pisce ♡

—make death proud to take us 🐦 🐘@deadlygilded

[koreanfeels]

Polite Style (해요체) ~아요/어요; also a lengthy explanation about vowel contractions

The Explanation:

Polite style is usually the first level of speech taught to foreigners, probably because it’s generally hard to offend someone accidentally by speaking politely.

The dictionary form of a verb or adjective consists of the stem + 다. Polite style is formed by dropping the 다 ending and adding ~아요 or ~어요 to the verb or adjective stem:

작다 to be small; drop 다 and add ~아요: 정현 키가 작아요. Jonghyun is short. (lit. Jonghyun’s height is small.)

먹다 to eat; drop 다 and add ~어요: 태민이 먹어요. Taemin is eating.

How do you know whether to use ~아요 or ~어요? You look at the vowel in the verb/adjective stem. Generally speaking, if the vowel in the stem is 아 or 오, use ~아요. If the vowel in the stem is anything else, use ~어요. There are some exceptions, the most common being that 하다 becomes 해요, despite the 아 vowel in the stem.

~아요 ending: 좁다 to be narrow > 오 in stem > 좁아요 짧다 to be short > 아 in stem > 짧아요

~어요 ending: 넓다 to be spacious, wide > 어 in stem > 넓어요 죽다 to die > 우 in stem > 죽어요

~해요 ending: 친절하다 to be kind > 하다 stem > 친절해요

Although this seems a little arbitrary, it’s far from it.

Korean vowels are organized into “light” and “dark” vowels. Light vowels only couple with other light vowels, and dark vowels with other dark vowels. My Korean professor used this handy diagram to help remember which vowels are light and which are dark (excuse my very rudimentary art skills):

Notice that the ㅗ and ㅏ sides of the box are illuminated by the lamp light. These are the “bright” vowels. The ㅜ and ㅓ are the “dark” vowels.

You may have noticed that the examples above all had consonants at the end of the stem. When the stem ends in a vowel, it becomes a little more complicated because there is opportunity for vowel contraction.

In verb or adjective stems that end in 아 or 어, the vowels contract with the result being that ~요 alone is added to the stem:

가다 to go > 아 contracts with ~아요 > 가요

건너다 to cross > 어 contracts with ~어요 > 건너요

In verb or adjective stems that end in 오 or 우, these combine predictably with the polite ending to form the diphthongs 와 and 워:

오다 to come > 오 combines with 아 to form diphthong 와 > 와요

춤추다 to dance > 우 combines with 어 to form diphthong 워 > 춤춰요

But what about the rest of the vowels? How do they contract?

Much like the bright/dark distinction, there is also a strong/weak distinction that dictates how vowels interact. My wonderful Korean professor explained this as a sort of Mortal Kombat tournament where the various final vowels fight against 어.

애 is the strongest vowel. It easily overpowers 어, and knocks it out of the picture completely. (The boring, linguistic reason for this is that 애 is already a diphthong, and so it can’t combine to form another).

보내다 to spend time > 애 overpowers 어 and is unchanged > 보내요

으 is the weakest vowel. It doesn’t even wait to encounter its opponent before lying down in defeat. (Get it? Because 으 looks like a person lying down?) When you encounter a stem that ends in 으, ignore it completely and refer to the vowel in the syllable before it to decide whether it takes ~아요 or ~어요. If there is no syllable, use ~어요.

바쁘다 to be busy > 으 is deleted, 아 is used > 바빠요

예쁘다 to be pretty > 으 is deleted, 어 is used > 예뻐요

쓰다 to use, to write > 으 is deleted, 어 is used > 써요

이 is a lover rather than a fighter, so when it encounters 어 it combines to form 여. I never really understood why it becomes 여 (wouldn’t 에 be the more logical combination of 이 and 어?), but I just imagine that the 이 is sort of a slut, and so it jumps up onto the 어 to do the horizontal tango.

There is a notable exception to the 이 rule: honorific ~(으)시 combines to make the more logical ~(으)세요 polite ending. (If you really want to be confused, the past tense honorific is (으)셨어요, which follows the regular rule! What the hell, Korean?!)

치다 to hit > 이 combines with 어 > 쳐요

가다 to go + honorific (으)시 > 이 combines with 어 > 가세요 past tense: 가셨어요

My Feels:

You’ll maybe notice I left out 에. I assume that 에 follows the same rule as 애, as it is also already a diphthong, but I can’t think of anything right now except for the phrase “글쎄요” (“it’s hard to say”) that uses it, and I’m not even sure that the base of that is 글쎄다. Google search seems to think so, but Google search is often wrong. Feel free to correct me or offer suggestions.

