Annotated Bibliography Final
Clinical Psychologist Prescription Privileges
This annotated bibliography is designed to give readers a comprehensive indication of readings regarding clinical psychologist prescription privileges. To prepare my bibliography I read academic articles, academic texts, and internet resources. My sources were written my professors, psychologists, doctors, and Ivy League graduates. All the articles I read where published in scholarly journals, college textbooks, and on psychologists’ associations’ websites. The articles I read were written over a 21 year period. My oldest article goes back to 1991. There is a trend of certain words being used in the articles. The words are psychology, psychologist, prescription, privileges, medication, and psychopharmacology. Another trend I noticed were with the surveys I read. Almost all of the surveys were mailed out instead of a face to face survey. I believe the audience of this annotated bibliography can range from undergraduate student who want to become psychologist to actual psychologists. The major issue I talk about is that most psychologist want prescription privileges but others are worried that the patients will suffer from this.
Baird, Keith A.A Survey of Clinical Psychologists in Illinois Regarding Prescription Privileges.Professional Psychology: Research & Practice. Apr2007, Vol. 38 Issue 2, p196-202. 7p. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.38.2.196. In this survey of clinical psychologist in Illinois Keith A. Baird, who has a chair of the Ethics Committee of the Illinois Psychological Association and has a clinical practice with Heritage Professional Associates in the western suburbs of Chicago, studied the psychologist attitudes towards prescription privileges. Keith surveyed 890 random licensed psychologists. 61.2% of the responding psychologists endorsed prescription privileges and 25.9% planned to prescribe once trained. Despite the well-publicized passage of prescription privilege legislation in others states, psychologists' support of prescription privileges appears unchanged when compared with studies published over the last 20 years. Generally whatever the percentage of psychologists showing support for prescription privileges in a given study, that percentage drops by 45%–55% when asking the psychologists whether they plan to get the education to prescribe. This shows that even if psychologist want prescription privileges they don't show the incentive to actually get certified to prescribe. This source is relevant to my research of clinical psychologist and prescription privileges because if tells me what the community of psychologist believe.
deMayo, Robert A. Academic Interests and Experiences of Doctoral Students in Clinical Psychology: Implications for Prescription Privilege Training. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 07357028, Oct2002, Vol. 33, Issue 5. In this survey Robert A. deMayo, associate dean of the Psychology Division in the Graduate School of Education and Psychology at Pepperdine University, asked doctoral students feel about psychologist trying to obtain prescription privileges. Robert mailed the questionnaires to 750 participants. The participants were drawn from the American Psychological Association's. In the results a substantial proportion of current doctoral trainees (186 of 374, or 49.7%) agreed or agreed strongly with the statement“If training preparing me to prescribe were available now, I would enroll.” More than a quarter (27.1%) of the sample indicated that they were undecided, disagreed, or disagreed strongly with the statement“I have done well in courses in the natural sciences.” In contrast, only 1% were undecided, disagreed, or disagreed strongly with the statement“I have done well in courses in the social sciences.” Furthermore, over half of the participants (241 of 374, or 51.1%) disagreed or disagreed strongly with the statement“I have felt little or no anxiety when taking classes in the natural sciences.” In survey is important to my research because it shows me what people who are training to become psychologists think about prescription privileges.
Fagan, Thomas J., Ax, Robert K., Liss, Miriam, Resnick, Robert J., Moody, Sara. Prescriptive Authority and Preferences for Training. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 07357028, Feb2007, Vol. 38, Issue 1In this survey related to prescriptive authority for psychologists Thomas J. Fagan, an associate professor of psychology at Nova Southeastern University, Robert K. Ax, who received his PhD in clinical psychology from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Miriam Liss, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Mary Washington, Robert J. Resnick, a professor of psychology at Randolph-Macon College, and Sara Moody, a graduate with a BA in psychology from Randolph-Macon College. The survey asked respondents to rate their level of agreement using a 5 point scale. (1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree.) The survey was mailed out to postdoctoral residences and internship training sites in the US. In the results individuals with a PsyD were significantly more interested in seeking prescriptive authority than were individuals with a PhD. Directors of training and psychologists in independent practice were significantly less inclined than interns to want prescriptive authority. Postdoctoral residents, similar to interns, were found to express a stronger desire to seek prescriptive authority than psychologists in independent practice. This is important to my research because it shows the view on prescription privileges from people with different types of degrees and different levels of jobs.
