

Benefit to Wildlife: The berries are eaten by wild turkeys and ruffed grouse and are edible to humans.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Huckleberry sphinx (Sphinx eremitus) (1/2)

Sources:

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=GABR5

http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Gaylussacia+brachycera

http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/118771-Gaylussacia-brachycera

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Vaccinium angustifolium - Lowbush blueberry

Plant community: Oak Hickory

Native region: North America

Mature size: .5 to 2 feet

Habitat: Alpine or subalpine zones, cliffs, balds, or ledges, grassland, meadows and fields, mountain summits and plateaus, ridges or ledges, woodlands

Hardiness Zone(s): 3-6

Leaf color: Summer: bright green, Fall: red

Bloom color: white

Benefit to Wildlife: The black bear, eastern cottontail, and white-tailed deer feed on the foliage of early low-bush blueberry.  In spruce-fir forests of north-central Maine, it is preferred deer browse. Early low-bush blueberry is an important moose browse in parts of Maine Fruit is readily eaten by a wide variety of birds and mammals.  In some areas, it is a particularly important late summer-early fall ptarmigan food.  Flower buds are readily eaten by ruffed grouse during the winter and are considered a major food source during February in some areas. Wildlife species that feed on the fruit include:  mammals - black bear, red fox, raccoon, red-backed vole, and many species of mice; birds - American robin, common crow, and eastern bluebird. Wildlife species that eat the fruits of Vaccinium spp. in general include: mammals - white-footed mouse, fox squirrel, red squirrel, eastern spotted skunk, gray fox, and many species of chipmunks; birds - wild turkey, ruffed grouse, spruce grouse, gray catbird, brown thrasher, rufous-sided towhee, northern mockingbird, black-capped chickadee, red-cockaded woodpecker, starling, cardinal, scarlet tanager, Canada goose, herring gull, whimbrel, quail, and thrushes.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Brachionycha borealis

 Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/vaccinium/angustifolium/

http://garden.org/learn/articles/view/378/

http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/lb_blueberry.html

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacang/all.html

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Brachionycha-borealis

[itskatra-blog]

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Massachusetts’ – Bearberry

Plant community: New England Barrier Beach

Native region: North America

Mature size: Height: .5 to 1 feet, Spread: 3 to 6 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), grassland, mountain summits and plateaus, ridges or ledges, sandplains and barrens

Hardiness Zone(s): 2–6

Leaf color: Summer: green, Fall: N/A

Bloom color: white with tinge of pink

Benefit to Wildlife: Kinnikinnick browse is of moderate importance to bighorn sheep, mountain goat, black-tailed deer, and white-tailed deer. Kinnikinnick is important to moderately important browse for Rocky Mountain mule deer. Elk browse it on winter ranges in Alberta.  During early spring in Montana, moose browse kinnikinnick in snowfree areas near trees on south and west aspects. Since kinnikinnick's low-quality fruit spoils slowly, it lasts through winter and is available when other fruits are gone. The fruits of kinnikinnick are eaten by songbirds, gamebirds, including five species of grouse and wild turkey, deer, elk, and small mammals. Black bear and grizzly bear eat kinnikinnick fruits in the autumn, but fruits are especially important to bears in the early spring. In Montana, grouse may be attracted to very recent burns by fire-exposed kinnikinnick fruit. Hummingbirds take nectar from the flowers of kinnikinnick and have been observed to alight momentarily to probe low flowers. It is palatable to white-tailed deer in the Black Hills of South Dakota from fall to late spring.  Kinnikinnick fruits are relished and highly important to black bear in the Yukon. The fruit is of moderate importance to grizzly bear in Montana.

Larval host: Hoary Elfin (Incisalia polios obscurus)

Sources:

Tallamy, Douglas W. Bringing Nature Home. Portland: Timber, 2009. Print.

