#bitumens

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Breaking of emulsions

Breaking of emulsions There are basically six parameters that can change the emulsion breaking properties: The amount of bitumen Blue phase composition Particle size distribution Environmental conditions Chippings Use of fragile agents Amount of bitumen: In large amounts of bitumen, bitumen particles are more likely to collide and accumulate with each other, and as a result, the emulsion failure rate is higher. Blue phase composition: It has been shown that by decreasing the amount of acid, increasing the amount of emulsion fire or decreasing the ratio between acid and emulsion fire in the emulsion, the failure rate increases. Particle size distribution: The smaller the bitumen particle size, the better their dispersion and consequently the lower the emulsion failure rate. Environmental conditions: The rate of water evaporation is affected by wind speed, humidity and temperature, respectively. Temperature and humidity are interdependent: when the air temperature decreases, the relative humidity increases. It will be difficult to work with the emulsion at night and at low temperatures, and it will completely stop the 100% moisture loss of water. At higher temperatures the bitumen particles in the emulsion are more mobile and the bitumen is softer. Under such conditions, the particles have a strong tendency to accumulate and therefore easily clot. Chipping Chipping: Emulsion spray conditions K1-70 start the emulsion failure process. Therefore, chipping is necessary immediately after applying the emulsion on the road surface. It is necessary to ensure that the emulsion is still capable of wetting the chips. When chipping is used, the failure rate is increased by adsorption of emulsifiers on the particles and evaporation of water. Absorption of emulsion fire can be completely stopped by using coated chipping. In contrast, dust can break the emulsion and prevent it from sticking to the chipping. Chipping surface area (size and shape) has a significant effect on emulsion failure. Inside the emulsion, emulsion fire molecules are present both in water and on the surface of particles. Some emulsion ions of micelles are in equilibrium in a stable emulsion, as shown in Figure 5.6. If some emulsion ions are removed from the solution, equilibrium is restored by the micelle ions and the droplet surface. This occurs when the emulsion comes in contact with mineral particles. The negatively charged mineral particle surface rapidly absorbs some soluble ions and the charge on the droplets is attenuated. This starts the failure process shown in Figure 6.6. At the point where the charge on the surface of the droplets is quickly discharged, rapid clotting occurs. The mineral particles are now covered by hydrocarbon chains, so the free bitumen is firmly attached to the surface. Use of fragile agents: The use of brittle agents can speed up the emulsion failure process. For surface coating emulsions, brittle agent spraying can be used simultaneously or after application of the emulsion to the surface. Caution is required when using emulsion brittle agents because using a small amount of brittle agent can be ineffective and using a large amount can affect adhesion and poor dispersion of brittle agent can have a similar effect.

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bitumen

bitumen: Crude oil is a thick, flammable liquid that is dark brown or dark green or black, and is found in the upper layers of parts of the Earth's crust. Oil contains a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons. With the development of drilling technology in the mid-nineteenth century and the technology of oil distillation and refining in the late nineteenth century and its use in non-fuel cases, an astonishing leap occurred. So that today the petrochemical industry has a fundamental role in meeting the general needs of society.

Most scientists consider the origin of oil formation to be plants and organic organisms in the early oceans.

The remains of animals and plants that lived in the sea millions of years ago have been buried for millions of years by mudflats and sediments and have been converted to oil under high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen and for a long time. Proper reservoir, large amounts of oil accumulate in the oil pond.

Crude oil is oily and comes in solid (petroleum) and liquid forms. It is sometimes called all forms of hydrocarbon oil. If oil accumulates in a place, it is called an "oil pool". From a total of several oil basins, an "oil field" is obtained. The porous rock containing oil is called "reservoir rock".

