seen from Switzerland
seen from Azerbaijan
seen from Malaysia
seen from Malaysia
seen from Yemen
seen from China
seen from United States
seen from France
seen from China
seen from Yemen
seen from United States
seen from Germany
seen from United States
seen from Italy
seen from United States
seen from Yemen
seen from Malaysia
seen from United States
seen from United States
seen from Brazil
Assignment Week 7
The client is a 34-year-old Pakistani female who moved to the United States in her late teens/early 20s. She is currently in an “arranged” marriage (her husband was selected for her when she was 9 years old). She presents following a 21-day hospitalization for what was diagnosed as “brief psychotic disorder.” She was given this diagnosis as her symptoms have persisted for less than 1…
View On WordPress
Assignment week 6 and 7
Research
.
Introduction
Each day we spend a big part of our time reading, listening and speaking, we do this at school, at word, at home and even in the supermarket. What we don’t realise is that while we are doing this we actually using multiple languages. Most of the words that we borrowed from other languages will not even be recognised as non-native anymore. For example, over eighty percent of the English language was borrowed or derived from Latin. In this research I will focus on the phenomenon of borrowing words, also known as loanwords, between the Dutch and English language. What are the reasons that those languages borrowed words from each other?
.
General reasons for word borrowing
One of the general reasons for the English language borrowing Dutch words is that the Dutch language was easily converted into English etymological correspondents. Which means that the sounds of the vowel and consonant of English and Dutch are alike, so they were easy to adapt.
There are several languages that are supposedly easier for native English speakers to learn because of their similarities, the closest language to English is Frisian. That could be a reason as to why the English speakers borrowed a lot of Dutch words.
Another reason why people borrow words from other languages is because they speak, or at least have enough knowledge of a second language. Those people might up in certain situations in which they decide to use a word from the second language to express themselves properly. If this happens conventionalization can occur.
Conventionalization is a gradual process in which a word is used by a progressively growing part of the speech community. As it is becoming familiar to more and more people, they no longer recognise it as a loanword and start applying their own linguistic systems to it. That’s why after a while it starts resembling a native word and it is not recognisable as a loanword anymore.
Also words are mostly borrowed from a language that is looked up to. This was the case for Dutch around in the 17th century. The Netherlands became very important due to the trade, during this period a lot of sailing terms and terms for food and clothing were taking from Dutch.
Words are also borrowed from another language when new concepts are introduced to the world, together with the concepts, people also borrow the words that are used for those concepts. For example, the words computer, email and internet.
Besides this words are also taken from other languages so distinctions can be made that previously couldn’t be made. For example, in the Netherland we used to talk about a house, but we didn’t have any words to distinct between the different types of houses. That’s why we started borrowing words like apartment and flat.
And one of the most logical reasons as to why languages borrow words is because it is a logical consequence of language contact.
.
Dutch in Britain
There are a few different reasons as to how Dutch ended up in Britain, one of the reasons dates all the way back to 1066. In that year the French king and his army invaded England, one-third of that army was Flemish. After the Conquest the Flemish decided to stay in England.
Later on in the 12th century more Flemings travelled to England. Flanders, the region they lived in, had been devastated by floods and having no other place to go they went to England. At first they were welcomed by their hosts, but it didn’t last long until the Flemish began to irritate them. King Henry the first found a solution by moving them all to a settlement called Pembrokeshire, it was here that the Flemish created their own variety of the English language, called Flemish-English. There were so many Flemings living in that small region that the Welsh language disappeared. Eventually the Flemish also started to speak English, but with its’ own dialect and accent.
In the 15th century another large group of Flemish people took refuge in the UK, this time to Scotland. They were called Brabanters and it was said that they fled to Scotland to avoid the religious struggles that would start in the 16th century.
Besides the Dutch fleeing to the UK, the British also fled to the Netherlands. During the period of heavy religious policies and the Civil War in the UK a lot of British people fled to the Netherlands. Then later on, when they went back they took Dutch words with them.
There were also other people besides the Dutch and the British who took Dutch words with them. There were also the gypsies. There were gypsies that travelled from east to west, first coming through the Netherlands and then moving on to the UK. During their stay in the Netherlands they picked up some words and used them in the UK later on.
Besides all these reasons, there is of course the most obvious one; the Golden age in the 17th century. Back then the Netherlands was one of the most important countries when it came to trade. During this period a lot of Dutch sailing terms and terms for food and clothing were borrowed by the British, such as keelhauling and farewell.
.
Dutch in the USA
As opposed to how many reasons there are why Dutch words arrived in Britain there aren’t that many reasons why they also appeared in the USA. Actually there is only one reason.