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar Lessons

Basics of Korean Grammar

Korean Parts of Speech Introduction(품사)

Substantives & Independent words(체언&독립언)

Modifiers(수식언)

Verbs&Adjectives(용언) + Postposition(관계언)

Fundamental Constituents(주성분) Part 1 : Subject & Complement

Fundamental Constituents(주성분) Part 2 : Predicate & Object

Supplementary Constituents(부속 성분)

Practice Constituents of Sentence

Korean Postpositions

Postposition Introduction(조사)

Subject Marking Particle & Complement Marking Particle(주격 조사&보격 조사)

Object Marking Particle(목적격 조사)

Adnominal Marking Particle & Independent Word Marking Particle(관형격 조사&호격 조사)

Adverbial Marking Particle(부사격 조사)

Predicate Marking Particle(서술격 조사)

Assistant Postposition(보조사)

Conjunction Particle(접속 조사)

Verbs&Adjectives Conjugation

Verb&Adjective Introduction(용언)

Final Ending(어말 어미)

Pre-final Ending(선어말 어미)

Noun Derivational Ending(명사형 전성 어미)

Intransitive Verb & Transitive Verb(자동사&타동사)

Verb&Adjective Quiz

Advanced Conjugation

‘여’ Irregular Conjugation(‘여’ 불규칙)

'르’/'ㄷ’/'ㅅ’ Irregular Conjugation('르’/'ㄷ’/'ㅅ’ 불규칙)

Tense

Past Tense(과거 시제)

Present Tense(현재 시제)

Future Tense(미래 시제)

Passive and Causative Forms

Passive Voice(피동 표현)

Causative Expression(사동 표현)

Honorifics

Honorifics depending on object(객체높임법)

Honorifics depending on listener(청자높임법)

Last updated 201222(Updated Regularly)

[studiousbees]

Mid-formality conjugation (해요체)

Last time, I covered the low-closeness high-formality group of sentence endings that are known as 하십시오체. While useful, it’s not the most useful form if you just want to talk to other people in the most common of daily life scenarios. That honor goes to 해요체!

Function

해요체 is a mid-formality mid-closeness conjugation that is used… pretty much whenever you’re talking to someone you aren’t super close with but don’t want to create too much distance with, and need to maintain some social formality but not excessively so. You are least likely to offend someone using this form, as it is more or less neutral in terms of closeness and formality. If you want to know a bit more about the workings of social formality and closeness in Korean conjugation, you can check out this post and skip down to the “Formality levels” section (and I highly recommend you do so, as it’s very important in Korean society and thus, in the Korean language!). While this form is generally not too problematic, you might offend someone if you use 해요체 with them when you would usually use a different formality level, like suddenly using it with your boss who insists on 하십시오체, or using it with close friends that you would normally use 해체 with.

When using 해요체, using the formal word for “I,” “저,” is your safest option. Sometimes you will hear “나” being used with 해요체, perhaps from a coworker who is older than you (and thus higher in the social hierarchy) but does not use 반말 with you. Especially when just starting to learn Korean, it is safer to use the formal “I” until you develop a better sense for when it is and isn’t acceptable to use it with 해요체. Also, you should refer to others using their name or title and not the informal “너.” You can sometimes also use “당신” for “you,” but it very often sounds awkward, so sticking to names and titles is best.

Usage

The conjugation of 해요체, unlike 하십시오체, does not change depending the type of sentence you are making. Rather, the context of the conversation will be enough to let you know if the sentence is declarative (statement), interrogative (question), imperative (command), or propositive (suggestion).

To form 해요체, you take the root of the verb and add either -아요 or -어요 depending on the final vowel of the root. If the final vowel is 아 or 오, add -아요. If the final vowel is anything else, add -어요. For example:

먹다 - 다 -> 먹 + -어요 = 먹어요

민호 씨는 초콜릿을 안 먹어요. (Minho does not eat chocolate.)

좁다 - 다 -> 좁 + -아요 = 좁아요

이 방은 정말 좁아요. (This room is really narrow.)

I don’t plan to really get into irregular conjugations here, but there are some extra rules that you must know to use 해요체 properly. 

First, if the root ends with either 아 or 어, instead of doubling the vowel you just attach the 요, as if the vowel of the root and the vowel of -아요 or -어요 are simply overlapping.

가다 - 다 -> 가 + -아요 = 가요 (NOT 가아요)

저는 학교에 가요. (I go/am going to school.)

