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Obligation of Parents and Guardians

The law on compulsory education requires that parents, guardians, and anyone responsible for children between the ages of six and twelve ensure that the children attend school regularly (Article 13).

There are only two exceptions to this rule:

Children who are physically or intellectually unable to attend school.

Children who have already completed their primary education (Articles 21 and 22).

This ensures that all children receive the basic education necessary for life and citizenship.

Reporting Irregular Attendance

If a pupil does not attend school regularly, the headmaster must report the case to the school committee. The committee then informs the parents or guardians about the child’s absence (Articles 39 and 40).

If the child continues to miss school, the parents or guardians face fines. Initially, they may be fined 1 to 3 francs by the mayor of the parish Istanbul City Tour.

Increasing Penalties for Repeated Absences

If the parents or guardians fail to comply three times in a row, the departmental education council may impose higher fines, ranging from 5 to 30 francs. This system ensures that parents take responsibility for their children’s education and that children attend school consistently.

Responsibility of School Officials

The law also holds school officials accountable. If headmasters or presidents of educational councils fail to enforce the provisions of the law, they may be punished with fines ranging from 10 to 100 francs.

This creates a chain of responsibility:

Parents ensure children attend school.

School officials monitor attendance and report irregularities.

Authorities impose penalties when necessary.

The law on obligatory instruction establishes a clear system to ensure that every child in Bulgaria receives basic education. It balances parental responsibility with school oversight and enforces compliance through gradual fines. By holding both parents and officials accountable, the law strengthens the foundation of education and promotes a literate, informed, and responsible future generation.

#Obligation of Parents and Guardians

Restoration of the Constitution

The absolutist regime established in 1881 did not last the full seven years. On September 6, 1883, the Constitution of Timova was fully restored. Since that date, the constitution has been in continuous force, serving as the legal foundation of Bulgarian governance.

Attempts at Constitutional Revision

There were only two partial revisions of the constitution:

First Attempt (1883) – Shortly after the restoration of constitutional government, there was an effort to introduce changes. However, the attempt failed because the legal conditions and procedures required by the constitution were not fully observed.

Second Attempt (1893) – The second attempt at revision was more successful. The fourth Grand National Assembly of Timova, on May 15, 1893, amended several articles: 6, 38, 59, 86, 114, 115, 125, 126, 139, 141, 144, and 161. These amendments helped update and clarify certain aspects of governance without undermining the overall framework of the constitution Istanbul Day Tour.

Structure of the Bulgarian Constitution

The Bulgarian Constitution contains 169 clauses, organized into 22 chapters, which are further subdivided into sections. The chapters cover the following topics:

Territory of the Principality – defining the land and borders of Bulgaria.

Prerogatives of the Prince – outlining the powers and limits of the monarchy.

Residence of the Prince – specifying the official residence.

Coat of Arms, Seal, and Flag – symbols of national identity.

Succession to the Throne – rules for hereditary succession.

Majority, Regency, and Guardianship – provisions for minority kings and regents.

Accession and Oath – ceremonies and legal formalities for assuming the throne.

Civil List of the Prince – finances and household of the royal family.

Religion – defining the state religion and religious freedoms.

Laws – legislative processes and legal authority.

State Properties – management of national resources.

Citizens of Bulgaria – rights and duties of citizens.

National Representation – structure and role of the legislative body.

Ordinary National Assembly – organization and functioning.

Duties of the National Assembly – legislative responsibilities.

Introducing and Examining Bills – procedures for new laws.

Budget – preparation and approval of the state budget.

State Loans – regulations on borrowing and public debt.

Convocation of the National Assembly – rules for calling meetings.

Grand National Assembly – powers and organization of the special assembly.

Supreme Public Institutions – Council of Ministers and ministries.

Revising or Altering the Constitution – legal procedures for amendments.

The Bulgarian Constitution of 1879 has proven resilient and adaptable, surviving political crises and guiding the Principality through decades of change. Its clear structure and comprehensive coverage of governance, rights, and national symbols ensured the stability and continuity of modern Bulgarian statehood.

#Restoration of the Constitution

The Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon

Expansion and Glory

Under Tsar Simeon, the son of Boris I, the Bulgarian Empire reached its greatest extent. The empire included Bulgaria proper, Wallachia, parts of Hungary and Transylvania, Albania, Epirus, Macedonia, and Thessaly. Simeon, no longer satisfied with the title of king, called himself Tsar, meaning “Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks.” This imperial title was used by Bulgarian rulers until the Ottoman conquest centuries later.