Kingsbury, S.J. Some effects of prescribing privileges. American Psychologist, 0003066X, Mar1992, Vol. 47, Issue 3. In this article Steven J. Kingsbury, a clinical psychologist, talks about what people believe are issues with psychologist prescribing medication. The first issue is the characterizations of themselves and medicine by psychology that recurrently appear in articles discussing this issue. It is up to psychology to define its own destiny, despite the opposition of organized medicine, the implication is that if psychologists agree with psychiatry's opposition, they are against psychologists defining themselves. Both sides believe that they are acting in the best interests of the patients, and both sides are aware of the financial impact of such changes. This article is important because it shows that people are making sure the paints are important. I believe that since Steven Kingsbury is a clinical psychologist who can prescribe his judgment might be impaired
Lavoie, Kim L.; Fleet, Richard P. Should Psychologists Be Granted Prescription Privileges? A Review of the Prescription Privilege Debate for PsychiatristsCanadian Journal of Psychiatry. Jun2002, Vol. 47 Issue 5, p443.7p. In this scholarly journal article Kim L. Lavoie, a psychologist at Montreal Heart Institute and Sacre-Coeur Hospital, and Richard P. Fleet, an associate Researcher who is director of Clinical Research, discuss about the major arguments presented for and against prescription privileges for psychologists. The article begins by giving details on the history of the prescription privileges. It says during World War II psychologists expand their roles into clinical psychologist to help all the victims recover. After helping the victims psychologists didn't want to go back to being just psychologist. They wanted to become clinical psychologist and focus on psychotherapy. Most groups like the APA's Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP) didn't believe they had the proper truing and denied them from doing psychotherapy. Thus sparked the argument that has been going on for the past two decades. For the argument that is for prescription privileges the main claim is that prescription privileges would help increase psychological practice by expanding their practice into settings that are usually controlled by physicians. In support with this argument, people believe that because doctoral-level psychologists have more education than other professionals who have secured various degrees of prescriptive authority for example, nurse practitioners and pharmacists, psychologists should qualify for privileges. For the argument against prescription privileges the main claim is that psychologist still do not know enough about prescriptions and basic science to prescribe medication. It has been reported that the doctoral-level psychologists received grades in conventional medical and pharmacological courses that ranged from C—to F. Most people believe these grades reflect the psychologists' lack of training in basic sciences. A notable difference between psychologists and the non-physician professions with limited prescription privileges is that they all have a solid biological science background, which most psychology graduate programs do not provide. In conclusion the debate is and will still be going on for the next couple of years. This article is relevant to my research because it give be background information on the argument and it gives majors claims on both sides of the argument.
Mantell, Elaine Orabona, Ortiz, Samuel O., Planthara, Pamela M. What Price Prescribing? A Commentary on the Effect of Prescription Authority on Psychological Practice. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 07357028, Apr2004, Vol. 35, Issue 2In this scholarly journal Elaine O. Mantell, who received her PhD in clinical psychology from Nova University in Florida, Samuel O. Ortiz, who received his PhD in clinical psychology from the University of Southern California, and Pamela M. Planthara, who received her PsyD from Nova Southeastern University, talked how the number of the costs associated with the incorporation of pharmacotherapy as another treatment option in the repertoire of the clinical psychologist. None of the cost describe obstacles for a prescribing psychologist with adequate and appropriate training. It has been the experience of prescribing psychologists that the addition and integration of prescription authority have expanded their ability to serve the needs of patients more effectively and comprehensively. Prescribing clinical psychologists are in a unique position to make substantial contributions on many levels to the science that guides the integration of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Neither they, nor any other professionals, should be swayed from this opportunity by either the costs associated with such practice or the politics that often accompany it. This is relevant to my research because it talks about how the cost to prescribe wouldn't affect the psychologist from doing their job and helping people.
McGrath, Robert E., Sammons, Morgan T., Brown, Anita, Wiggins, Jack G., Levant, Ronald F., Stock, Wendy. Professional Issues in Pharmacotherapy for Psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 07357028, Apr2004, Vol. 35, Issue 2. In this journal article Robert E. McGarth, professor at the Psychopharmacology Postdoctoral Training Program, Jack G. Wiggins, who received his PhD in clinical psychology from Purdue University, Morgan T. Sammons, deputy director for clinical operations at the U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Ronald F. Levant, professor of psychology at Nova Southeastern University, Anita Brown , who received her PhD in clinical psychology from the University of Pittsburgh, and Wendy Stock, a faculty member at Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay Campus, discuss how there is no objection to prescriptive authority more serious than that it can lead to the loss of their identity as psychologists. The importance of this objection is not necessarily predicated on its being a particularly likely outcome of obtaining prescriptive authority, but rather on its being the most potentially damaging outcome to psychology both as a discipline and a profession. The fear is that psychologists will follow the path of psychiatrists, many of whom have surrendered the psychological approach to the understanding and amelioration of mental disorders for a largely medical approach, resulting in the deterioration of traditional psychotherapy and assessment skills. This article is important to my research because it shows that people who might not be totally against prescription privilege still have concerns. They are worried that patients would only get referred for medication evaluation only.