서다 - 다 -> 서 + -어요 = 서요 (NOT 서어요)

그 상자 위에 서요. (Stand on top of that box.)

하다 is a bit of a special case. Going by the above rule, it would conjugate to 하요. However, it properly conjugates to 해요.

오늘 뭘 해요? (What are you doing today?)

세빈 씨는 정말 강해요. (Sebin is really strong.)

우리 친구 해요! (Let’s be friends!)

되다 is also special. Going by the regular rule, it would be 되어요. While you might see this sometimes in writing, it is not a form used in speech, and it is often contracted in writing as well. Let’s check it out:

되다 - 다 -> 되 + -어요 = 돼요

이름은 어떻게 돼요? (What is your name? [Lit. How does your name become?])

Yet another special case is 이다. When attached to a noun that ends with a consonant, it is conjugated as -이에요. When the noun ends with a vowel, 이다 becomes -예요. -에요 is NOT a valid conjugation of 이다.

공책이에요. (It’s a notebook.)

강아지예요. (It’s a puppy.)

Other special cases occur with roots ending in the vowels 이, 우, and 오. In these cases, the final vowel merges with the 어 in -어요 (or the 아 in -아요 in the case of roots ending with 오) to make a compound vowel sound. Sometimes you will see them written out in non-compounded format, similar to 돼요/되어요, but understand that such a form is usually reserve only for writing.

시다 - 다 -> 시 + -어요 = 셔요 

맛이 너무 셔요. (The taste is too sour.)

춤을 추다 - 다 = 춤을 추 + -어요 = 춤을 춰요

미나 씨는 춤을 춰요. (Mina dances/Mina is dancing.)

오다 - 다 -> 오 + -아요 = 와요

비가 많이 와요. (It rains a lot/It is raining a lot [Lit. Rain comes a lot].)

NOTE: There is one exception to the above rule—yes, there are a lot of exceptions! This is when you use the honorific infix -(으)시- with your verb (Read more about its usage here!). In that case, the last syllable before you add -아/어요 is 시. Based on the above rule, one would think that the final 시 becomes -셔요. However, it instead becomes -세요. 

좋아하다 - 다 -> 좋아하 + 시 + -어요 = 좋아하세요

우리 엄마는 꽃을 좋아하세요. (My mom likes flowers.)

앉다 - 다 -> 앉 + 시 + -어요 = 앉으세요

여기 앉으세요. (Please sit here. [-(으)시 is used here to make the command more polite.)

More Examples

We’ve gotten through the conjugation rules for 해요체, including some exceptions. Let’s just check out some more examples using a variety of sentences types.

가다

Declarative: 오늘 우체국에 가요. (Today I am going to the post office.)

Interrogative: 어디 가요? (Where are you going?)

Imperative: 시장에 빨리 가요/가세요. (Go to the market quickly.)

Propositive: 학교에 같이 가요. (Let’s go to school together.)

먹다

Declarative: 저는 채소를 많이 먹어요. (I eat a lot of vegetables.)

Interrogative: 고기를 먹어요? (Do you eat meat?)

Imperative: 이거 먹어요. (Eat this. [Using the honorific -시- here and creating 먹으세요 would be unusual. Instead, one would use the honorific form of 먹다, 드시다.])

Propositive: 이거 먹어요. (Let’s eat this.)

하다

Declarative: 그 남자는 축구를 해요. (That man plays soccer/is playing soccer.)

Interrogative: 민지 씨는 공부를 해요? (Is Minji studying?)

Imperative: 그만 해요/하세요! (Stop doing that!)

Propositive: 우리 게임을 해요! (Let’s play games!)

되다

Declarative: 이 것을 만지면 안 돼요. (It’s not okay if you touch this thing [More natural translation would be “Don’t touch this thing,” but in Korean, it’s a declarative sentence, not imperative].)

Interrogative: 시간이 돼요? (Do you have time?)

Imperative: 좋은 하루 되세요. (Have a nice day.)

Propositive: 우리 좋은 학생이 돼요! (Let’s become good students!)

꿈을 꾸다

Declarative: 에린 씨는 매일 밤 꿈을 꿔요. (Erin dreams every night.)

Interrogative: 어떤 꿈을 꿔요? (What kinds of dreams do you have/dream?)

Imperative: 돼지 꿈을 꾸세요! (Dream of pigs! [In Korean culture, a dream of pigs is said to indicate wealth.])