During Simeon’s reign, Bulgaria became a major political and military power in the Balkans. The arts, literature, and culture also flourished, making this period a golden age for the Bulgarian nation.

Decline and Internal Struggles

Unfortunately, the glory of Simeon’s reign did not last. Internal conflicts arose due to the jealousy and ambition of the nobility, called the boyars. These knights and officials had great influence and often challenged the central authority City Tours Istanbul.

During the reign of Boris II (963 AD), a boyar named Shishman Mokar seized control of Western Bulgaria, creating a separate kingdom. At the same time, Bulgaria faced external threats. The Russians invaded, and Boris II sought help from the Byzantine Emperor John Tzimisces, who exploited the situation to gain control of the kingdom.

Tsar Samuel and Temporary Reunification

The successor of Shishman, Tsar Samuel, restored the Bulgarian state. His reign was almost as brilliant as Simeon’s, and he reunited the kingdom, establishing Prespa as the capital. However, after long wars with Byzantium, Bulgaria was eventually subjugated in 1015.

The people, who had never experienced foreign rule, longed for freedom. Many revolts occurred, showing the Bulgarians’ persistent desire for independence.

The Revival of the Bulgarian Kingdom

Around 1186, two brothers, John and Peter Assen, led a successful rebellion against Byzantine control. They re-established the Bulgarian kingdom and made their hometown, Tarnovo, the new capital. From that time, Tarnovo became the historic and cultural center of Bulgaria, symbolizing the nation’s revival and resilience.

#The Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon

The Wooden Gate of Constantinople

A Wall Reaching the Golden Horn

From the northern end of the Heraclian Wall, a short connecting wall was built down to the water’s edge. This wall crossed the western end of the road that ran along the shore of the Golden Horn, just outside the Harbour Walls. Its purpose was clear: it served as an extra layer of protection. By closing the gap between land and water defenses, it prevented enemy land forces from easily reaching and attacking the harbor fortifications.

The Wooden Gate – Xylo Porta

For the sake of convenience, this wall was pierced by a gate, known as the Xylo Porta, which means the Wooden Gate in Greek. The gate allowed traffic and movement through this fortified area without sacrificing the defensive strength of the walls Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

Historical evidence shows that the Wooden Gate still stood as late as 1868, and at that time it even bore an inscription honoring Emperor Theophilus (r. 829–842). Because of this inscription, many historians believe the gate and its wall were most likely built or reconstructed by Theophilus himself, who carried out major works on the city’s harbor defenses.

Location and Descriptions

Depending on how it is described in historical texts, the Xylo Porta is sometimes called the gate at the northern end of the land walls, and at other times, the gate at the western end of the Golden Horn fortifications. Both descriptions are correct, since the gate connected the two systems of walls at this exact point.

Confusion with Another Gate

Over the centuries, there has been confusion between the Xylo Porta and another gate, the Porta Xylokerkus. The famous historian Du Cange mistakenly identified them as being the same gate. However, the two were different.

The Porta Xylokerkus was part of the Theodosian Walls and led directly into the main city. Historical records state that it was walled up during the reign of Isaac II Angelus (1185–1195), which does not match the history of the Xylo Porta. Furthermore, the Byzantine historian Ducas clearly distinguished between the two gates in his writings.

Two Distinct Entrances

To put the facts in order:

The Gate of Xylokerkus already existed before the seventh century, probably no later than the reign of Anastasius I in the 5th century.

The Xylo Porta (Wooden Gate) was created later, not earlier than the reign of Heraclius in the 7th century, when new walls were built west of Blachernae.

This timeline shows that the two gates belonged to different defensive systems and were separated by centuries of construction. Therefore, they cannot be considered the same gate under different names.

The Wooden Gate (Xylo Porta) was a small but important part of Constantinople’s defenses. Linking the Heraclian Wall with the Golden Horn, it both strengthened the city’s protection and allowed controlled passage. Though often confused with the Porta Xylokerkus, historical evidence makes clear that they were two distinct gates from different eras. The story of the Wooden Gate is a reminder of how even minor fortifications played a role in safeguarding the great Byzantine capital.

#The Wooden Gate of Constantinople

Bosnia in 1876 A Land Without Comfort

When Austria first took control of Bosnia, the country was in a very poor and backward condition. There were no modern facilities, and daily life was full of filth, discomfort, and disorder. Everything was old-fashioned and primitive, which discouraged respectable travelers from visiting. In fact, many people avoided Bosnia altogether.

