anyway hello again, in light of the decidedly equivocal treatment of dm in season three, i am back with another lukewarm take on what actually makes their relationship meaningful & unique #tome <3
when discussing the decade-long relationship between armand and daniel, anne rice once described it as “the epitome of the fluctuations of dominance and submission” before concluding with an apparent contradiction: that armand somehow always dominates, even when yielding. the temptation is to resolve this paradox by asking which of them is “really” the dominant one. is armand inherently the master because he possesses overwhelming supernatural power, at least in the first phase of their relationship? or does daniel ultimately command the entire dynamic because armand repeatedly capitulates to his desires? i think that these kinds of questions themselves misunderstand devil’s minion completely. if i may:
power between armand and daniel does not typically just “change hands”, so to speak. it fluctuates, & often outright refuses ownership altogether. with each encounter between the two of them, power readjusts itself. their intimacy becomes unique because of what it collapses, not what it upholds. what emerges, then, is something stranger than the more predictable patterns of gay sadomasochism (at least, as it is commonly depicted in fiction) alone. devil’s minion imagines an erotic relationship in which domination & submission cease to function as opposites; they instead become mutually constitutive. every surrender conceals an ritual of agency, and every assertion of authority simultaneously reveals extraordinary, almost unbelievable vulnerability. it is an experiment in what queer intimacy might become once mastery (particularly, as something rooted in cis-heteronormative binaries) begins to fail.
leo bersani’s work, i think, provides an unusually productive vocabulary for understanding this kind of instability. throughout “is the rectum a grave?” and later in intimacies, bersani repeatedly returns to a proposition that remains deeply unsettling even to seasoned queer perverts, such as myself: that sexuality is valuable, not because it confirms identity (though, of course, it can & does), but because it actually threatens it.
bersani describes erotic experience as possessing a fundamentally “self-shattering” quality. elsewhere, he and adam phillips suggest that intimacy becomes possible only through “a relation in which we cease to be identical with ourselves”. this, to me, is almost an exact description of the devil’s minion i have been psychoanalyzing for years. every genuinely intimate encounter between armand & daniel actually ends up destabilizing identity rather than affirming it. daniel loses his memories, armand loses the elaborate structures through which he has survived for centuries, and neither of them actually leaves the relationship more coherent than before. both become increasingly difficult to distinguish from the selves they imagined themselves to be.
perhaps bersani’s most devastating suggestion is that love asks us to become less rather than more: notably less autonomous, less self-contained, or just less convinced of the fantasy that we exist independently of another consciousness. i personally think that no vampire in anne’s body of work resists that dissolution more desperately, or more violently, than armand, & no one accomplishes it more completely than daniel. anne herself made an observation that initially appears almost contradictory: that armand “likes to be dominated”, and “wants a teacher”. but, superficially anyway, nothing about armand should permit that kind of a statement. he’s near-ancient, physically invulnerable, capable of reading minds, erasing memories, even killing daniel effortlessly should he suddenly wish to do so. & yet authority has always functioned as an erotic category for him, and this tendency extends far beyond sexuality.
for five centuries, armand repeatedly installs another figure into the position of absolute certainty: marius, santino, louis, lestat, daniel. each becomes, however briefly, or performatively, someone imagined to possess knowledge & power forever unavailable to him. lacan described this structure as the subject supposed to know. armand continually falls in love with certainty itself, or, perhaps more accurately, with the fantasy that certainty exists. submission, for armand, therefore becomes less the relinquishing of agency than the hope that agency might briefly become unnecessary. daniel occupies the opposite position, or he at least appears to. he’s younger, mortal, considerably poor, addicted to drugs, & then later to armand’s blood. anne obviously even allowed him to call himself the devil's minion, seemingly confirming the hierarchy implied by that title, except daniel refuses nearly every psychological expectation of submission: he leaves, he argues, he laughs at armand, he aggressively demands immortality repeatedly despite being refused. but perhaps most importantly, daniel desires armand as though armand were simply another frightened, vulnerable person rather than an omnipotent entity. his greatest act of resistance is not necessarily refusing armand’s supernatural authority, it’s his refusal to form his desire for armand around it, or as a result of it.
lacan’s formulation that “love is giving what you do not have” becomes strangely literal here, where armand offers daniel certainty, despite possessing almost none himself. he offers permanence despite believing eternity to be a curse, & protection while continually failing to protect either of them. daniel, meanwhile, offers armand something equally impossible: a world in which armand no longer needs to perform mastery at all. neither actually possesses what they give, yet they both continue offering it. love, to dm, has become an exchange of impossibilities.
