I saw not long ago a particularly interesting post, it claimed Tobirama’s theories about the Uchiha were “biased headcanons,” but didn’t expand further (in all fairness it didn’t need to, the phrase summarized his approach quite beautifully) I chuckled, because the claim can’t be more truthful, but wasn’t able to re-blog it with a little bit of my input.
In that sense, I would like to discuss -shortly, Tobirama's status as an “Academic”, a title with which this fandom continues to associate him, and that viewed from a current perspective carries with it the notion that all his theories have scientific support and evidence-based on his research, and not on his personal beliefs.
I'm not here to dispute the idea that he was a Scientist. If that's how his fandom wants to call him, then, by all means, they're free to do so. What I'm here for is to discuss the status that the title gives him.
Being an intellectual in the Narutoverse or the real world does not automatically transform the individual to whom the title was bestowed upon into a higher entity. Under that premise, my degree puts me at a higher level of analysis, a thing that probably many fans of various characters I critique would be quick to deny.
So let's break this down:
Intellectuals/Scientists are not exempt from incorporating their prejudices/personal experiences into their theories.
On many occasions, the "deconstruction" they submit themselves to (if they even go through the trouble of performing an internal introspection to take into account their apprehensions before embarking on an investigation) does not guarantee a completely neutral look. And even if the work is to be believed as "neutral", it is always (always) necessary to review or discuss such theories with people who belong to different “cultural bubbles” that might be able to notice if an analysis has been influenced by the cultural, social, and economic barrier to which the author belongs.
[How many times have we mentioned how the medical study of human beings used to be (and hell, might still be) subjected to a patriarchal prejudice that placed women as biologically inferior to men? How many papers were elevated stating that the sexual organ with which a person is born determines their gender?]
Intellectuals aren’t exempt from allowing their personal beliefs to rule their works, furthermore, many times their personal bias is the primary reason for them to investigate a subject: They can go out of their way to prove how their prejudices are right while discarding/twisting any information that doesn’t back up their claims.
Intellectuals are capable of concocting a theory against a marginalized group if they work alongside people in power.
Or if they are the ones actually in power, they're able to present fake evidence to support such bigotry (if they even bother of making it look “professional”).
Let's look through another work of fiction as an example of what I'm trying to convey: Shakespeare in “The Tempest” -a play written in between the years 1610 and 1611- introduced three characters that represented important spheres of colonialism: The colonizer (Próspero, he arrived at the island, imprisoned the former leader of the place, and enslaved the population), The Intellectual (Ariel, he also subjected to the will of the colonizer, but instead of revolting, leaves his knowledge/powers at the disposal of his subjugator as to obtain a benefit) and The Slave (Caliban, native of the island who was enslaved by Próspero and is also subdued by Ariel).
Ariel, much like Caliban, has no real political power, but he has tools to help the colonizer, and in order to buy his freedom, he’s willing to work with the tyrant and become the oppressor of another subjugated group that he also considers inferior. This case specifically is far more fitting to Kagami, Shisui, and particularly Itachi's characters as they too, suffered (internalized and naturalized) discrimination in as a consequt of their gifts. However, they believed themselves superior to the rest of their kin as they subscribed to Tobirama's doctrine, hence, why it was so easy for them to work for Konoha and against their family.
Tobirama, unlike the rest of them, is far more similar to Próspero in this regard as he not only never faced discrimination in regard to his nature (furthermore, his experiments with human beings were easily forgotten and swept under the rug as he meant well), but also built and systematized the political structure that gave substance to his ethnic prejudices.
Intellectuals played a big part in the colonization of entire cultures, they were the ones who helped promote the idea of barbarism vs. civilization in order to put a country/society above others and allow those in power to steal natural resources and enslave native people.
In the Narutoverse, Tobirama was in a position of power when he “studied” and disseminated the rumor (that, later on, became an actual scientific theory, way to go) that the Uchiha were subjected to their emotions (particularly, negative emotions) and therefore, were untrustworthy and unfit to rule.
The only thing to back up his hypothesis is what he learned about the Sharingan's progression, and this, while not canonically proven, was a discovery made likely after this specific conversation, as he had no access to Uchiha's bodies to study them before. Regardless, even if the Doujutsu does develop and evolve because of the user’s emotions, to plead that none of the (natural) users would be able to control their (emotionally driven) actions by only that premise is nonsensical:
The number of times we saw non-Uchiha characters perform emotionally-driven actions (Sakura choosing to kill Sasuke and knocking off her comrades in a foreign land, Naruto becoming so distressed over Pein's attack on Konoha and Hinata that he lost total control of his tailed beast, Hinata jumping in to commit suicide in front of Naruto, and so on) is a clear indication that feelings influence the behavior of every human being -not just a specific group.
Furthermore, Tobirama created rules forbidding showing emotions during missions because of that specific reason, so his COH's theory was more about ensuring his control over the Uchiha emotions to profit from them (meaning, he ensured his position as the leader that was capable to "think for them" because they were unreliable) because he was aware that the members of that clan were less inclined to blindly follow him (giving their history) and jeopardize their entire wellbeing without explanations first, and he wasn't willing to treat them as equals and disclose the reasoning behind his actions.
[And here I'll add this: Fictional universes are indeed ruled by their made-up premises, so it can be very plausible to find fictional works where certain characters are ruled by their ("evil" or "good") biological characteristics.
