Maiya, Alina, Sameera, Alex, Joe, Kim

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Japanese-American Internment Camps

https://991066ab92aef6d54943430c760e1ec6f3602b51.googledrive.com/host/0B-NKV0Fs_Y9ibEJtTmpfR0RzOW8/

Link to photos at the bottom of webpage

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A picture worth 120,000 lives by: Joe Marx

               Photography is the only way to capture a single moment in time and preserve it for an eternity. Some say that a single photograph can tell a story of one thousand words, but how can one photograph speak for the lives of 120,000 Japanese Americans that had their civil rights taken away from them during World War II’s period of Japanese Internment? The answer is photojournalism: a form of news coverage that involves the presentation of a series of pictures to illustrate an event in history.  

On February 19th, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 forcing all people of Japanese descent to give up their careers, homes, and daily lives to pursue an isolated life in internment camps for the duration of WWII. This executive order was a fearful, hasty, and unlawful response to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, because it punished innocent families for the actions of others. The families were forcibly relocated from their comfortable lives and oppressively demanded to live in internment camps that were ostracized from the rest of the world; photojournalism helps to tell their story.

The media needed to have pictures that would help news outlets tell the story of Japanese internment, but the United States government desperately tried to cover up the immorality of Internment camps by releasing only the photos that reflected camps in good light. An influential photojournalist and a highly awarded photographer by the name of Dorothea Lange was hired by the War Relocation Authority to capture images that gave a clear depiction of camp life. Although the government wanted to obscure the harsh reality of the internment camps, some of Dorothea Lange’s most iconic photos are the ones that illustrate the uncertainty of those interned and the plight of the Japanese-American families. Ansel was another renowned photojournalist that had an impact on how the public viewed Japanese internment. He requested permission to take photos at the Manzanar Relocation Camp, and some of Adams’ most remarkable photos consisted of interned Japanese-Americans smiling and laughing, because he believed that it was important to show how people were overcoming the unfortunate situation by being hopeful and optimistic.

Photography was not permitted for those interned at the camps because authorities assumed it was a form of espionage, but that did not stop photographer Toyo Miyatake from documenting the truth. Miyatake was a Japanese-American interned at the camp and so he was not permitted to take pictures, but he disregarded that rule, smuggled a lens, and constructed a camera body out of wood when he arrived at the relocation center. He was very persistent with taking photos at camp that he eventually convinced the authorities to lift his restriction of photography, and earned liberty to take everyday photos of internment life. Miyatake worked closely with Ansel Adams and several years after the camps had closed, the two photojournalists published a book of internment camp photos.

Photojournalism was the most accurate depiction of Japanese internment; the pictures that were taken at the camps showed the faces and emotions of those interned, and gave a voice to those that could not speak for themselves. Each picture that was taken was able to capture the period of Japanese internment for what it really was. Pictures of the smiling faces of those determined to overcome disparity and the distraught faces of those plagued with uncertainty all come together to tell the story of the 120,000 Japanese Americans who were wrongfully stripped of their rights and forced to live in internment.      

 Works Cited:

Hayashi, Brian Masaru. Democratizing the Enemy : The Japanese American Internment. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2010. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 10 December 2015.

Okihiro, Gary, ed. Encyclopedia of Japanese American Internment. Westport, CT, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2013. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 9 December 2015.

Robinson, Greg. By Order of the President : FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press, 2001. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 10 December 2015.

 http://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery.htm?id=CA29BB4E-155D-4519-3E5456896E1C2E6C

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?st=grid&co=manz

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/du-rsh070615.php

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A picture worth 120,000 lives

  Photography is the only way to capture a single moment in time and preserve it for an eternity. Some say that a single photograph can tell a story of one thousand words, but how can one photograph speak for the lives of 120,000 Japanese Americans that had their civil rights taken away from them during World War II’s period of Japanese Internment? The answer is photojournalism: a form of news coverage that involves the presentation of a series of pictures to illustrate an event in history.  

On February 19th, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 forcing all people of Japanese descent to give up their careers, homes, and daily lives to pursue an isolated life in internment camps for the duration of WWII. This executive order was a fearful, hasty, and unlawful response to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, because it punished innocent families for the actions of others. The families were forcibly relocated from their comfortable lives and oppressively demanded to live in internment camps that were ostracized from the rest of the world; photojournalism helps to tell their story.