A famous quote by Francis Bacon about Turkey in earlier centuries was also true for Bosnia in 1876. He described a land “without morality, without education, without arts or sciences… poorly built homes and unhealthy food… a disgrace to human society.” Bacon went on to say that where the Ottoman horse set foot, life withered—and Bosnia showed clear signs of this devastation.

Austria’s Plan for Modernization and Growth

The Austrian authorities worked hard to change the situation. They looked for every possible way to improve Bosnia. Their goals were to attract immigrants and investors, support business and industry, and make the country appealing to both locals and foreign visitors.

One of their smart strategies was to make Bosnia a welcoming place for tourists, who would spread positive word about the region. Over time, these efforts paid off. Bosnia became a much more pleasant place to visit, and its hotels not only attracted guests but also became profitable investments Private Sofia Tour.

A New Life Full of Culture and Entertainment

Under Turkish rule, the Bosnian people had been deprived of fun, art, and public entertainment. The Austrians changed that. They introduced theaters, operas, parks, museums, gardens, cafés, military bands, and parades. These new activities were warmly welcomed by the people, who had a natural love for music, dance, and public celebrations.

This shift not only entertained the public, but also had a deeper effect—it helped the people move away from political tensions and introduced them to a modern, joyful way of life. The Austrian example even offers valuable lessons for places like the Philippines, where people share similar cultural interests and where conditions once mirrored those in Bosnia 25 years earlier.

The Governor’s Residence and the Legacy of the Past

The official residence of the Austrian governor-general is called the Konek. It is a beautiful building surrounded by lush gardens and greenery. Interestingly, it was originally built 50 years earlier by a Turkish pasha, a man known for his lavish lifestyle and refined taste. He had unlimited funds and used them freely.

Around Bosnia, there are still many examples of past extravagance, both by Turkish rulers and private individuals. Sadly, the local people were heavily taxed in the past to support this luxurious spending.

#Bosnia in 1876 A Land Without Comfort

Introduction to Stepan Stambouloff

Stepan Stambouloff is widely considered one of the most capable and extraordinary figures to have ever emerged from the Balkan Peninsula. Despite his flaws, his love for his country and his patriotism were always unquestionable. His integrity stood out clearly, especially when compared to the inconsistent and cowardly politicians around him.

Early Life and Rise to Prominence

Stambouloff was born in Tirnovo, a small town, to a humble innkeeper. He attended an ordinary country school and came to prominence during the revolution against Turkish rule, which took place before the Russo-Turkish war. Although he was still very young, Stambouloff became one of the most important and influential Bulgarian patriots in the struggle for independence Ephesus Daily Tour.

Rapid Political Career

At a time when the new constitution required a man to be at least 30 years old to be eligible to serve in the Sobranje (Bulgarian parliament), Stambouloff became an active member before he was 23. By the age of 25, he was serving as president of the Sobranje, and by 33, he became prime minister of Bulgaria.

Stambouloff was known for his bravery, determination, and strong leadership. He had a natural ability to lead people and influence everyone he came in contact with. It was often said that even his enemies could not help but admire him while they were in his presence.

Leadership and Influence

Stambouloff was an exceptional politician, with a talent for gaining absolute control over the people and the government. In a country like Bulgaria, which had little experience in self-governance, he became a dominant figure. The Sobranje was almost entirely united in supporting him.

Despite his incredible skill and leadership, Stambouloff was not without his controversial methods. He firmly believed that the end justified the means and often used harsh and questionable tactics to achieve his goals. He could be arbitrary, cruel, and vindictive at times, and his manners often reflected the rough nature of the Bulgarian mountaineers from whom he came.

Character and Legacy

Stambouloff lacked polish and was often indifferent to suffering. However, throughout his life, he remained devoted to the welfare of Bulgaria and its people. He never sought personal gain, and his integrity was evident in his actions. His life was a reflection of his unselfishness, as he focused entirely on improving the lives of his fellow countrymen.

Although he was in complete control of Bulgaria’s finances for seven years, and held the power to demand almost any reward for his service, Stambouloff died poorer than when he was born. His commitment to his country and people was absolute, and despite his position of power, he never accumulated wealth for himself.