Back in 1609 the first Dutch, Frisian and Flemish colonists arrived in the USA. On the east coast they created a colony called Nieuw Nederland, literally translated to the New Netherlands. In 1664, not even sixty years later, the colony was taken over by the British, despite this the Dutch language lasted for a very long time, namely until the beginning of the 20th century.
Most of the words that were borrowed from the Dutch language were connected to the everyday-life. For example, words like: coleslaw, rucksack and dollar.
Besides these words there were also a lot of names for streets and islands taken from Dutch, especially in New York. Examples of this are Broadway from Brede Weg, Harlem from Haarlem, Wall Street from Waalstraat and Rhode Island from Roodeiland
.
Dutch in Oceania
In the 17th century Abel Tasman travelled to Oceania, the trips he made were organised by Antoine van Diemen. There are also some traces of the Dutch left there. For example, Tasmania. Tasmania is an Island close to Austrlia named after Abel Tasman. Before the island was called Tasmania it was called Van Diemen’s land.
And of course New Zealand. Abel Tasman first named it Staten Landt, but in 1648 Dutch cartographers renamed it New Zealand after the province of Zeeland.
.
English in the Netherlands
Besides Dutch words in the English language, the Dutch also borrowed a lot of words from English. For example, after the second World War Dutch borrowed a huge amount of words from the English language. After the second world war a lot of products and customs arrived from America and England, mainly because they helped to rebuild the Netherlands. Instead of creating their own words to describe everything they stuck to the English terms.
Nicoline van de Sijs, who is an etymologist, wrote a loanword dictionary and said the following thing about this time period: "After World War II, the American way of life with its music, film, literature became an example to the rest of the world. English became the official language of many international organizations and of the scientific and industrial world, English is a compulsory school subject, and English is used in new technologies such as computer technology in many countries. in short, English is a world language with high status.’’
Nowadays the influence of English is the strongest when it comes to terms of technology and the fashion industry, such as e-mail, internet, spam and little black dress.
Besides being used for new concepts, it seems that people also started using the language because it is seen as a cool language with a high status, especially the younger people do this. This is also because they come across a lot of English terms on social media. But besides social media, Dutch media also plays a role in this. For example, a lot of TV shows nowadays use English names such as The Voice of Holland and So You Think You Can Dance.
And of course there is a big influence from the music and movie industry as well. Most popular songs in the Netherlands are sung in English and most of the movies on TV and in the cinema are movies in English and rather than doing a voice-over the Dutch use subtitles.
English has also had a lot of influence on education in the Netherlands. A lot of courses of the higher education in the Netherlands is taught in English, especially the Master degrees and English is also taught on primary and secondary school.
There are also some people who are not very happy with all this influence that English has though, some people are afraid that because of it the Dutch language will disappear.
.
Resources
Anglo-Saxons (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons
Carpenter, H. (07-1908). Dutch contributions to the vocabulary of English in America: Dutch remainders in New York State (vol. 6). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/432522?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
De invloed van het Engels (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://onzetaal.nl/dossiers/dossiers/de-invloed-van-het-engels/
De Vries, T. (1916). Holland’s influence on English language and literature. Retrieved from: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/vrie035holl01_01/vrie035holl01_01_0013.php
Going Dutch: English words of Dutch origin (02-10-2013). Retrieved from: http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/10/going-dutch/
Jansen, T. (17-05-2013). 14 words you probably didn’t know have Dutch origins. Retrieved from: http://blogs.transparent.com/dutch/english-words-with-dutch-origins/
Jersey Dutch (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch
Kemmer, S. (2003). Major periods of borrowing. Retrieved from: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/structure/borrowed.html
Llewellyn, E.C. (1836). The influence of low Dutch on the English vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from: http://dbnl.nl/tekst/llew001infl01_01/llew001infl01_01.pdf
Lundberg, T. (17-01-2016). Dutch words in the English language you’d never expect. Retrieved from: http://www.iamexpat.nl/read-and-discuss/expat-page/articles/dutch-words-english-language-you-would-never-expect
Nortier, J. (2011). Loanwords and borrowing: A kind of code-switching? Retrieved from: http://www.multilingualliving.com/2011/06/23/loan-words-and-borrowing-a-kind-of-code-switching/
Ten Dutch words that made it into English (2013). Retrieved from: http://netherlandsbynumbers.com/2013/04/03/ten-dutch-words-that-made-it-into-english/
The Flemish people in Scotland: A family and local history project (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Content/Help/index.aspx?r=546&2175
Wormgoor, S. (06-10-2015). De invloed van het Engels op ons Nederlands. Retrieved from: http://www.taaltutor.nl/nederlands/de-invloed-van-het-engels-op-ons-nederlands/