The media needed to have pictures that would help news outlets tell the story of Japanese internment, but the United States government desperately tried to cover up the immorality of Internment camps by releasing only the photos that reflected camps in good light. An influential photojournalist and a highly awarded photographer by the name of Dorothea Lange was hired by the War Relocation Authority to capture images that gave a clear depiction of camp life. Although the government wanted to obscure the harsh reality of the internment camps, some of Dorothea Lange’s most iconic photos are the ones that illustrate the uncertainty of those interned and the plight of the Japanese-American families. Ansel was another renowned photojournalist that had an impact on how the public viewed Japanese internment. He requested permission to take photos at the Manzanar Relocation Camp, and some of Adams’ most remarkable photos consisted of interned Japanese-Americans smiling and laughing, because he believed that it was important to show how people were overcoming the unfortunate situation by being hopeful and optimistic.

Photography was not permitted for those interned at the camps because authorities assumed it was a form of espionage, but that did not stop photographer Toyo Miyatake from documenting the truth. Miyatake was a Japanese-American interned at the camp and so he was not permitted to take pictures, but he disregarded that rule, smuggled a lens, and constructed a camera body out of wood when he arrived at the relocation center. He was very persistent with taking photos at camp that he eventually convinced the authorities to lift his restriction of photography, and earned liberty to take everyday photos of internment life. Miyatake worked closely with Ansel Adams and several years after the camps had closed, the two photojournalists published a book of internment camp photos.

Photojournalism was the most accurate depiction of Japanese internment; the pictures that were taken at the camps showed the faces and emotions of those interned, and gave a voice to those that could not speak for themselves. Each picture that was taken was able to capture the period of Japanese internment for what it really was. Pictures of the smiling faces of those determined to overcome disparity and the distraught faces of those plagued with uncertainty all come together to tell the story of the 120,000 Japanese Americans who were wrongfully stripped of their rights and forced to live in internment.      

 Works Cited:

Hayashi, Brian Masaru. Democratizing the Enemy : The Japanese American Internment. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2010. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 10 December 2015.

Okihiro, Gary, ed. Encyclopedia of Japanese American Internment. Westport, CT, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2013. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 9 December 2015.

Robinson, Greg. By Order of the President : FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press, 2001. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 10 December 2015.

 http://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery.htm?id=CA29BB4E-155D-4519-3E5456896E1C2E6C

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?st=grid&co=manz

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/du-rsh070615.php

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Acceptance and Anger: An Interview

by Maiya Clark

“One of the things that was always taught to us as young kids was an expression called ‘shikata ga nai’. ‘Shikata ga nai’ means, ‘it can’t be helped’.”

 Tim Yuge said this during our interview with him and Kyozo Mori. Both are Japanese Americans. Yuge’s parents were interned; Mori was born in an internment camp.  

 After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, military officials feared Japan was planning a mainland invasion of the United States and that Japanese Americans on the West Coast were conspiring with Japan to assist the invasion. To quell public hysteria, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing the forced removal and incarceration of all Japanese Americans. This internment of Japanese Americans is now considered to have been a racist, unnecessary, and embarrassing incident in U.S. history.

 “Shikata ga nai” takes on a new significance in the discussion of WWII Japanese internment. It captures the conflicting emotions of anger and acceptance Japanese Americans felt as they tried to forgive an America that didn’t ask for forgiveness.

 Yuge and Mori discussed how, contrary to white Americans’ fears, Japanese Americans were loyal to the U.S. Yuge said that many first generation citizens “told their sons that, ‘you’re in America, you were born in America, you’re an American citizen, so you need to go out and fight for your country and for the freedom, the opportunity you have here’.” Similarly, Mori said, “Culturally we grew up with the mores of the Japanese, but as far as our loyalties were concerned we were American”. They were ready and willing to fight for the U.S. against Japan.

 Japanese Americans were therefore surprised to be objects of such suspicion and hatred. Japanese Americans eager to serve the American cause were instead forcibly removed from their homes on the West Coast and sent to camps in places such as Tule Lake, California; Gila River, Arizona; and even as far as Heart Mountain, Wyoming. Yuge’s parents were detained in Gila River; Mori was born in Heart Mountain.

 Their time in camp was one thing; their return to daily life after camp was a very different struggle. Mori shared his childhood memories of near-homelessness after his family’s release from camp, staying in different hotels and even a converted hospital in downtown Los Angeles. They eventually settled in a housing project in East Los Angeles, where he and his family endured racist taunts daily.