Stepan Stambouloff’s career is a fascinating example of a man who sacrificed his own personal comfort for the betterment of his country. While his methods were sometimes harsh and controversial, his dedication to Bulgaria was unquestionable. His legacy remains one of the most remarkable in the history of the Balkans.

#Introduction to Stepan Stambouloff

Main Temples in the Acropolis

Like in many ancient cities, the Acropolis of Byzantium held the city’s most important temples. These included the Temples of Artemis, Aphrodite, Apollo, Zeus, Poseidon, and Demeter. The Acropolis was a sacred and elevated area, used for worship and civic pride.

Entertainment Buildings on the Eastern Side

On the steep eastern slope of the Acropolis, Emperor Septimius Severus built two important entertainment structures:

A theatre for dramatic performances.

A Kynegion, where wild animals were exhibited, similar to Roman-style amphitheaters.

This design followed the tradition seen in Athens, where the Theatre of Dionysius and the Odeon were also built into the slopes of the Acropolis.

Column Honoring Claudius Gothicus

Near the tip of the promontory, a column was erected to celebrate the Roman emperor Claudius Gothicus. It still stands today. The Latin inscription on the column reads:

“Fortunae Reduci ob devictos Gothos”

This means: “To the returning Fortune, for the defeat of the Goths.” It commemorated Claudius’s victories over the Gothic tribes Sofia Sightseeing.

Stadium, Ports, and Other Public Buildings

To the north of the Acropolis stood the Stadium, where athletic events were held. Nearby were two major harbours:

The Port of Prosphorion

The Neorion Port

In the same area were several key facilities:

The Strategion, a public training ground and gathering place.

A public prison used by city authorities.

Shrines to Achilles and Ajax, legendary Greek warriors from the Trojan War.

Water Supply from Hadrian’s Aqueduct

The aqueduct built by Emperor Hadrian before Severus’s reign still provided fresh water to the city. This impressive engineering work ensured that the city had a steady water supply, which was essential for daily life and hygiene.

Life Outside the City Walls

Many people also lived outside the walls of Byzantium. According to ancient writers like Dionysius Byzantius, the countryside had small villages, temples, and public buildings. Important places included:

Blachernae, a district near the Sixth Hill, which would later become important in Byzantine times.

Sycae, famous for its fig trees, located in the area now known as Galata.

The Xerolophos, also called the “Dry Hill,” had a temple to Zeus on top. It was considered a sacred place.

The city of Byzantium, especially after being rebuilt by Septimius Severus, was a blend of religion, public entertainment, military strength, and engineering. Its Acropolis held major temples, while its public buildings, ports, and neighbourhoods extended beyond the city walls. These structures formed the foundation for what would later become the great city of Constantinople.

#Main Temples in the Acropolis

Winter Traditions Kukeri – Bulgaria’s Masked Dancers

Winter in Bulgaria is not just cold—it’s magical, mysterious, and full of ancient traditions. One of the most colorful and lively customs is the Kukeri Festival, where men dress up in animal costumes, wear cowbells, and perform loud, energetic dances.

These dancers, known as kukeri (also called mummers), appear in small towns and villages, mainly in January. Their goal is to chase away evil spirits and bring health, peace, and fertility for the new year. It’s noisy, it’s strange, and it’s one of Bulgaria’s most unique celebrations.

What Are Kukeri?

Kukeri wear large, often frightening wooden masks and sheepskin or wool costumes. They also wear bells around their waists and carry wooden staffs or sticks. As they jump, shout, and dance, the bells ring loudly—this is believed to scare off bad spirits that hide in the darkness of winter Bulgaria Vacations.

The tradition goes back hundreds, even thousands of years, to Bulgaria’s pagan past, long before Christianity. Even today, Bulgarians keep the ritual alive every winter.

When Does It Happen?

Kukeri rituals usually take place around January 1, but some villages still follow the Old Orthodox Calendar, celebrating on January 14 instead. The biggest and most famous celebrations happen in mid-January in the Pernik region, just 25 km southwest of Sofia.

One of the top spots is the village of Yardzhilovtsi, where local groups of kukeri dance through the streets and gather for a lively final show near the schoolyard.

The International Kukeri Festival in Pernik

Every even-numbered year, Pernik hosts the International Festival of Masquerade Games—the largest of its kind in Bulgaria. This weekend-long event brings together kukeri groups from all over the country, as well as performers from other countries with similar traditions.