Moore, Bret A., McGrath, Robert E. How Prescriptive Authority for Psychologists Would Help Service Members in Iraq. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 07357028, Apr2007, Vol. 38, Issue 2. In this scholarly journal article Bret A. Moore, a clinical psychologist in the U.S. Army, and Robert E. McGarth, a professor is the School of Psychology of Fairleigh Dickinson University, discuss how prescription privileges for psychologists would help service members in Iraq. The article talks bout how increasing the number of prescribing psychologists in the military would help the soldiers. One benefit from allowing psychologists to prescribe in a combat environment would reduce travel on dangerous roads to get psychiatric care. Another benefit would be the service member being able to get the help they would need a lot quicker and the most professional level of psychiatric care possible. This article is relevant to my discussion because it talks about the main benefits of how increasing prescribing psychologists would benefit the patients. Bret A. Moore argues that there should be more prescription privileges for psychologist in the military. Though his judgement could be impaired since he is a psychologist in the U.S. Army.
Prescriptions by Psychologists. Harvard Mental Health Letter. Oct96, Vol. 13 Issue 4, p8. 4/5p. In this scholarly journal article Harvard Mental Health Letter asked Steven J. Kingsbury, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas, about the argument for and against prescription privileges. Steven points out that many states already grant limited prescription privileges to professionals without a medical degree. People like nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, optometrists, and others. Advocates suggest that some general practitioners and psychiatrists prescribe inappropriately they instead believe that psychologists would do a better job because of their scientific background. Furthermore, they say, prescription privileges would improve access to mental health services and decrease costs, since psychologists typically charge less than psychiatrists. Steven continues to say that opponents think that pharmacological training will distract psychologists from actually giving their psychological expertise. They also argue that psychotherapy can be just as effective as medication. They are worried giving patients both psychotherapy and medication will have negative effects. This article is relevant to my research because it is showing both side of the argument and gave me new information the other articles didn't.
Sammons, Morgan T., Zinner, Ellen S. Prescriptive Authority for Psychologists: A Consensus of Support. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 07357028, Dec2000, Vol. 31, Issue 6. In this survey Morgan T. Sammons, the head of the Mental Health Department at the Naval Medical Clinic in Annapolis, MD, Stephen W. Gorney, director of clinical research for IM Systems in Baltimore, MD, Ellen S. Zinner, acting associate vice chancellor for academic affairs for the University System of Maryland in Adelphi, MD, and Richard P. Allen, assistant professor in the Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD, were interested in the attitudes of psychologists toward prescription privileges. The survey was mailed to all the licensed psychologists in the state of Maryland and it was 34 questions. A majority of respondents endorsed the concepts that prescription privileges would lead to greater convenience for patients (82%), expand the scope of psychologists' services (78%), and enhance control of the patients' regimens (71%). Most (89%) believed that malpractice rates were likely to rise as a result of obtaining prescription privileges. They also believed the identity of psychologists would change (78%), but relatively few (28%) believed medications would take the place of psychotherapy. Few (24%) believed training to prescribe would take too long. Interestingly, slightly less than half (48%) believed psychologists would prescribe fewer drugs than psychiatrists. A bare majority (53%) believed that this skill would improve care to underserved populations. In sum, although our data indicate that a large number of psychologists are in support of prescription privileges, a small but stable minority remain opposed. This is relevant to my research because in Maryland pschyologists to have the right to prescribe mediation.
Scovel, Kari A., Christensen, Orla J., England, Joan T. Mental Health Counselors' Perceptions Regarding Psychopharmacological Prescriptive Privileges. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 10402861, Jan2002, Vol. 24, Issue 1. In this survey Kari A. Scovel, Orla J. Christensen, and Joan T. England asked 1,000 random members of American Mental Health Counselors Association how they feel about the advantages and disadvantages of prescription privileges for clinical psychologist. They were asked 3 questions. Sixty percent of the participants in this study agreed that the advantages of acquiring prescription privileges would outweigh the disadvantages. Eighty-seven percent indicated that prescription privileges would broaden the scope of the mental health counselors' practice. This is important to my research because it shows what different professions think about prescription privileges. Since the lead author developed this survey it may be biased. Since she could of framed the questions in a certain way to get the results she wanted.
Wardle, Jane, Jackson, Howard. Prescribing privileges for clinical psychologists. International Review of Psychiatry, 09540261, 1994, Vol. 6, Issue 2/3. In this academic journal Jane Wardle and Jackson Howard discuss issue of whether psychologists should seek the right to prescribe pharmacological treatments. How it would evoke considerable resistance from the medical profession. Many psychologists would regard the proposal as outrageous, and would see in it only a diversion and dilution of the therapeutic skills of the profession. While others may see it as a broadening of therapeutic options for therapists and patients. They also discuss how the issue of training and licensing psychologists would cause another controversy. This article is relevant to my research because it talks about the little details of things. Most articles mention that psychologist would have to train yet don't expand on it this article does.
