Archangel Saint Raphael, c.1656 — Juan de Valdés Leal (1622-1690)

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Archangel Saint Raphael, c.1656 — Juan de Valdés Leal (1622-1690)
A Point of Clarification (More Linguistics, CW: Slurs)
Another Dracula Daily related post. In the novel Dracula, the count has minions who are a racist caricature of people of the Rromani ethnicity. Stoker uses a variety of terms in the text, and as a person of Romanian ethnicity, I would like to clear up some possible places of confusion. The most commonly known word in the English speaking world that Stoker uses for Rromani people is Gypsy. This is an English word ultimately descended from the word Egyptian, based on a misunderstanding by medieval European Christians that the itinerant Rroma were nomadic Egyptians, based on an interpretation of the Bible that the ancient Egyptians were scattered by God. This is incorrect, and most historical, linguistic, cultural, and genetic evidence suggests that the Rroma originated in northern India, which might have been obvious if medieval Europeans talked to any of them, or knew anything about India. Most Rroma today consider Gypsy to be a slur, although some do not - this is (ironically) similar to the attitude about the word Indian by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Among social justice activists, both words are regarded as slurs and faux pas, and at the bare minimum both are inaccurate. So, if you are still using that word in 2022, and you are not a Rromani person, knock it off. Stoker, however, also uses the word Romany in his text, which is just his spelling for Rromani, because by the 19th century it was known in English that “Romany” was the endonym (the word a people use for themselves) as opposed to the exonym (the word a people use for others). If you’re a descendant of settlers and live in North America and you find yourself often confused by the “changing” names of Indigenous groups, its usually because – as is the case here – the exonym for that group was a slur, and got adopted into English simply because settlers encountered that group’s enemies before encountering the group itself. The word “Rrom” means “man” in the Rromani language. “Rromni” means woman, “Rroma” is plural. “Rromani” is a female adjective, “Rromano” is a male adjective. Now, where we can really get into some misunderstandings in the context of Dracula is with the term Romanian, which Stoker often spells Roumanian. Rromani =/= Romanian. Romanians are people from the country Romania, of which Transylvania is a part, as well as Wallachia and part of Moldavia and Bukovina. Stoker’s Castle Dracula is located in Romania. Galatz is in Romania, and is called Galați in Romanian. The words Romania, Romanian, etc. have nothing to do with the words Rroma, Rromani, etc. The name of the country of Romania comes from a belief on the part of the Romanian people that they are historically descended from a province of the Roman Empire once called Dacia. The greatest piece of this evidence is that Romanian is a Romance language, which is to say a language descended from the language of the Romans, Latin. Despite being surrounded by nations speaking Slavic tongues, Romanian is closer to Italian than it is to Ukrainian, despite cross-pollination over the years. The reason I use a double-r (representing a trilled r) in my spelling of Rroma for the nomadic ethnic group is for disambiguation purposes, because in the Romanian language the word for Romanian people is Români. The double-r spelling is also used within Romania for this reason. Historically Romania has always had a relatively high population of Rroma, and historically speaking they have I think it is fair to say almost never been treated well. Today Rroma are the second largest ethnic minority in Romania behind Hungarians, but despite the similar names the Români have never treated Rromani people very well. From the time of their arrival in the region in the 1370s until the emancipations of the 1840s and 50s, Rromani people were enslaved within the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, and made serfs in Transylvania. In the 1940s there were genocidal programs carried out against them, and under the Communist regime there were attempts made to force Rroma to live in government built housing and abandon their traditional culture. Since the fall of the Communist government Rroma are extremely discriminated against in Romania, and it is mainstream there to be racist against them. Which brings us to Szgany, which can be a confusing word in Dracula until you know that the Romanian language didn’t have standardized orthography until 1881. Basically the only place you’ll see the word Szgany today is in Dracula or in modern gothic horror fiction copying Dracula without thinking and treating “Szgany” as just the word for Dracula’s servants or something. In the novel, Stoker uses it as if it referred to a specific group of Rromani people, ones native to the area around Castle Dracula, in the Călimani Mountains. However, Szgany is really just a phonetic transliteration of the Romanian word Țigani, which is just the Romanian word for “Gypsy”. The letter Ț in Romanian indicates a kind of “tz” sound, like in the word “pizza”. It is also found in Vlad Drăculea’s epithet – Țepeș means “the Impaler”, and is pronounced like “Tze-pesh”. So Țigani sounds like Szgany, and is also similar to the word for “Gypsies” in many other languages: Zingari in Italian, Çingene in Turkish, Cigány in Hungarian, Tsingánoi in Greek, etc. These are all still slurs, and descend from the word Atsínganos from the Greek speaking Eastern Roman Empire, which means “untouchable.” Țigani is still a commonly used word in Romania, partially due to the racism and partially due to the desire on the part of Români to avoid association with Rromani. There is a feeling in Romanian that the word Rromani gives Romanians abroad a “bad name” due to racism against Rromani people in many parts of the world. This is all, of course, absolutely terrible. So, to summarize: Gypsy = at best inaccurate, at worst a slur Romany = 19th century English for Rromani, often spelt today as Romani, a common acceptable name for a diverse group of nomadic peoples ultimately descended from northern India Roumanian = Romanian, a person from Romania Szgany = Stoker’s attempt at spelling Țigani, a Romanian language slur for Rromani people.