Festival Details

Location: Pernik, Bulgaria

Dates: January 25–27

Opening Ceremony: Friday, January 25 at 18:00

Parades Saturday and Sunday (January 26–27) from 10:30 to 17:00

For more info and photos, visit the official site: www.surva.org

Why You Should See It

Whether you’re a local or a tourist, the Kukeri Festival is a must-see. It’s more than just a show—it’s living folklore, full of energy, tradition, and Bulgarian spirit. It combines costumes, music, dance, and community in a way that few other events can.

So, if you’re in Bulgaria this winter, don’t miss your chance to experience one of the country’s most powerful and unforgettable traditions!

#Winter Traditions Kukeri – Bulgaria’s Masked Dancers

The Dispute Over Arbitration

During the war against Turkey, many things were happening in the background. One of the key issues was the dispute over arbitration between Bulgaria and Serbia.

Bulgaria was often accused of being unwilling to let the Tsar of Russia decide on the disputed territories. However, Bulgaria was always willing to allow arbitration, but only for the disputed zone that had been specifically marked for arbitration in the treaty Turkey Sightseeing.

On the other hand, Serbia was not willing to only arbitrate the disputed zone. Serbia wanted to revise the whole treaty. This was a safe move for Serbia, because they were confident about their position.

A Serbian Statesman’s View

Recently, a Serbian statesman, Monsieur P. Marinkovitch, had a conversation with a Bulgarian Deputy, Monsieur Adam Neitchoff. In this conversation, Marinkovitch explained what would have happened if the Tsar of Russia had been the one to decide on the issue:

He said, “We would not have given up Macedonia, but you would not have lost areas like Shtip, Kotekana, Seres, Cavala, and Koukoush.”

Marinkovitch also explained that Serbia had received confirmation in May that they would keep Macedonia as far as the Vardar River. There might have been some debate over Bitola (Monastir), but not about Ochrida.

He also pointed out that Serbia’s desire to stay in Macedonia was not about needing access to the Adriatic Sea, but simply about their interest in Macedonia itself.

#The Dispute Over Arbitration

Dissolution of the Bulgarian National Company in NATO

During the years of détente, when tensions between East and West started to ease, representatives from the Eastern bloc consistently raised the issue of emigrant companies within NATO. These representatives insisted that these groups be dissolved. As part of the negotiations, the Bulgarian National Company, which had been formed by Bulgarian political emigrants and was part of NATO, was officially dissolved on June 3, 1964.

The Role of Emigrant Companies in NATO

The Bulgarian National Company was a group of emigrants who had fled Bulgaria during the communist regime. These emigrants had joined NATO forces in the hope of fighting against the spread of communism. They had been part of the larger resistance movement to overthrow the oppressive government in Bulgaria. However, as the political situation in Europe changed and the Soviet Union and NATO began engaging in talks to reduce tensions, the presence of these emigrant groups in NATO became a point of contention.

The Eastern bloc, led by the Soviet Union, pushed for the disbanding of these companies, viewing them as a threat to their interests. The dissolution of the Bulgarian National Company in 1964 marked a significant step in these diplomatic negotiations and the easing of Cold War tensions between East and West Istanbul Day Trips.

The Punitive Labour Camps in Bulgaria

Introduction to Labour Reformation Communes

The establishment of punitive labour camps in Bulgaria was a response to the increasing need for the government to control and punish political opponents. These camps, known as Labour Reformation Communes (LRC), were set up by the Bulgarian government to imprison individuals deemed dangerous to the state. The model for these camps was closely based on the GULAG system in the Soviet Union, which was notorious for its harsh conditions and forced labor.

The Formation of the Camps

On December 20, 1944, the Bulgarian Council of Ministers passed an ordinance that allowed for the creation of these labour camps. The ordinance contradicted Article 73 of the Bulgarian Constitution, which protected individual rights and freedoms. The new law specifically targeted politically dangerous individuals, including anyone who opposed the communist regime or was seen as a threat to the government’s control.

According to Article 1 of this ordinance, individuals considered a threat to national security and order could be forcibly sent to specialized labour camps. These camps were under the strict supervision of the People’s Militia, the official name of the civilian police forces. The government used these camps to detain anyone who was thought to be an enemy of the state, including political dissidents, intellectuals, and anyone suspected of being involved in resistance movements.

The Impact of the Camps

These labour camps were part of the broader repressive measures taken by the Bulgarian communist regime to silence opposition and maintain control over the population. Those who were sent to these camps faced harsh conditions, including forced labor, overcrowding, poor food, and physical abuse. Many individuals were detained without trial or were subjected to unfair trials. The aim was to break the spirit of political opponents and ensure that any form of dissent was eliminated.