Crude oil is usually divided into two criteria: specific gravity and sulfur content. Oils that have a lower specific gravity, viscosity and density are called light oils and oils that have a higher specific gravity, viscosity and density are called heavy oils. Oils with less sulfur are also called sweet oil and oils with more sulfur are also called sour oil. Extraction, handling and refining of light and sweet oils are easier and less expensive, and more products such as gasoline, naphtha, kerosene and jet fuels derived from kerosene, and high quality diesel can be obtained from them, so these types of oils Most are preferred by refineries and have higher prices.

Oil, raw or unprocessed, is not very useful and has little use if it comes from the heart of the earth. Although sweet oil (low viscosity as well as low sulfur) was used unrefined in steam powertrains, its gases and other lighter solutions usually accumulated in the fuel tank and caused an explosion. Apart from the above, in order to use oil, in order to produce other products such as plastics, foams, etc., crude oil must be refined. The refinery products are in light to heavy order:

Liquefied natural gas (LPG)

Petrol

Naphtha is a cut between gasoline and kerosene and its properties are a combination of the two

Kerosene and related jet fuels

Diesel and oil and diesel fuels in general

Furnace oil known as fuel oil or black oil

Bitumen is a black, pasty material used in moisture insulation and asphalt construction. There are different types of bitumen, each of which has a specific application. Bitumen is a derivative of oil.

Bitumen is a black to dark brown hydrocarbon that dissolves completely in carbon sulfide and carbon tetrachloride. Bitumen is solid at ambient temperature. But as the temperature rises, it becomes a paste and then liquefies. The important use of bitumen is due to the existence of two important properties of this material;

Bitumen is usually obtained from the distillation of crude oil. Such bitumen is called petroleum bitumen or distilled bitumen. Petroleum bitumen is the product of two stages of crude oil distillation in the distillation tower. In the first stage of distillation, light materials such as gasoline and propane are separated from crude oil. This process takes place at a pressure close to one atmosphere (units). In the second stage, heavy compounds such as diesel and kerosene are extracted. This process takes place at a pressure close to vacuum. Eventually, a mixture of very fine solid particles called asphaltene remains, which is immersed in a grease-like fluid called malton.

However, some types of bitumen are obtained in nature due to the gradual conversion of crude oil and the evaporation of its volatiles over many years. Such bitumen is called natural bitumen and it is more durable than oil bitumens. Such bitumen may exist purely in nature (lake bitumen), such as Behbahan Bitumen Lake in Iran and Tirinidad Lake in the United States, or it may be mined.

Petroleum bitumens

Petroleum bitumens are solid and semi-solid bitumens that are obtained directly from the distillation of crude oil or by other additional operations such as blowing air. Residual or heavy oil bitumen is the distillation of crude oil. The amount of crude oil bitumen varies from zero to more than half of it. In addition, bitumens obtained from different sources can have many differences. Therefore, bitumen refineries must carefully choose their crude oil to ensure the quality of bitumen.

Direct extraction of bitumen from crude oil

Distillation is a fundamental process in the refining of crude oil. The first stage is atmospheric distillation, which typically involves heating crude oil to a temperature of about 650 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit and then injecting it into a separation column. In this way, the lighter cuts as the top product of the tower and the bituminous deposit are called atmospheric deposit. This is the first step in the whole purification process. Many crude oils contain high percentages of high boiling points that cannot be distilled in an atmospheric distillation unit. To separate these cuts and prepare bitumen with the desired characteristics from one bar

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Standards for the use of emulsion bitumen are reviewed

In an interview with Shana, Fatemeh Sadeghi pointed out that the Fuel Consumption Optimization Company in the Working Group on Public Transportation Development and Fuel Consumption Management is obliged to cooperate with the Ministry of Roads and Transportation to limit the use of soluble bitumen in rural roads and use To prepare emulsion bitumen as a substitute for soluble bitumen, it was reminded: for this purpose, the plan "Review of emulsion bitumen standards and completion and compilation of instructions and regulations for its use instead of soluble bitumen" in the management of energy optimization in the transport sector Done. Accomplished.