 Mori describes how the attitude of “shikata ga nai” allowed his family to ignore this racism: “People of my generation and earlier did not take [it] as a cause. They just said, ‘that’s the way it is; eat it, and keep going’”. The same attitude let them disregard the racist media bias of the war years. Mori told us, “It’s a terrible thing for media to be so biased, but in that society, in that environment, at the time, as a person of Japanese heritage, we don’t blame them for that. But the results of that directly affected us as Japanese Americans”.

 Yet this acceptance can only go so far in the face of such injustice. Mori choked up as he remembered his parents’ struggle to provide for his family after being released from camp. He pointed out, “the ages of 24 to 39 are your most productive years… and they took that away from my dad and my mom”.

 The U.S. only issued a formal apology for the internment in 1988 – an apology over 40 years late for irreparable harm done to loyal citizens. Culturally taught to accept suffering, Japanese Americans today still feel the effects of internment.

 Original interview footage available upon request. Pictured: Tim Yuge, left; Kyozo Mori, right. 

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Photos from the presentation

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Internment Through a Lens

By Alex Kleinman

           Although Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams were known for their photographs of other elements of life affected by war, their images of the Japanese Internment provide a glimpse into a seemingly alternate universe, one that had been secluded and unseen by the general public. But in order to take these photos, the journalists had to follow the U.S. government’s guidelines to avoid portraying the “relocation” camps in a negative light. Even with such restrictions, the photographers followed through with their documentation of everyday life in the camps while simultaneously capturing the emotions that the government had tried to suppress. While words can somewhat capture the emotions of an individual and preserve them over time, these images are able to both show such feelings in a way that words can’t and make sure that wrongful of internment of Japanese-Americans is not lost to history.

           While the photographs were supposed to display an environment of relative peace and serenity, they instead illustrate the underlying emotions that the government tried to suppress and ignore. For example, Dorothea Lange’s depression-era photographs showed powerful emotions of depression and suffering in the faces of her subjects. Her images from the internment camps demonstrated similar emotions, such as in a picture of a grandfather, who wears a face of worry and sadness, and his grandson, who appears relatively oblivious to his situation. Such contrast between the adults and children demonstrates how the internment affected different groups of people in different ways without using a single word.

           Ansel Adams, who is known for photographs of national parks, also documented this blemish of American history. His images are not restricted to one facet of camp life; rather they capture the entire spectrum of the internees’ existence. It is true that the inmates tried to have some semblance of normalcy in their lives through leisure activities, such as through baseball and volleyball, but Adams’ images demonstrated an environment devoid of many rights and privileges. His portraits range from young people with slight smiles on their face to adults wearing a face that seemingly lacks emotion to vast barren landscapes that appear hostile to any form of life. However, the Japanese-Americans had to make do with what they had as they were essentially on their own. All people like Ansel Adams could do was document this event to provide a voice for those who would otherwise be voiceless.

           Perhaps this is the reason why these photographs have maintained relevance and importance to this day; their photographs give a face to an otherwise ‘generic’ violation of basic human rights and it is easier to understand suffering when you can actually see those who are victims. This is why photojournalists such as Paul Kitagaki Jr. photographed the internees decades after they had been released. Although many people tend to underestimate the importance of an event like the Japanese-Internment, these follow-up photographs show that this event is not a relic of the past; the victims live normal everyday lives, as they are people just like anyone else. While their suffering had been temporary, these images are everlasting. And although the government had initially tried to suppress the negative aspects of internment, the work of Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams ensures that their faces will not be lost to history, that their story will not be forgotten.

Sources:

1. "Ansel Adams's Photographs of Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/manz/>.            

2. "Dorothea Lange Gallery." National Park Service. National Park Service, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery.htm?id=CA29BB4E-155D-4519-3E5456896E1C2E6C>

3. Smith, Dinitia. "Photographs of an Episode That Lives in Infamy." New York Times. New York Times, 6 Nov. 2006. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/arts/design/06lang.html>

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Behind The Camera With Tōyō Miyatake

by Sameera Jordan

Isn’t it interesting how we learn so much about life during the Japanese-American Internment period through photos that shouldn’t even exist? On March 23, 1942, one month after President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, forcing all Japanese-Americans to evacuate the West Coast, Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt “issued new orders applying to Japanese-Americans, setting an 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew and banning ownership of firearms, radios, cameras, and other contraband.” The U.S., fearing that the Japanese-Americans were recording and sharing American secrets with Japan, began limiting what these citizens were allowed to have possession of. Cameras fell in the “NO” category.