While the labour camps were a tool for punishing political opposition, they also served as a reminder of the regime’s power and control. Those who survived these camps often faced lasting psychological and physical trauma, and many families were torn apart by the imprisonment of their loved ones.

The dissolution of the Bulgarian National Company in NATO and the establishment of punitive labour camps were both significant aspects of Bulgaria’s political landscape during the communist regime. The dissolution represented a shift in diplomatic relations during the Cold War, while the labour camps reflected the harsh repressive measures used by the government to maintain its hold on power. Both events are important in understanding the ways in which the Bulgarian communist regime sought to control both internal and external threats to its authority.

#Dissolution of the Bulgarian National Company in NATO

International Women's Organizations

ICW and IAWSEC

At the time, there were two major international women’s organizations: the International Council of Women (ICW) and the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship (IAWSEC). Many people believed that the ICW was more conservative, while the IAWSEC was considered more liberal. However, both organizations had similar activities. Their conferences and congresses served as a kind of global women’s parliament, where women from different countries could meet and discuss issues.

National Women’s Organizations

In most European countries, there were two national women’s organizations. One was often called the National Women’s Union or National Women’s Council, and it was a member of the ICW. The other organization worked to guarantee women’s rights in all parts of society and was a member of the IAWSEC. In some countries, such as Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, there was only one national women’s organization that united all the local women’s groups. These national groups worked for women’s rights and were members of both international organizations Adventure Balkan Tours .

Political and Military Alliances in Eastern Europe

After World War I, several political and military alliances were formed in Eastern Europe. One of these alliances was called the Little Entente, created between Czechoslovakia, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1920-1921. Their goal was to protect the political situation in Central and Southeastern Europe.

In February 1934, another political group called the Balkan Entente was formed, including Greece, Romania, Turkey, and Yugoslavia. The Balkan Entente’s goal was similar: to maintain the political situation in the Balkans and prevent Bulgaria from changing the Peace Treaty of Neuilly. Bulgaria and Albania refused to sign this agreement.

Little Entente of Women

In May 1923, women activists from several countries in the Balkans, including Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, created the Little Entente of Women (LEW) in Rome. This group was inspired by the political Little Entente formed earlier.

Bulgaria’s participation in the LEW was unusual because it was a defeated country after World War I and had little in common with the victorious states that formed the original Little Entente. However, Bulgaria’s involvement in the Little Entente of Women showed that Bulgarian women wanted to act independently from the political goals of their national government. They wanted to focus on women’s issues, rather than on political matters tied to the state.

#International Women's Organizations

The Violent Reality of Elbasan

Elbasan is a town with about 20,000 people. There’s plenty of space for fights and arguments. In fact, murders in the streets are more common than street fights in English towns on a Saturday night. The Chief of Police, a Turk, told me that around 20 to 30 people are killed every week. He also said that only one out of every ten murderers is caught by the police. The Turkish authorities don’t get involved much. When someone is killed, their friends want to take revenge on the murderer. If the killer is thrown into prison, not only do his friends feel upset with the Turks for interfering, but the murderer’s friends also feel that he hasn’t been given a fair chance in the vendetta.

The Fear of an Outbreak

The Turkish authorities are afraid of an Albanian uprising. They do whatever they can to keep things peaceful. That’s why they don’t try very hard to collect taxes from Albanians, even though they do from other groups. If an Albanian kills a Turk, the authorities often make excuses, saying the Albanian was provoked. To keep the Albanians happy, the Sultan has made sure that his bodyguard in Constantinople is made up of Albanians. He also weakens the power of the Beys (tribal chiefs) by inviting them to the capital, praising them, and giving them medals Istanbul Tour Guide.

Breaking the Tobacco Monopoly

In Turkey, there is a strict tobacco monopoly. If anyone from a different ethnic group (like a Turk, Armenian, Bulgarian, or Greek) tries to break the government’s tobacco rules, they risk being thrown into prison. However, in Elbasan, the tobacco rules are ignored. Tobacco is sold openly, and the soldiers in my escort were involved in this illegal trade. They stuffed their bags, pockets, and even their pistol holsters with tobacco to sell it for a profit in Macedonia. I noticed that they went without food to make more room for tobacco. The captain of the guard knew what they were doing, and he smiled when he saw that I knew too. Later, I learned that each soldier made a small profit (about two medjedehs), as this tobacco was much better than the one sold by the government.