According to him, in line with the implementation of this project, while forming a working group of representatives of organizations related to this issue, including the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Road Research Center, Housing and Urban Development, National Petroleum Products Distribution Company, Pasargad Oil Company, Jay Oil Company, Industry Research Institute Oil, the Organization of Municipalities and Rural Affairs, etc., and the management of energy optimization in the transportation sector, by holding several meetings, issues, problems and obstacles to replace emulsion bitumen with soluble bitumen were discussed.

Sadeghi, referring to the full capacity of emulsion bitumen production in the country, according to the representatives of Pasargad and Jay oil companies, as well as the lack of legal barriers to its use in the Ministry of Roads and Municipalities, stated: From the knowledge of production and consumption, the relevant instructions and regulations, education and review of problems and obstacles of implementation and application were identified as the main problem.

He stated that in this project, while introducing emulsion bitumens and their different types, standards, instructions and regulations for production, quality control, transportation, storage and implementation have been prepared and compiled according to the local conditions of the country, he said. : The existing standards were reviewed, after which the steps of reviewing and compiling the relevant standards in the standard technical commissions are underway.

According to the senior expert of diesel alternative fuels, another important result of this project is to study the current status of emulsion bitumen production in the country, to develop technical specifications and knowledge of making different types of emulsions for various road construction applications and to propose new standards.

The need to acquire knowledge of producing emulsion bitumens in the country

Referring to the very unfavorable environmental effects of solvent evaporation and the indiscriminate consumption of valuable solvents such as kerosene, Sadeghi said: "The use of soluble bitumen is severely limited worldwide and for more than 80 years, developed countries have sought to replace soluble bitumen with These are emulsion bitumens that have resulted in a gradual reduction in the use of soluble bitumen.

He said that today in most developed countries, emulsion bitumen is used instead of soluble bitumen, adding: "Using emulsion bitumen has many advantages in various aspects, including not using petroleum solvents, no need for heating, saving on consumption." Fuel and energy are non-flammable and non-polluting.

Referring to the lack of sufficient knowledge about emulsion bitumens in the country, the senior expert on diesel alternative fuels said: The lack of regulations, instructions and standards related to production, quality control, transportation, maintenance and execution also overshadowed the use of this material and Faced.

Sadeghi pointed to the significant consumption of soluble bitumen or cutback in road construction operations in the country and specified: These bitumens contain about 25 to 35% by weight of kerosene as a solvent that evaporates after consuming bitumen.

According to him, the use of petroleum products as a solvent in the preparation of soluble bitumen, in addition to problems and risks in transportation and consumption, also creates many environmental problems.

Sadeghi pointed out that using emulsion bitumen instead of soluble bitumen is a way to save on the consumption of petroleum products such as kerosene and reduce environmental pollutants. "In all cases where soluble bitumen is used, Used bitumen emulsions. It is also possible to use emulsions in many other technical applications, including repairs, staining, mulching, etc.

The senior expert of diesel alternative fuels pointed to the need to create a large number of bitumen emulsion production units in the country and the use of products in the road construction industry and added: "After the creation of these units, the necessary instructions and standards can be prepared, but unfortunately Due to these defects, this technology is not common in the country and soluble bitumen is still used.

News ID 247550

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How did counterfeit bitumen get into road construction projects?

How did counterfeit bitumen get into road construction projects? Home Reconstruction: Billions in profits keep the market for counterfeit bitumen still hot, and although the entry of this raw material into construction projects is limited, supply to the market continues.