 However, despite these restrictions, some internees still found ways to continue taking pictures. Tōyō Miyatake was a critically-acclaimed and prize-winning photographer living in Los Angeles before his internment at the Manzanar relocation camp. There he used a lens, which he smuggled in, and a hand-made wooden camera to document the lives of fellow internees. According to a Densho interview with his son, Archie, Miyatake opened his own studio in the camp where he was only allowed to set the camera up while a Caucasian camp employee took the the photos. Each night, the man would take the lens with him so that Miyatake couldn’t take his own, unsupervised photos. After going through multiple Caucasian supervisors, his son said, the camp director allowed Tōyō Miyatake to run the studio on his own, without anyone watching over him. 

 The fascinating thing is that despite the initial order, Miyatake was eventually allowed to take photos himself once it was confirmed that he had no ill intentions or ulterior-motives. What this means is that those in charge of the camp recognized that these Japanese-American internees were harmless and that they had no intentions of joining Japan in the fight against the U.S., and yet, the relocation and internment of Japanese-Americans continued. 

The United States government wanted to censor how the public viewed relocation camps. They hired their own photographers, like Ansel Adams and Dorothea Lange, to shoot what they wanted the public to see. However, Miyatake was able to get photos of everyday life in Manzanar, photos which others were unable to get as outsiders. Miyatake said that it was his duty to record the facts so that this never happens again and thanks to his work, we are able to glance into what life may have been like in the camps in order to prevent just that. 

 As journalists it is our job to cover all sides of a story, therefore, we don’t allow others to restrict what we can and can not share with our audiences. And, we certainly do not let anyone keep us from covering what we feel to be newsworthy material or information. In the camps Japanese-Americans were already restricted from speaking up about the injustices and hardships that they faced, but by banning photography and censoring what could be shown to the outside world, everyone, not just internees, was prevented from spreading word of what was really occurring in the camps. 

Tōyō Miyatake did the job of a journalist. When told that he couldn’t bring his camera into the camp, he smuggled in all that he could and found a way. When the camp officials found out what he was doing, he cooperated with them until he was finally given free reign to take the type of photos that he wanted. Regardless of the obstacles that he had to faced, he found a way, because that’s what journalist do.

Exec. Order No. 9066, 3 C.F.R. 1 (1942). Print. Wikipedia contributors. "John L. DeWitt." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 29 Aug. 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. 

"Archie Miyatake tells the story of his father getting around the photography restriction in the Manzanar concentration camp.." Densho Encyclopedia. 2 Jul 2012, 15:04 PDT. 14 Dec 2015, 04:15 . Wikipedia contributors. 

"Born Free and Equal." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 11 Dec. 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. 

"World War II: The Internment of Japanese-Americans." American Masters. PBS, 29 Aug. 2014. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. 

"Film." Toyo's Camera: Japanese American History during WWII. Japan Society, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. 

Yamato, Sharon. "Toyo Miyatake." Densho Encyclopedia. 11 Dec 2014, 02:42 PST. 14 Dec 2015, 04:22 .

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Diabolic Savagery Throughout America

by Alina Jarrin

    Between the years of 1939 to 1945, the world found itself engulfed in a war that had enveloped the lives of millions. Yet, in the midst of massive destruction and genocide overseas, the United States found themselves facing their very own crisis back home. With World War II striking fear into the hearts of American citizens across the country following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proceeded with signing off on Executive Order 9066, thereby commencing the deportation and incarceration of nearly 120,000 Japanese-Americans along the Pacific coast. Despite the efforts that were put into coverage of all events throughout the war, there seemed to be a clear lack of media attention towards the lives of those within the internment camps, and any coverage that did exist was comprised mostly of propaganda aimed to portray the Japanese as “the enemy.” However, the few radio stations of the time that did speak on behalf of those that had been incarcerated and retellings through television and movies today help to shed light on the wrongful acts that greatly altered the lives of so many Americans.

     Japanese-American radio broadcasters played a major role in the coverage of internment throughout the course of the war. On March 5, 1942 Japanese radio discussed the evacuation of 70,000 American-born Japanese being forced out of areas they had lived in their entire lives along the Pacific Coast, and referred to it as a “diabolic savagery.” Tokio radio commented, “The constitutional rights of those American-born Japanese have been ruthlessly trampled upon in the heat of resentment aroused by American political and military errors...citizens who have committed no sin but made the fatal mistake of being born a member of the Japanese race.” The importance of this quote is in the way it clearly goes against the popular belief in America during the time. With many Americans supporting the internment of the Japanese due to fear of another attack on American soil, Tokio radio did its best to emphasize the fact that it was not foreign born Japanese immigrants that were being targeted, but rather native born Americans that were being dragged from their homes and stripped of their basic rights as a U.S. citizen. When looking from the outside, it can be clear that the internment of these thousands of people turned out to be the result of a hasty decision driven by fear, as opposed to the successful execution of keeping the United States safe.