#The Violent Reality of Elbasan

The Role of the Vice-Consul

The Vice-Consul is like a small ambassador. His work is more about diplomacy than consular tasks. He has many chances to show his intelligence and skills. Often, he is quite young and might still be thinking about playing cricket or football. Most people in his home country don’t even know he exists. Yet, he is part of a group of educated Englishmen who live in faraway countries, often in quiet houses, and remind the people around them of the strength and importance of Britain.

The Turk as a Ruler

The Virtues of the Turk

Many people say that “The Turk is the only gentleman in the Balkans.” This was a common statement I heard while traveling, usually from Englishmen. However, some also believe the Turk is not a good ruler, and that Europe should accept that the Turk cannot be easily changed into a government style others believe is good.

The Image of the Turk

Most Western people, especially women, are afraid of the Turk and think he is unclean. They believe his main quality is sensuality, thinking of him as fat, greedy, and only interested in the pleasures of his harem.

The Reality of the Turk

The Turk may not be perfect, but he is just as moral as an average Englishman, American, or Frenchman. It is rare for a Turk to have more than one wife. The harem system, which many people joke about, is actually more organized and less harmful than the promiscuity found in some Christian European cities. If you compare them, the average Muslim man is as moral as the average Christian man.

The Turk’s Faith and Morality

I don’t intend to discuss the benefits or drawbacks of the Muslim faith, but personally, I have experienced many good qualities of “real Christianity” in Muslim countries: kindness, courtesy, and hospitality. The Turk follows his faith strictly. He is usually clean and prays at the appointed times. He is not someone who gets drunk and does not skip his prayers.

#The Role of the Vice-Consul

The Surrender at Shipka Pass

The Final Struggle

The Turks fought desperately, but it was all in vain. Out of the 32,000 soldiers, all of them surrendered unconditionally. The Russians then moved down the southern slopes toward Shipka village.

A Church to Commemorate the Victory

In Shipka village, there is a large, beautiful Russian-Greek church built to honor the victory. The gold dome with a cross on top shines brightly in the sun, visible from 20 miles away. However, there is no mention of the bad behavior of the Russian troops when they took over the village, including looting, drinking, and other harmful actions.

Reflections on the Past

An Old Man’s View

An old man shared his thoughts with me. He said, “The Turks did wrong things, but they were never as bad as the Russians.” When I asked him if he was happy that the Turks were gone and Bulgaria was free, he replied, “Not really. When the Turks were in control, taxes were low. Now, taxes are high. We also had a bigger market for our goods when we were part of the Ottoman Empire. Now, as a separate country, other nations make it hard for us to sell our products. Maybe the old days were better Bulgarian Coast.”

Stories of the Past

My guide continued with more stories from the past. He told me about how Turkish brigands used to steal the trousers of Christians and then force them to say “Allah giveth” at gunpoint to ease their conscience.

The View from Shipka Pass

The First Glimpse of the Plain of Thrace

From the top of the pass, I could see the Plain of Thrace stretching out before me, green and peaceful, all the way to the horizon. The heat was intense, but a cool breeze helped to ease it. I rested my tired horse and took in the silent, beautiful landscape, saddened by the thought of the wars that had once ravaged this land.

The Journey Down

We made our way down the hot, rocky path that felt like walking on burning coals. The heat from the rocks hit my face like a blast from an oven. I was covered in dust, and my mouth felt dry. Soon, we reached the village, where we quenched our thirst with fresh grapes.

#The Surrender at Shipka Pass

The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Legalizing Privilege

The privileged status of the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria is officially recognized in Article 1 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. This article grants the Bulgarian Communist Party a leading role in society. This principle extends to the judicial system, which mandates that if a party member is to be brought to justice, the party organization they belong to must be consulted and must give consent first. This creates a system where party members are protected from the usual legal processes, ensuring that they can maintain their privileges without facing accountability.

Benefits for Party Members

Rank-and-file members of the Bulgarian Communist Party also enjoy various privileges. These benefits include easier access to employment, enrollment in higher educational institutions, opportunities to work abroad, and additional social advantages. This ensures that party members and their families have more opportunities than the average citizen Private Tours Bulgaria Varna.