Propositive: 재미있는 꿈을 꿔요! (Let’s have fun dreams!)

This post was pretty hefty! If you have any questions, feel free to ask. As always, happy studying~

[piscestudies]

Basic Turkish 101. (Months and Seasons/ Yılın ayları ve Yılın Mevsimlerı

Hello hello! Yesterday I got too tired so I didn't study, but today I spent like 3 hours studying these two topics, which was something..... Things are starting to get a little bit harder now because I have to learn grammar, which is something I hate and didn't actually learn in my native language (i learned enough to finish HS but not enough to actually remember rules and all), I also never learned English grammar in dept because the method I was taught for 9 years was just "go with the flow" kind of method..so yeah I don't know grammar and now it came back to haunt me. Anyway, i did a LOT of vocab today, I watched the same 3minutes video about seasons a couple too many times.

Months: Aylar Month: Ay Year: Yıl Months of the year: Yılın ayları (sound: Yulun ailaru) Season: Mevsimler Seasons of the year: Yılın Mevsimlerı During my study, i noticed that the verb comes at the end of the phrase, and that made things easier to understand as i listened to the video.

This is an overview of everything i did, i'm not gonna post all of my dialogues/vocab study just because it's all in Portuguese and i kind of wanna keep this blog in English, so yeah, if a sound doesn't make sense for you is probably in Portuguese (as always lmao), also downloaded FLIP, maybe that will help with focus (im a little bit competitive)

[piscestudies]

Basic Turkish 101. (Days of the week/Haftanın günleri)

another day another struggle with sounds

I liked the way the Table made things a little more organized so here is another one, if you are seeing this and you have no idea how to speak Brazilian Portuguese or how some letters sound...I'm sorry

Today: bugün (bu-gun) (Portuguese “U” or British “U” just say “gun” like a brit and you will get it)

A thing I noticed: when telling someone what day it is today you won't use the verb “is” (is it a verb right? I'm really bad with grammar lmao), in general, you will use just the word for "day" (bugün) and the day you are trying to say..so: “Today IS Thursday” is going to be “ Bugün Perşembe” (today Thursday)

[stepstofluency]

looking for more studyblrs/langblrs!

hellooooo, can you please reblog (or like) this if you are an active studyblr/langblr?

+ feel free to message me and be my friend! 🍓

[piscestudies]

Basic Turkish 101. (Numbers/Sayılar)

Ok..so following my series of Basic Turkish 101, i decided to try learning some basic numbers today (a great idea to me and hell for anyone that read my notes) I suppose my "sounds" notes are a little bit easier to understand if you know other languages, like Korean or French, which have very specific little sounds, but anyway..

I made this table to make it a little more organized, it is easier to understand the "listening" table if you read my "Basic Turkish 101 (Alphabet)" post before this one. 

It is important to add that i understand sounds as a Brazilian person, so my "A" is not the same as an English "A", this is just an example, but yeah..if something doesn't make sense in english..is probably because i made it thinking in Portuguese

Something I noticed was that: Numbers 11-19 works like summation/addition, so you use the number 10 (on) and add whatever number you want after, 12 (on+iki), 17 (on+yedi)...

This is it for today, it was a quick study session but a nice one. I'm learning the basics, BASICS, so if you would to learn a little bit more you can check this website that I found 

[piscestudies]

Basic Turkish 101. (Alphabet/Alfabe)

Yeah so this is day one-ish of learning Turkish, i kind of know a couple of things because i keep learning vocab from Pinterest but i really wanna learn so i just decided to maybe transfer all my things from Notion to Tumblr, that way i can make a little journal of things, and maybe leave Notion (nothing wrong with it i just don't see the point in using anymore when taking notes ends up not being the priority and making cute little templates takes too much time). Anyway...i will be using the "technique" my Korean teacher use, which consist in learning the alphabet and taking notes on how each letter sounds for YOU, because sometimes my ears will listen to one thing and process better that way and someone else will listen something a little different, and thats whats learning a new language is about you know...doing what works FOR YOU.  A: a   araba (car) B: bé   balik (fish) C: gyê   ceket (jacket) Ç: tchê çilek (strawberry) D: dé defter (notebook)  E: ee   elma (apple) F: fé fabrika (factory) G: qgé gözlük (glasses) Ğ: guê (there isn't a word that starts with this letter) H: ré hastane (hospital) I: (i without the dot) û ışık (light)  i: i istanbul J: je jilet (gilette) K: que kitap (book) L: lé limon (lemon) M: mé meyve (fruit) the “e” in the end has an "á" sound (meivá) N: ne nane (mint) O: ó otubüs (bus) Ö: ô ("water" in french) öğretmen (teacher) P: pé para (money) R: rré radyo (radio) S: sé saat (watch) Ş: shé semsiye (umbrella) the "e" has an "i" sound (shemsi-i) (shemsi-Á in portuguese) T: té televizyon (TV) U: oo uçak (avião) uchak Ü: ü ("were" in french) ütü (iron) V: vé   vücut (body) vudchut Y: yeh yanak (cheek) Z: zé zeytin (olive)