jessica benjamin’s body of work allows us to push this paradox even further. in the bonds of love, she argues that domination & submission are not opposites, but mutually sustaining attempts to solve the “unbearable problem” of recognizing another subject. the other person must remain sufficiently separate to be real, yet sufficiently controllable not to destroy us. domination & submission both try to resolve this kind of tension, though of course neither succeeds. seen through benjamin’s lens, armand’s erotic life becomes almost painfully legible, to me, in his repeated oscillation between mastery & surrender. less a preference than a defense against mutual recognition itself. in other words: to dominate is to prevent another consciousness from becoming fully unpredictable, & then to submit is to imagine someone else capable of carrying the burden of existence for you. daniel actually refuses both fantasies. he insists on remaining irreducibly himself, and he insists, just as stubbornly, that armand do the same.
foucault’s understanding of power offers perhaps the clearest explanation for why anne’s own paradox never resolves. power, foucault insists, is not possessed; it is exercised. it exists only within relations. so the question therefore ceases to be: who dominates?, and instead it becomes: well, how does domination operate?
armand disciplines daniel through surveillance, wealth, immortality, psychic intrusion, & obviously through his overwhelming physical superiority. daniel disciplines armand through persistence, unpredictability, emotional/sexual availability, & the simple refusal to stop seeing him as someone capable of being earnestly loved. power thus moves continuously between them, or rather, it never belonged to either one of them, truly, in the first place. this is precisely why the sexual dynamics of dm resist conventional readings of queer masculinity. anne herself delighted in reversing expectations. armand, despite his age & extraordinary power, repeatedly desires positions culturally associated with submission. daniel, physically weaker & psychologically dependent, repeatedly occupies positions associated with command.
the tv adaptation complicates this inversion too. daniel is no longer twenty-something and petulant; he’s upwards of seventy, his body now bearing the visible history of an entire human life. he is broader, rougher, louder, physically older than the vampire across from him. armand, meanwhile, remains visually youthful, conventionally beautiful, carrying within his erotic life unmistakable traces of trauma, regression, & surrender. every visual shorthand through which audiences have been taught to recognize dominance immediately begin to fail. the “categories” remain, but their certainty disappears.
bersani again: the self survives intimacy only by briefly consenting to its own dissolution. dm stages precisely this kind of dissolution over and over again, not because either of them actually wishes to become truly powerless, but because each, in different ways, longs to be relieved of the exhausting labor of remaining entirely himself. the tragedy is that neither can accomplish this alone. only the other possesses that terrible privilege.
returning to my sort-of “mission statement” now, anne wrote that armand always dominates, even when yielding. i think she was describing something stranger than maybe even she realized. i think probably domination has already ceased to be the correct word. perhaps what dm finally imagines is not mastery, nor submission, but two people continually discovering that love demands the surrender of those categories before it ever asks for the surrender of bodies, whether it’s a psychosexual cat & mouse game or actual sex. the most submissive act in devil’s minion, to me, isn’t an explicitly sexual one. it the allowing of the self to finally become recognizable to another person.
note: i drew primarily upon leo bersani’s conception of erotic self-shattering, jessica benjamin’s theory of domination and mutual recognition, jacques lacan’s theories of desire and the sujet supposé savoir (the “subject supposed to know”), and michel foucault’s relational conception of power. anne rice’s own commentary in the vampire companion serves as the central interpretive point of departure. if you find this sort of thing as fascinating as i do, i put together a little “bibliography” of works i referenced here and also some “suggested reading” as well <3 thank you for reading <3
anne rice, the vampire companion: the official guide to anne rice’s the vampire chronicles, 1993
jessica benjamin, the bonds of love: psychoanalysis, feminism, and the problem of domination, 1988
leo bersani, is the rectum a grave? in aids: cultural analysis/cultural activism, 1988
leo bersani and adam phillips, intimacies, 2008
michel foucault, the history of sexuality, volume i: an introduction, 1978
michel foucault, friendship as a way of life, interview, 1981
jacques lacan, the seminar of jacques lacan, book xi: the four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis, 1978
jacques lacan, écrits, tr. bruce fink, 2006
roland barthes, a lover’s discourse, 1977
georges bataille, erotism: death and sensuality, 1957
eve kosofsky sedgwick, epistemology of the closet, 1990