However, that particular argument that many people use in Tobirama's favor collapses under the weight of the own narrative that displays instances of people "subjected to the Curse of Hatred" being in control of their emotions (Itachi, Shisui, Madara after Izuna's death), and taking rational (logical by the narrative's premise, that is) decisions.
In the same manner, it also shows the exploitation of those “raw emotions” to benefit a particular character (Hashirama when Madara’s love for him helped him to build Konohagakure) or Konoha’s favor (Hashirama sending Madara to different meetings as a representative); so in the end, the problem isn’t the characters having those emotions, but demanding agency over them.
Several characters stood against the Curse of Hatred's premise, including people who cared not for Konoha or the Uchiha clan in itself (why would Orochimaru, who by all means despised Konoha and was only interested in the Uchiha clan for the Sharingan, contradict the Sandaime if what the former said as irrevocably truth was, indeed, plausible?)
How come there were Uchiha members that were, according to Tobirama, loyal to Konoha and not entirely subjected to the COH? Here's the thing, the COH isn't about the existence of emotions, but about who owns them (are they at the service of the individual to whom they belong, or are they for Konoha's benefit?). How come the Sharingan is fueled by the user's emotions, therefore becoming the driven force of that individual's actions, yet particular characters fight against those feelings in order to perform "the greater good"?. Genetic predisposition can't be altered with an ideological disposition.
If the COH's theory sustains itself by how the Sharingan is developed, why are Uchiha members that possess no Sharingan (therefore, no emotional-influenced chakra) considered to be under that influence as well?
As Tobirama's legacy, we have two different approaches to reach the same goal that branches themselves from the COH's theory:
Danzo, who took Tobirama's teachings and concluded that emotions were too volatile and hard to control as to ensure absolute loyalty to Konoha, therefore creating Root -whose premise was, basically, "no emotions allowed". He took kids away from their families (or he specifically looked for orphans with no important background) and stripped them from their identities to train them to become the "ultimate weapon". That is, disposable tools that work solely for Konoha's benefit without the prospect of any retribution nor emotional bonds to prevent the possibility of someone becoming more important than the village. The latter point is also interesting if we think why would Danzo be so concerned about emotional bonds or reactions by non-Uchiha people blinding their loyalty to Root and/or Konoha if the COH was biologically tied to a specific clan? Wouldn't that mean that people being ruled by emotions are, instead of a genetic predisposition of a specific group, a very human response to traumatic events?
Hiruzen, who unlike Danzo was more inclined about exploiting people's bonds and emotions in order to tie them to Konoha rather than a person/clan; basically constructing Konoha as a symbol that encompasses those who are dear to the shinobi, creating a nationalistic mindset where family=village. Therefore, if Konoha (symbol) isn't as important as a specific group/person, then you're against the village as a whole. It's a Them vs. Us clash that ultimately benefits the system as it currently is since any criticism can be taken as subversion. And again, it also contradicts the theory as it's rawly presented, since Hiruzen isn't against those emotions existing, but to whom or what they are subjected to: The individual or the village.]
If the fear of people’s natures being easily controlled by their “special techniques” is so vast as to marginalize an entire group, then how come Naruto’s wish to become Hokage -a Jinchuriki, a tailed beast that canonically influences Naruto’s mood and whose power also can go loose should Naruto get stressed enough-, doesn’t raise any eyebrows? How come Naruto is given a chance because he can learn to “control the beast”, but an Uchiha can’t be taught how to “control his emotions”?
(Naruto wasn't marginalized in the same manner the Uchiha were, which it isn't to say he wasn't discriminated against at all: Mito wasn't discriminated against because she had Kurama as wasn't Kushina. Naruto was pushed aside because Kurama killed many people during his birth and the survivors associated the tailed beast with its vessel, they merged them into a single entity. Before that, Jinchurikis weren't discriminated against because of their nature, while the Uchiha were always segregated.)
There is a preface to the treatment received by the Uchiha from Tobirama and his allies as early as the first arc of Naruto: Haku, belonging to the Yuki clan, explains that the Kekkei Genkai are both revered and feared due to their destructive capabilities (the same is not true for secret techniques since these can be learned, whereas the Kekkei Genkai depend on biological issues beyond the control of the individuals).
It's stated that most shinobi villages used Konoha's bureaucratic structure as a basis to develop their own, which further proves that Tobirama's bias was ingrained inside the village's bureaucratic structure that will be later on replicated by almost everyone else (it's also mentioned that this cleansing is "generationally old", which means that while Obito controlled the Kage's tailed beast to carry out the cleansing, such massacre had already been grooming).
The governments wanted both to have full control of such weapons and to destroy those that could become a threat; Tobirama's segregation of the Uchiha was much more driven by his fear of the Sharingan's powers, the little control he had over the individual members of the clan and likely the learned animosity he later on kept developing during their battles.
Regardless of the many plot holes his theory possessed, people were quick to believe Tobirama because he was both in power (he could have silenced detractors), and he was an “intellectual”, meaning, he had both political and academic status.
But, if the theory that was literally the basis used to discriminate an entire group was able to survive as long as it did (and it still does, to this day) solely because the one who invented it possessed the academic status to be taken seriously, doesn’t that mean that the prestige the title gives should be questioned?