    Since WWII, there have been several films created that depict the ordeals Japanese-Americans faced throughout their incarceration, and the low quality of life they experienced at this time. One such movie, Come See the Paradise (1990), follows Lily Kawamura and her daughter as they are taken from their home and sent to Manzanar as World War II breaks out.  The film not only portrays the unfair treatment often experienced by those throughout these communities, but also helps to show how innocent Americans were simply turned into criminals overnight.

    The affects internment had on the lives of Japanese-Americans was astronomical and serves as arguably one of the most disgraceful accounts of American history. This “diabolic savagery” only adds to the catastrophe that defines the era, yet, it serves as an important reminder in order to avoid making similar mistakes in the future, as the memory of this time will continue to haunt the United States for years to come.

1. Japanese Americans, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved from: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/japanamvid.html

2. Taylor, Alan “World War II Internment of Japanese Americans”, The Atlantic, August 21, 201. Retrieved from:http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/08/world-war-ii-internment-of-japanese-americans/100132/

3. United Press, “Diabolic Savagery, Tokio Calls Coast Evacuation of Japanese” San Francisco News, March 5, 1942. Retrieved from: From:http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist8/tokio.html

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Looking Like the Enemy

by Kim Rogers

In retrospect, it is difficult to understand how, when the United States was battling ideologies of hatred and racism abroad, approximately 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry—two-thirds of whom were United States citizens—were interned in concentration camps over the course of World War II (Stanley). However, on February 19th, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the designation of military areas from which any individual could be excluded and the evacuation of anyone deemed a threat to national security. In doing so, he also signed away the rights and liberties of future internees, along with their status quo, livelihoods, homes, and communities. By analyzing the steps leading up to that fateful decision, it becomes easier to understand how a hysteric American mindset made the seemingly unthinkable a reality.

While people of German and Italian ancestry were also interned during WWII, this occurred to a much lesser degree than that of the Japanese (Schmitz). This phenomenon may be attributed to the widespread demonization of the Japanese as a race, which may be traced back years before even the First World War. The anti-Japanese movement began as early as the late 1800s, as a result of increased Japanese immigration—making the Japanese the largest Asian immigrant group of the late nineteenth century (Schmitz). Concentrated on the west coast, Japanese immigrants received backlash from Americans threatened by their economic success and tight-knit communities. This was reflected in media on the West Coast; for example, “The San Francisco Chronicle… [headlined] the ‘Japanese Invasion: The Problem of the Hour,’” (Schmitz). In the 20th century, this problem culminated in the 1924 Immigration Restoration Act which, while limiting immigration of all nationalities, banned Japanese immigration altogether (Schmitz). In the following years this racism only worsened, creating a heated environment for racial tensions to fester.

           By the time WWII began, suspicion of Japanese loyalty moved beyond local concern and into the national hemisphere. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec 7th, 1941, the United States began to round up Japanese American community leaders, taking 1,291 Issei (Japanese immigrants) into custody under no formal charges within the next 48 hours (Ina). Pearl Harbor served as a catalyst that, in the minds of many Americans, legitimized pre-existing racial hysteria. This event lent ammunition to economically interested pressure groups, politicians, and the military who took advantage of mass racism to advance their own interests. The imagined threat of domestic espionage became a rallying cry for those feeling threatened by Japanese economic success, cultural communities, and—most of all—physical differences.

           Although it seems shocking, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, over two months after Pearl Harbor, he did so with the support and recommendation of multiple military officials and the majority of the American populace. Even General Dewitt, who objected to the demonization of the Japanese Americans until December 26th, insisting that "an American citizen, after all, is an American citizen," by the time of Roosevelt’s decision, recommended the mass removal of Japanese living in the United States, regardless of citizenship status (Stanley).

Seemingly inconceivable, the events leading up to the internment make the rationale behind it clear—the camps were motivated not by military necessity, but by nationally internalized racism that was brewing years before the war had even begun. Concern over Japanese loyalties would not have had the same impact without the preexisting prejudice ingrained in American culture. This event serves as a frightening example of the dangerous potential of an “us” versus “them,” mentality, even in a country that allegedly values freedom.

