Brief talk about the development of dairy cattle breeding industry
1. The development situation of my country's dairy farming industry
The farming model of my country's dairy farming industry was originally the long-term coexistence of free-range, family farms and moderately large-scale farms. Due to the impact of the Sanlu incident, dairy companies have a poor control over the quality of milk from some free-range farmers.
As a result, the threshold for purchasing milk has generally been raised, forcing the ban on free-range farming, and gradually shifting to large-scale breeding. Milk stations outside the kilometer require that they must produce more than 3 tons of fresh milk per day before they can purchase them. The milk for each household is not collected.
At present, dairy cow family breeding is gradually disappearing in some provinces. The physiological and biological characteristics of dairy cows and high investment determine that dairy cattle breeding is a low-risk industry. Due to the long generation interval of dairy cows, low reproductive rate, single birth and large investment, families with weak economic capacity dare not develop dairy cows. Therefore, according to the characteristics of low natural growth rate of dairy cows and high investment, China’s dairy farming industry has been There has always been a steady development momentum.
At present, China’s dairy farming industry is in an important period of development-a transitional period. From the previous free-range farming to intensification and large-scale breeding, it needs to be suitable for China’s national conditions in order to achieve intensive and large-scale breeding standards. The breeding model that can cater to the development of the market was born.
Although my country's dairy industry has maintained a good development trend, the problems that plague the further development of the industry have become increasingly prominent. One is the low yield of dairy cows, and the situation of “small, scattered and low” dairy cow breeding has not been fundamentally reversed. The scale of dairy cows is small, scattered in thousands of households, and the production level is low; second, the quality of raw milk is uneven.
The number of bacteria in the raw milk exceeds the standard, milk fat and milk protein and other indicators do not meet the standard requirements; third, the efficiency of the dairy industry is unstable, and the loss of dairy farming is expanding; fourth, the degree of industrialization is low, and dairy farmers’ The degree of organization is low, the mechanism for linking the interests of dairy processing enterprises is not sound, and there is no interest community formed, and the benefits of dairy farming cannot be guaranteed, which restricts the increase in the scale of dairy cattle breeding.
my country's dairy farming industry is mainly distributed in five regions, namely, the suburbs of big cities, the milk production area of Inner Mongolia in Northeast China, the milk production area of Central Plains, the milk production area of western China and the milk production area of southern China.
The provinces with large stocks are Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Hebei, and the Zhongyuan Dairy Region has great potential for development. The milk source in the northwest is mainly concentrated in Xinjiang and Ningxia autonomous regions, and the milk source in the south is mainly concentrated in Sichuan, due to environmental pressure. In response to the increase in feed transportation costs, the inventory in the suburbs of major cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai has shown a downward trend, but the total milk output and yield per unit have continued to increase.
2. Characteristics of the dairy farming industry in our province.
In recent years, the party and government at all levels in our province have attached great importance to the development of the dairy industry. Measures such as formulating preferential policies, increasing investment, encouraging dairy cow breeding, and introducing processing enterprises have effectively promoted the milk industry in our province. With the rapid development of the industry, the number of dairy cows in the province has increased exponentially, milk production has increased significantly, and dairy processing capacity has increased significantly.
The dairy farming industry in our province has the following characteristics:
1. The number of dairy cows has developed rapidly, and the production level has continued to improve;
2. The dairy farming is relatively concentrated, and the community-scale breeding has developed rapidly;
3. The demand for dairy products continues to grow, and dairy processing develops rapidly. During the rapid development of the dairy industry in our province, the industrial layout is unreasonable, the processing capacity is excessive, the breeding level is low, the relationship between the enterprise and the dairy farmer is not coordinated, the supply of raw milk is unstable, the market competition is disordered, and the quality assurance system is not perfect. Problems have become obstacles restricting the healthy and sustainable development of the dairy industry in our province:
1. The development of the dairy industry lacks an overall plan and layout;
2. The benefit distribution mechanism for the development of the dairy industry is not sound;
3. The production level of dairy cows is low;
4. Processing There is a single enterprise variety.
3. Measures to accelerate the development of dairy farming industry.
In view of the current development status of dairy industry, the thinking of dairy farming development should adhere to market-oriented, benefit-centered, increase scientific and technological content, improve product quality, popularize high-yield dairy cows and scientific breeding management Technology, appropriately increasing the price of source milk, is also beneficial to dairy farmers.
(1) To firmly establish the leading position of dairy cattle breeding
1. Treat dairy farming as a major initiative to lead the development of the rural farming industry, build standardized dairy farms or breeding communities, popularize and promote high-quality and high-yield dairy cows and scientific breeding management techniques, and develop a high-efficiency dairy industry. From the perspective of the dairy market, the development of my country's dairy industry is still lagging behind. The per capita share of dairy products is only 1/4 of the world average, which is far behind the developed countries. Therefore, the dairy industry has huge room for development.
2. Guided by policies, mobilize the enthusiasm of dairy farmers.
The first is to rationally plan dairy farms and dairy communities, and provide services such as unified management, unified feeding, unified epidemic prevention, unified milking, and unified purchase. The second is to provide support from the introduction of improved breeds. The government should introduce improved breeds of dairy cows in a planned way, promote high-quality frozen semen and other breed resources (free and subsidy policies can be adopted), and guide dairy farms (households) to rationally eliminate old, weak, disabled, and inferior dairy cattle Sick cows and cows with low milk production. The third is to continue to implement the dairy cow subsidy policy, that is, to provide appropriate economic subsidies for each cow in accordance with national policies. The fourth is to provide support from the land for planting forage, provide appropriate land for enterprises or farmers to grow pasture and silage, and solve the problem of lack of forage sources.
3. Increase the price of source milk and promote the stable development of dairy cattle breeding.
Under the current monopoly of milk prices by processing companies, it is necessary to start with the current milk cost price and take measures to make the purchase price of milk reach the cost price. If necessary, the cost price can be used as the minimum protection price for dairy farmers.
1. Promote high-quality dairy cows through subsidies.
At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen training and learning, improve the technical extension ability and level of technical support institutions at all levels of dairy cattle breeding, and give full play to the role of grassroots superior breed extension institutions and technical service institutions. Dairy farming companies can seize this opportunity and choose the fittest. Promote high-quality dairy cows, maximize the heritability of imported high-quality dairy cows, comprehensively improve the production performance of the high-yielding core dairy herd, and improve the quality of dairy cows, dairy cow yields and unit benefits.
2. Improve scientific and technological content, scientific breeding, and improve the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding.
Increasing investment in science and technology is the fundamental guarantee for expanding the milk source base and improving the efficiency of dairy farming. It is necessary to promote corn silage, alfalfa or other green hay forage with full-price collocation and feeding technology for dairy cows; adopt green nutrition-specific full-price feed formulas to scientifically feed dairy cows; strengthen management, warm winter circles, drink warm water, lay grass, and bask in the sun. Shade in summer and drink water regularly; insist on brushing the cow body every day, keep the cow herd properly exercised, and trim hoof regularly; raise the cows in groups according to the output of cows, and adopt the full-price ration standard feeding in stages.
Through the above measures, the milk production of dairy cows is maximized and the breeding efficiency is increased.