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/arctostaphylos/uva-ursi/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j380

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/arcuva/all.html

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Callophrys-polios

[itskatra-blog]

Carya ovata – Shagbark Hickory

Plant community: Oak Hickory

Native region: Eastern North America

Mature size: Height: 70 to 90 feet, Spread: 50 to 70 feet

Habitat: Forests, ridges or ledges, woodlands

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-8

Leaf color: Summer: medium yellow-green, Fall: yellow to golden brown

Bloom color: Greenish-yellow

Benefit to Wildlife: Shagbark hickory is seldom browsed by deer unless preferred foods are limited or unavailable. Shagbark hickory nuts are readily eaten by a wide variety of birds and mammals.  The black bear, red fox, gray fox, white-footed mouse, eastern chipmunk, and rabbits eagerly feed on the nuts. They are a preferred food of the fox squirrel during August, September, October, February, and March, and in some areas, hickory nuts comprise 5 to 10 percent of the eastern chipmunk's diet. Black bears consume large quantities of hickory nuts during the fall in parts of New England.  The abundance of mast crops such as acorns and hickory nuts can affect black bear reproductive success during the following year. Many birds, including the mallard, wood duck, northern bobwhite, and wild turkey, feed on shagbark hickory nuts. The ring-necked pheasant, common crow, bluejay, white-breasted nuthatch, red-bellied woodpecker, and yellow-bellied sapsucker also consume hickory nuts.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Agonopterix eupatoriiella, Carya genus: Luna moth (Actias luna), Funerary Dagger Moth (Acronicta funeralis), and hickory horned devil, the larva of the royal walnut moth (Citheronia regalis)

Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/carya/ovata/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a854

http://wildseedproject.net/2016/01/shagbark-hickory-carya-ovata-juglandaceae/

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/carova/all.html

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Agonopterix-eupatoriiella--

[itskatra-blog]

Diospyros virginiana - Common Persimmon

Plant community: N/A

Native region: Eastern and Midwestern United States

Mature size: Height: 35 to 60 feet, Spread: 25 to 35 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), coastal beaches (sea beaches)

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9

Leaf color: Summer: glossy green above, Fall: yellowish-green (infrequently reddish purple)

Bloom color: white to greenish yellow

Benefit to Wildlife: In Indiana and Ohio, the leaves and twigs of common persimmon are an important supplementary fall and winter food for white-tailed deer. The fruit is an important food for squirrel, fox, coyote, racoon, opossum, and quail.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Hickory horned devil, the larva of the royal walnut moth (Citheronia regalis), Luna moth (Actias luna)

Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/diospyros/virginiana/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=h740

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/diovir/all.html

[itskatra-blog]

Gleditsia triacanthos – Common Honeylocust

Plant community: Spontaneous Urban Growth

Native region: Central and eastern North America

Mature size: Height: 60 to 80 feet, Spread: 60 to 80 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), forest edges, shores of rivers or lakes, shrublands or thickets

Hardiness Zone(s): 3-8

Leaf color: Summer: bright green Fall: golden yellow

Bloom color: Greenish-yellow

Benefit to Wildlife: Honey-locust pods are eaten by white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail (including northern bobwhite), crows, and starling.  White-tailed deer frequently strip and eat the soft bark of young trees in winter; rabbits also consume honey-locust bark in winter. Honey-locust is a source of pollen and nectar for honey.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Bicolored honey locust moth (Sphingicampa bicolor), Silver-spotted Skipper (Epargyreus clarus), Bisected honey locust moth (Sphingicampa bisecta)

Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/gleditsia/triacanthos/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a871

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/gletri/all.html

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Sphingicampa-bicolor

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Epargyreus-clarus?order=field_recorddate_value_1&sort=asc

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Sphingicampa-bisecta?order=field_recorddate_value_1&sort=asc&hs_form_build_id=hs_form_38750b16fffc0436a725abb1140ca393

[itskatra-blog]

Sassafras albidum - Sassafras

Plant community: New England Barrier Beach

Native region: Eastern United States

Mature size: Height: 30 to 60 feet, Spread: 25 to 40 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), forest edges, forests