Word Count: 600

Resources:

1. Ina, Satsuki. "WWII Internment Timeline." PBS. PBS, 1999. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

2. Schmitz, John Eric. "Enemies among Us: The Relocation, Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans during the Second World War." Order No. 3273603 The American University, 2007. Ann Arbor: ProQuest. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

3. Stanley, Gerald. “Justice Deferred: A Fifty-year Perspective on Japanese-Internment Historiography”. Southern California Quarterly 74.2 (1992): 181–206. Web. 10 Dec. 2015.

4. "Transcript of Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)." Our Documents. History Matters, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2015.

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Final Presentation List of Sources

http://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery.htm?id=CA29BB4E-155D-4519-3E5456896E1C2E6C https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Newspaper_headlines_of_Japanese_Relocation_-_NARA_-_195535.jpg http://prisonphotography.org/2010/06/09/carl-mydans-at-tule-lake/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/manz/highlights.html http://www.motherjones.com/media/2015/05/japanese-american-internment-kitagaki-photos https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/JapaneseCanadian-Confiscating-Boat.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/FDR-September-11-1941.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/jasonahowie/7910370882 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/JapaneseAmericanGrocer1942.jpg Finlay, Jas M. "Objection Voiced to Treatment of British Columbia Japanese." The Globe and Mail (1936-Current): 6. Nov 30 1943. ProQuest. Web. 4 Dec. 2015 . "Disposing of the Japanese." The Globe and Mail (1936-Current): 6. Nov 22 1943. ProQuest. Web. 4 Dec. 2015 . “Moved Inland.” Lincolnshire Echo: 1. Oct 30 1942. British Newspaper Archive. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. Cooke, Alistair. “And So They Go Short of Strawberries.” Daily Herald: 2. May 29 1943. British Newspaper Archive. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. Ina, Satsuki. "WWII Internment Timeline." PBS. PBS, 1999. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Schmitz, John Eric. "Enemies among Us: The Relocation, Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans during the Second World War." Order No. 3273603 The American University, 2007. Ann Arbor: ProQuest. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. Stanley, Gerald. “Justice Deferred: A Fifty-year Perspective on Japanese-Internment Historiography”. Southern California Quarterly 74.2 (1992): 181–206. Web. "Transcript of Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)." Our Documents. History Matters, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2015. United Press, “Diabolic Savagery, Tokio Calls Coast Evacuation of Japanese” San Francisco News, March 5, 1942 Received From: http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist8/tokio.html Japanese Americans, University of California, Berkeley http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/japanamvid.html Falcone, Alissa. "Communications Professor Analyzes Local Media Coverage of Japanese-American Incarceration Camps - DrexelNow." DrexelNow. Drexel University, 6 July 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. .

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Freshman Reilly Martin gives his thoughts on moving from a predominately African-American high school to the more diverse environment of USC.

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Google Drive is a free way to keep your files backed up and easy to reach from any phone, tablet, or computer. Start with 15GB of Google storage – free.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BxjuVSbrsmtcSnFZM3hZcF94UEVLNTdIUXUtaUNEOGd4bDk4

These are two links to snapchat videos regarding USC students and their views of diversity on campus.

 The first video is of myself and a student named Alex. I ask what Alex thinks of diversity and he mentions that the USC campus is a popular place where many world cultures come together.

The second video is of a girl named Dory. She states that USC is a very diverse school. She thinks that since there are many international students, this is an advantage to the community because it helps different cultures learn about each other.  

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Students Discuss Their Thoughts on Diversity at USC

By Kim Rogers

USC students Newal Osman, Izma Shabbir, and Rodolfo Lorrea give their feelings on how they feel diversity is being treated on campus.

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Univesity of Southern California students talk about diversity on campus. by Sameera Jordan

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Student Views on Discrimination at USC

Natalie Lluis is a junior at USC. She comes from a Cuban background and will be studying abroad in Spain next semester. She spoke about her experience with Hispanic students being stereotyped around campus and at times even being mistaken for janitors.

Mckenna Murphy is a sophomore at USC. Although she hasn’t had direct experience with viewing discrimination on campus she said she’s heard many cases of international students being treated differently in class settings and that there tends to be a lot of “cliques” formed between different ethnic groups.

by Alina Jarrin

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DiverSCity

by Maiya Clark

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Nellie Bly