“Active Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism”

A specific term used within the party is “active fighters against fascism and capitalism.” This term refers to a segment of the party elite, which oddly continues to grow in number. These individuals enjoy various privileges at the expense of the majority of citizens. The label “fighters against fascism” is used to legitimize this group in the eyes of the democratic world. In the communist party’s terminology, anyone who disagrees with communist ideology is labeled as “fascist,” whether they express their disagreement actively or passively.

Special Ordinances and Retirement Benefits

In June 1945, an Ordinance on people’s pensions was enacted, granting higher pensions to this privileged group of party members compared to ordinary citizens. This decision effectively made the retirement system part of the privileges enjoyed by the party elite. Higher pensions are just one of the many benefits provided to “active fighters against fascism and capitalism,” along with their children and grandchildren.

Additional Privileges

Members of this privileged group receive numerous advantages when applying for jobs or pursuing higher positions or academic degrees. They are often given free or very inexpensive housing in central areas of major cities, as well as access to free villas. Furthermore, they receive priority for cars and enjoy special medical care, ensuring that they have a higher quality of life than the average citizen. Even their burial grounds are protected and often guarded, reflecting their elevated status in society.

The system of privileges for the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria illustrates the deep inequalities present in the society. While the government claimed to represent the people, it instead created a system that benefited a small elite at the expense of the majority. This legacy of privilege not only contributed to widespread dissatisfaction but also played a significant role in the eventual calls for change and reform in Bulgaria. The struggle for equal rights and opportunities remains a vital issue for any society that values democracy and justice.

#The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Legalizing Privilege

Benefits for Party Members

“Active Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism”

Special Ordinances and Retirement Benefits

Additional Privileges

#The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Pressure on the Clergy and Forced Resettlement in Bulgaria

State Control Over Religion

Alongside strict laws and regulations, the Bulgarian secret services put additional pressure on the clergy by recruiting many of them as agents or informers. The State Security’s Department One, responsible for combating what it called “counter-revolution,” included a section specifically for “Clergy and Sects.” This section conducted special operations aimed at the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, and various Protestant denominations.

In 1949, this section undertook 20 active underground operations, 24 preliminary investigations, and 240 surveillance and reporting missions, all carried out by 339 agents. By 1981, out of 5,000 agents in Department Six of the Bulgarian State Security, 278 were focused on operations targeting religious groups. By the end of the communist regime in 1989, this number had doubled, indicating a persistent effort to control and monitor religious practices.

Forcible Resettlement of Citizens

The communist authorities employed harsh measures against citizens and their families who were viewed as enemies of the regime. One method was the forcible resettlement of these individuals from cities and border regions to remote villages and smaller settlements. Once relocated, these citizens were not allowed to leave their new homes https://istanbulday.com/istanbul-daily-tour/Istanbul Daily Tour The regime particularly targeted intellectuals, dismissed military officers, industrialists, businessmen, and lawyers who had fallen out of favor. A joint report by the Speaker of the House and the Minister of the Interior, sent to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, revealed that from September 9, 1944, to August 1953, a total of 7,025 families, comprising 24,624 members, were removed from major cities. The actual number was likely higher. Specifically, 2,548 families were relocated from Sofia alone, while 4,208 families from border regions were also affected.

Breakdown of Resettlement

Here is a breakdown of the reasons for resettlement:

Reasons for Resettlement Number of Resettled Families Number of Family Members Relatives of ‘renegades’ (those who escaped to the West) 2,397 9,739 Considered ‘enemies of the people’ and threats to the regime 4,359 13,651 Other reasons 169 1,224 Total 7,025 24,624

The 1953 Ordinance for Resettlement

In March 1953, Georgi Tzankov, the Minister of the Interior, issued a strictly confidential ordinance aimed at further purging cities and border areas of “hostile characters.” He ordered preparations for the resettlement of families of “renegades” and non-returners living in Sofia, Burgas, Varna (then known as Stalin), Plovdiv, and other border areas.

The ordinance outlined that these families should be relocated to interior settlements within the country. Tzankov instructed superior officers from Interior Ministry stations in Sofia and district centers to identify all members of the families of renegades and submit proposals for their internment by March 20, 1953.

The systematic persecution of the clergy and the forced resettlement of perceived enemies exemplify the oppressive measures taken by the Bulgarian communist regime. These actions aimed to eliminate dissent and maintain strict control over religious and social life in Bulgaria, creating an atmosphere of fear and repression that affected countless individuals and families.

#Pressure on the Clergy and Forced Resettlement in Bulgaria

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