Amazing!!
Call me crazy but how about a Luceafărul movie adaptation.
Sure, comedies and psychological thrillers, we're doing very good, but imagine
Such a classic being reinterpreted!!!
some gothic-romance fiction combined with traditional Romanian setting. Chef's kiss
Tag yourself! I’m Johnny Branch
Keep reading
Proud to be Romanian :)))
Ya girl is back, now with goth influences -
•partly longing for some forgotten, twisted but fairy-like realm, dark but also conforting
•partly wanting to burn down Rome
bitches will discover a quote that claws at their soul, memorize it, and then recite it in their heads 10 times a day. it's me i'm bitches
We are bitches
Yo
currently obsessing over the 1999 "A Midsummer Night's Dream".
I desperately need sum fairy shit and romance in my life right now, but there are no fairies nearby (at least, that's what I know) and the French guy I told you about probably forgot 'bout me.
I can't believe hozier decided to write "I just think about my baby. I'm so full of love I could barely eat" and "my baby's sweet as can be, she give me toothaches just from kissin' me" and "When my time comes around; Lay me gently in the cold dark earth. No grave can hold my body down, I'll crawl home to her" and "If the Lord don't forgive me. I'd still have my baby and my babe would have me" and "she put her love down soft and sweet; in the low lamp light I was free. Heaven and hell were words to me" and think I'll be fine hearing that ugh good God I'll never be satisfied with ordinary love and that's on him
Sir I started crying I-
—the fact that NOBODY is willing to push me up against the wall, kiss me while i sip coffee because they want to taste caffeine through my lips, is utterly heartbreaking
When all other people want to be successful, rich, famous or to change the world, I just wish to be Margarita: powerful witch, living with love of my life in our cozy home far from the rest of the world. Maybe also flying naked over city in the spare time.
i love how every french musical has these 2-3 songs that make the audience go nuts before they even start
-Benedict Smith, I wish I wrote the way I thought
Ai spus că nu-ţi pasă de suferinţele mele! Eu n-am decât o singură rugăciune... şi-am s-o repet până-mi va înţepeni limba... Catherine Earnshaw, să n-ai linişte câtă vreme sunt eu în viaţă! Ai spus că eu te-am ucis... atunci vino şi mă urmăreşte! Cei ucişi îşi urmăresc ucigaşii, cred. Rămâi cu mine întotdeauna... fă-mă să înnebunesc, numai nu mă părăsi în abisul ăsta unde nu te pot găsi! O, Doamne! Nu găsesc cuvinte! Nu pot trăi fără viaţa mea! Nu pot trăi fără sufletul meu!
La răscruce de vânturi, Emily Bronte
cap. XVI
What pleases u in bed?
sleep
Guten Tag meine Lieblings, do you guys know any method to wash away the sea/sea weed/fish smell from my sea shells/snail shells? Cuz I've collected a dozen of them and now they kinda smell. I've washed them, but the smell is still present in some. Thank you in advance🧚♀️🧝♀️🧜♀️
Remember when we would play truth or dare and some would choose "dare" and be dared to kiss someone in the group, but without being scared of contacting a life-threatening virus or close human contact? 🧚♀️✨💕😘
No one :
Me : *Going absolute feral at 2 am*
I HAVE TO LEARN LATIN AND FRENCH. I HAVE TO LEARN PLAYING PIANO AND GUITAR. I HAVE TO WRITE A POEM ABOUT THAT BOY I SAW IN THE LIBRARY. I HAVE TO TELL THE MOON HOW PRETTY SHE IS.
I have to write in my secret diary about everything, including the poem about the boy, I have to read 4 classic books (you name them), I need to talk to the class skeleton in Biology lab and tell him/her/them how beautiful their bones are, I gotta water the 20 plants I have and hope one day one will grow so big it'll grow its own conscience and be my friend, till it grows even more into a human-like form and become my bestfriend or even love interest. Too much?