Aqeel Ghadim, the head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, in an interview with Mehr, explained the violations that occur in the field of bitumen production. He said: "Unfortunately, some bitumen factories try to produce this valuable and expensive product from worthless raw materials, which leads to the production of poor quality bitumen." He added: "We have a phenomenon in the country called counterfeit bitumen; According to studies that we have done in the past few years and have regularly observed, when the price of bitumen increases, the production and supply of counterfeit bitumen to the market is highly justified, and in periods when bitumen becomes cheaper, the economic justification for bitumen production Non-standard and counterfeit are also eliminated. Counterfeit bitumen, by combining standard bitumen with furnace oil, produces acidic sludge that has no refinery-based derivatives, burnt engine oil, recycled plastics, or some low-value minerals. The head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center described the source and raw material of counterfeit bitumen production as different materials and added: "One of them is furnace oil. The other is acid sludge that does not have refinery base derivatives;" Burnt engine oil, recycled plastics or some low-value minerals that melt and mix into bitumen. He added: "Another case of low-quality bitumen that exists in the country is a substance that is imported from Iraq under the name of bitumen, but it is not in any way compatible with a product called bitumen and it can not be called bitumen;" Because its raw materials are not materials used to produce real bitumen at all. This material is imported from Iraq if it was supposed to be swap, but it has entered the country's road construction industry. How to prevent counterfeit bitumen from entering road construction projects? Ghadim stated: The more accurate the controls at the source, the more the possibility of producing poor quality bitumen is reduced. Currently, 181 road bitumen factories in the country are licensed. The number of bitumen producers is 376 production units, but the producers who claim to produce road bitumen and asphalt roads are 181 units, of which only 25 production units are qualified to produce quality bitumen for the road construction industry. If we increase the controls at the source, which are the production units, and control them along the way, we can be somewhat sure that counterfeit bitumen does not enter the road construction industry. In this regard, the employer body and the subdivision of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development should cooperate He added: "If we increase the controls at the source, which are the production units, and it is controlled along the way, we can be somewhat sure that counterfeit bitumen does not enter the road construction industry." Employer body including the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Transportation Infrastructure Construction and Development Company, Highways and Road Transportation Organization, Municipal and Rural Cooperation Organization, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation (as the custodian of asphalt of rural roads in rural pilot projects ) And Iran Airports and Air Navigation Company (as the custodian of airport runway development) should cooperate in this field. One thousand percent profit of counterfeit bitumen production! / Supply to the market this year was one third The head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center pointed out that the economy of producing counterfeit bitumen is very strong and profiteers get wide profits from this place and traders have a high incentive to produce counterfeit bitumen. Tons of bitumen have fluctuated from 2 million and 300 thousand tomans to 4 million and 200 thousand tomans in recent months. On the other hand, a liter of furnace oil is 300 tomans, which if we consider bitumen to be 3 thousand tomans (average) per kilogram, the production of counterfeit bitumen for fraudsters is 10 times or one thousand percent. He added: "According to our estimates, 300,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen entered the market in 1996, which was a figure of about 300 to 400 billion tomans of counterfeit bitumen economy." Therefore, the profit from the production of counterfeit bitumen is very high and it is justified for traders to bring this type of bitumen into the market. According to the official, our estimate is that this figure will be reduced to one third this year and 100,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen will enter the market. Ghadim pointed out that the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center has signed memoranda of understanding with bitumen and asphalt consuming devices, noting that these devices consume 85% of the country's bitumen and with the controls that the Bitumen Research Center consumes. Consumption of these devices, we have been able to reduce the consumption of low quality and counterfeit bitumen in the asphalt of roads. I believe that the production of counterfeit bitumen is now less than the volume of low-quality bitumen in 1996. Of course, the supply of poor quality and counterfeit bitumen is high; But employers have become more aware and demand for counterfeit bitumen has declined. If employers did not control the production of bitumen, it was likely that the production of counterfeit bitumen would reach one thousand billion tomans this year. In 1996, 300,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen entered the market, which was a figure of about 300 to 400 billion tomans of counterfeit bitumen economy. We estimate that this year this figure will be reduced to one third and 100,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen will enter the market. He pointed out that the employer's profit in setting up the passage is of quality: "For this reason, the employer does not benefit from the contractors' quarrels with the producers of counterfeit bitumen." While life projects