Quick Sheet: Hormones Produced in the endocrine system
Control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus (released from posterior pituitary)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates both the kidneys to decrease urine output and thirst center to increase fluid intake when the body is dehydrated; in high doses, ADH is a vasoconstrictor (thus, it is also called vasopressin)
Contraction of smooth muscle of uterus; ejection of milk; increases feelings of emotional bonding between individuals
Pituitary gland (anterior)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
Regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production in females; may increase secretion of testosterone in males
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Controls development of both oocyte and ovarian follicle (spherical structure that houses an oocyte) within ovaries; controls development of sperm within testes
Induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from the ovarian follicle
Controls testosterone synthesis within testes
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol)
Release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from liver; GH and IGFs function synergistically to induce growth
Helps regulate the bodyās circadian rhythms (biological clock); functions in sexual maturation
T3 (triiodothyronine) and
T4 (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine)
Increase metabolic rate of all cells; increase heat production (calorigenic effect)
Decreases blood calcium levels; most significant in children
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating both release of calcium from bone tissue and decrease loss of calcium in urine; causes formation of calcitriol hormone (a hormone that increases calcium absorption from small intestine)
Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin
Maturation of T-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte)
Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)
Regulate blood Na+ and K+ levels by decreasing the Na+ and increasing the K+ excreted in urine
Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
Participate in the stress response; increase nutrients (e.g., glucose) that are available in the blood
Gonadocorticoids (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA])
Stimulate maturation and functioning of reproductive system
Epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE)
Prolong effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Decreases blood glucose levels
Increases blood glucose levels
Stimulates maturation and function of male reproductive system
Inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary
Estrogen and progesterone
Stimulates maturation and function of female reproductive system
Inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Functions primarily to decrease blood pressure by stimulating both the kidneys to increase urine output and the blood vessels to dilate
Increases production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Converted by enzymes released from the kidney and within the inner lining of blood vessels to angiotensin II; increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and decreasing urine output; stimulates thirst center
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
Functions synergistically with growth hormone to regulate growth
Increases production of red blood cells (erythrocytes); note that kidneys are the major producers of EPO
Facilitates digestion within stomach
Regulates digestion within small intestine by helping to maintain normal pH within small intestine
Regulates digestion within small intestine by facilitating digestion of nutrients within small intestine
Converted by enzymes of liver and kidney to calcitriol; functions synergistically with PTH and increases calcium absorption from small intestine
Adipose connective tissue
Helps regulate food intake
Estrogen and progesterone
Stimulates development of fetus; stimulates physical changes within mother associated with pregnancy including those in the uterus and mammary glands
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