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9

Leaf color: Summer: bright green above and white below, Fall: excellent yellow, purple, and red fall color

Bloom color: greenish-yellow

Benefit to Wildlife: Sassafras leaves and twigs are consumed by white-tailed deer in both summer and winter. In some areas it is an important deer food. Sassafras leaf browsers include woodchucks, marsh rabbits, and black bears. Rabbits eat sassafras bark in winter. Beavers will cut sassafras stems. Sassafras fruits are eaten by many species of birds including northern bobwhites, eastern kingbirds, great crested flycatchers, phoebes, wild turkeys, catbirds, flickers, pileated woodpeckers, downy woodpeckers, thrushes, vireos, and mockingbirds. Some small mammals also consume sassafras fruits. For most of the above mentioned animals, sassafras is not consumed in large enough quantities to be important.

Larval host: Specific host: Spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus) (1/2), Cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia) (1/8), Promethea moth (Callosamia promethea) (1/10)

 Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/sassafras/albidum/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=i820

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/sasalb/all.html

[itskatra-blog]

Carya glabra – Pignut Hickory

Plant community: Oak Hickory

Native region: Eastern United States

Mature size: Height: 50 to 80 feet, Spread: 25 to 40 feet

Habitat: Forests, ridges or ledges, woodlands

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9

Leaf color: Summer: dark yellow-green, Fall: yellow

Bloom color: Yellowish-green

Benefit to Wildlife: White-tailed deer occasionally browse pignut hickory, and small mammals may eat the leaves. Pignut hickory nuts provide food for the fox squirrel in many areas and are preferred by the gray squirrel during fall and winter in parts of New York.  Hickory nuts may comprise up to 10 to 25 percent of squirrel diets in some locations.  The eastern chipmunk relies on hickory nuts for 5 to 10 percent of its diet.  Hickory nuts are also eaten by the black bear, gray fox, raccoon, red squirrel, pocket mouse, woodrat, and rabbits.  Hickory nuts are utilized by black bears at lower elevations in parts of New England during the fall; the abundance of such mast crops can affect black bear reproductive success during the following year. Hickory nuts are eaten by many birds including the wood duck, ring-necked pheasant, northern bobwhite, wild turkey, common crow, blue jay, white-breasted nuthatch, red-bellied woodpecker, and yellow-bellied sapsucker. Many hickories are used as den trees by several species of squirrels.

Larval host: Carya genus: Luna moth (Actias luna), Funerary Dagger Moth (Acronicta funeralis), and hickory horned devil, the larva of the royal walnut moth (Citheronia regalis)

 Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/carya/glabra/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=d376

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CAGL8

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cargla/all.html

[itskatra-blog]

Oxydendrum arboreum – Sourwood

Plant community: Oak Hickory

Native region: Eastern and southeastern United States

Mature size: Height: 20 to 50 feet, Spread: 10 to 25 feet

Habitat: Commonly found on rocky wooded slopes

Hardiness Zone(s): 5-9

Leaf color: Summer: glossy green, Fall: crimson red

Bloom color: white

Benefit to Wildlife: Sourwood sprouts are often browsed by white-tailed deer. In a study on 35 acres (14 ha) of the Pisgah National Forest in North Carolina, browse utilization of sourwood twigs by white-tailed deer was 74 percent.

Larval host: N/A

Sources:

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a887

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/oxyarb/all.html

[itskatra-blog]

Kalmia latifolia – Mountain Laurel

Plant community: Oak Hickory Forest

Native region: Eastern United States

Mature size: Height: 5 to 15 feet, Spread: 5 to 15 feet

Habitat: Forest edges, forests, meadows and fields, swamps, wetland margins (edges of wetlands), woodlands

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9

Leaf color: glossy evergreen, dark green above, yellow-green below

Bloom color: Rose to white with purple markings

Benefit to Wildlife: Mountain-laurel's leaves, buds, flowers and fruits are poisonous and may be lethal to livestock and humans. However, white-tailed deer, eastern cotton tails, black bear, and ruffed grouse are known to utilize this species especially as winter forage or during years of food shortages.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Laurel sphinx (Sphinx kalmiae) (1/8)

Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/kalmia/latifolia/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c798

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/kallat/all.html

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Sphinx-kalmiae

[itskatra-blog]

Amorpha fruticosa - False Indigo

Plant community: N/A

Native region: Southern United States

Mature size: Height: 4 to 12 feet, Spread: 6 to 15 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), forest edges

Hardiness Zone(s): 4–9

Leaf color: Summer: gray-green, Fall: N/A

Bloom color: dark purple

Benefit to Wildlife: Important plant for nectar-bees, nectar-butterflies, and nectar-insects. It is also an occasional browse source for large mammals such as white-tailed deer.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Hoary edge (Achalarus lyciades) (1/4), Silver-spotted skipper (Epargyreus clarus) (1/2)

Sources:

Tallamy, Douglas W. Bringing Nature Home. Portland: Timber, 2009. Print.

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=amfr

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/amorpha/fruticosa/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280343&isprofile=0&#AllImages

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=AMFR

[itskatra-blog]

Rosa carolina – Carolina Rose

Plant community: N/A

Native region: Eastern and central North America

Mature size: Height: 3 to 6 feet, Spread: 5 to 10 feet

Habitat: Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), meadows and fields, woodlands

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9

Leaf color: Summer: yellow green, Fall: yellow-orange

Bloom color: pink

Benefit to Wildlife: Attracts a large number of native bees and provides nesting materials for native bees. Attracts birds.

Larval host: Specific host: Apple sphinx (Sphinx gordius) (1/5)

 Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/rosa/carolina/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f370

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ROCA4

[itskatra-blog]

Platanus occidentalis – American Sycamore

Plant community: N/A

Native region: Southeastern United States

Mature size: Height: 75 to 100 feet, Spread: 75 to 100 feet

Habitat: Floodplain (river or stream floodplains), shores of rivers or lakes, swamps

Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9

Leaf color: Summer: dark green, Fall: undistinguished yellow-brown

Bloom color: yellow (male) and red (female)

Benefit to Wildlife: Sycamore does not provide much food for wildlife, although the seeds are eaten by some birds including the purple finch, goldfinch, chickadees, and dark-eyed junco, and by muskrat, beaver, and squirrels. Sycamore is rated as medium in suitability for waterfowl habitat and low in suitability as deer or turkey food. In Arkansas, sycamore is of minor importance as deer browse.  As sycamores age, they may develop hollow trunks which provide shelter for a number of wildlife species; some large, old individuals have formed cavities large enough to be used as dens by black bear.  Cavity nesting birds include the barred owl, eastern screech-owl, great crested flycatcher, and chimney swift. Wood duck use sycamores as nest trees. In Indiana, riparian forests in which sycamore occurs are important habitat for the endangered Indiana bat, which uses these areas for nursery colonies.

Larval host: Specific larval host: White-marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) (1/6)

 Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/platanus/occidentalis/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a891

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/plaocc/all.html

[itskatra-blog]

Viburnum dentatum – Smooth Arrowwood

Plant community: Red Maple Swamp

Native region: Eastern North America

Mature size: Height: 6 to 10 feet, Spread: 6 to 10 feet

Habitat: Grassland, shores of rivers or lakes, swamps

Hardiness Zone(s): 2-8

Leaf color: Summer: glossy dark green, Fall: drab yellow to attractive shades or orange and red

Bloom color: white

Benefit to Wildlife: Fruit is eaten by songbirds, and attracts birds such as the Eastern Bluebird, Northern Flicker, Gray Catbird and the American Robin. Also attracts gamebirds, small mammals and butterflies.

Larval host: Specific larval host: Spring Azure (Celastrina ladon)

 Sources:

https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/viburnum/dentatum/

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=m720

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VIDE

https://www.purdue.edu/wildlife/PDFfiles/shrubs.pdf