[vampiratecas]

when stede makes it back to the revenge in season two…

[piscestudies]

Yesterday was a nice cozy day. Me and my flatmate went to a Chinese restaurant for some Ramen/Lamen

Ramen is how Koreans, Japanese and Americans call it; Lamen is how Chinese and Brazilians call it

Then we got the chance to take a walk by the street market that happens every Saturday at the Square, I saw some Star Wars action figures and some DVDs, the Star Trek one came in a little beautiful box in the shape of spaceship, which looked cute; I didn't buy anything but maybe in a couple months I will be able to buy some vinyl records, they have sales (2 for 5$) and I'm looking into buying a record player soon. We then headed for our final destination, a art exposition made by a friend and mentor from our University, everything was beautiful and I had the chance to participate in a workshop about afro-brazilian religion and tradition, which I loved a lot.

We finally finished "My Roomate is a Gumiho" AND OH BOY, the episode before the last was PAINFUL to watch, but the end was cute and happy (for almost everyone), the acting was amazing and the girl how plays Dam is REALLY GOOD.

to finish the weekend, today we had F1 here in Brazil (BrazilGP) and as always Interlagos will forever hold the best races, I'm kinda of sad that RedBull didn't won (I'm Bull team) but tbh they saw it coming, I'm lowkey disappointed with the things that happened, especially with Max behavior throughout the race, he was reckless and selfish. George had his first win which I'm really happy about! Congrats to him!

I also tried posting this 3 times and I think tumblr does not like me or the pics I want to add to the post lmao.

[tarzelladraws]

When you roll up to a Halloween party in a costume that ~accidentally~ goes along with a stranger’s costume

As always, I’m like 5 days late with my Halloween post 🤡

[peistudiesturkish]

Turkish Basics

10-31-21

Today I will be officially starting my Turkish learning journey.

A website I had my Turkish boyfriend look at, and he said it's accurate: http://turkishbasics.com/

My favorite YouTube channel for learning Turkish so far: https://www.youtube.com/c/LearnTurkishwithMuki

An amazing Anki deck that I just had to get my hands on: https://www.reddit.com/r/turkishlearning/comments/mrl4c5/the_ultimate_guide_to_turkish_the_most_used_5000/

I studied for hours last night and even today too! I now understand the three types of sound harmony, personal pronoun markers, and conjugating verbs! Although I understand these things conceptually, it hasn't "clicked" together yet as a bigger picture and I still can't use them off the top of my head. That would require more vocabulary, input and practice.

[piscestudies]

tomorrow is my first day in this new extra-curricular/internship and a cat showed up at my place (we (me and my flatmate) have no way of caring for this cat) and let me tell you all that I I a little bit stressed, but anyway, I'm finally half way through Great Expectations- Charles Dickens and oh boy....let me tell you, this book has been something.

I started it last year thinking it would be a romance book. NO. it's a Naturalistic book, there's a little bit of romanticism here and there but not really (thank the gods actually). Anyway, this book has been something, sometimes is kind of hard to read and understand and other times is really easy, there are some things in the book that don't make sense and sometimes i think Charles got confused (I don't judge him, have you read this book?). But it is interesting to see how this author works and how he puts little pieces of his life in the narrative.

I feel really bad for Joe tho, he doesn't deserve this shit and Pip needs a reality check or maybe some punches (I could be the one delivering the punches, I won't mind)

here's a picture from one of the pages, I added a Scene from Macbeth for the citation and context in the book

[zhongguozhaopian]

[piscestudies]

zhongguozhaopian:

Archaeologists! At the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi.

[mmmmmppppfffff]

[ivettel]

MARK HAMILL as LUKE SKYWALKER The Empire Strikes Back (1980) dir. Irvin Kershner

[gamwthnzwhmou]

Reblog if you had a Tumblr for 5+ years

[gouachevalier]

[sarcastic-salem]

Been on Tumblr since 2010

[piscestudies]

been here for ages, keep forgeting my passwords lmao