Asphalt and Bitumen

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قیرهای امولسیون کاتیونیک

با افزایش روزافزون علم و تکنولوژی و توجه به سلامت محیط زیست، شاهد ایجاد محصولاتی قیر هستیم که آسیب بسیار کمی به محیط زیست دارند و البته مزیت های دیگری که ذکر خواهیم کرد. امروزه مصرف محصولی به نام امولسیون که با نام قیر دوستدار محیط زیست نیز شناخته میشود، در صنعت قیر رایج شده که به صورت خلاصه، محصولی است از اختلاط قیر و آب و افزودنی های ملزوم که طی فرآیندی شیمیایی فاز قیر درون فاز آب به صورت معلق پخش میشود. امولسیون جایگزین بسیار مناسبی برای قیرهای محلول (mc) میباشد. مهترین تفاوت امولسیون و قیرهای محلول در استفاده آب به جای نفت در تولید آن است. این موضوع منجر به ایجاد مزیت های چشمگیر این محصول میشود؛ برای مثال، نفت که ماده ای ارزشمند است برای مصارف مهمتری به کار گرفته میشود؛ چون در قیرهای محلول، نفت فقط نقش حلال قیر را انجام میدهد و پس از اجرا به خاک نفوذ کرده ویا تبخیر میشود. همچنین از نظر قیمت نهایی، مصرف آب به جای نفت صرفه اقتصادی قابل توجهی دارد. نکته دیگر اینکه آب پس از تبخیر به چرخه آب در طبیعت برمیگردد اما نفت پس از مصرف و تبخیر شدن کاملاً از بین خواهد رفت. همچنین استفاده قیرهای محلول باعث ایجاد آسیب های جدی به آسفالت میشود که با عدم مصرف آن کمک شایانی به بالا رفتن طول عمر آسفالت خواهیم کرد و از همه مهمتر حذف آلایندگی های خاک و هوا با حذف مصرف قیرهای محلول در راهسازی و داشتن محیط زیستی سالم تر. اکنون شرکت پالایش حصار مهران با بهره گیری از بروزترین سیستم تولید امولوسیون در کشور با ظرفیت تولید ۱۵ تن در ساعت آماده ارائه انواع امولسیون با بالاترین کیفیت در بازارهای ملی و بین المللی است

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Application of bitumen emulsions

Application of bitumen emulsions Emulsifying molecules surround the bitumen molecules and prevent the bitumen particles from accumulating and re-adhering to each other, and these particles are surrounded by water. Emulsifying agents include colloidal mineral emulsifiers such as bentonite soil "emulsion fire" and chemical emulsifiers such as soap. Bentonite mineral emulsifier "Emulsion Fire" is more resistant to weathering than chemical emulsifier. To prepare bitumen emulsion, they use devices known as fast rotating devices. Water, molten bitumen and emulsifying agent in these devices are placed between the plates that are rotating at high speed and the bitumen is dispersed in water due to the centrifugal force produced by the rotating plates. The speed of rotating plates is usually 3,000 rpm, but bitumen emulsions can also be produced by low-speed mixers. But in these cases, a strong emulsifying agent as well as bitumen should be used to melt at low temperatures. Usually the amount of bitumen in the bitumen emulsion is about 50% and the amount of emulsifying agent used in the bitumen emulsion varies from one hundredth to five percent.

Types of bitumen emulsions Bitumen emulsions can be classified in terms of breaking rate and electrical charge of suspended particles.

Classification of bituminous emulsions in terms of breaking rate

After the bitumen emulsion is used, the water in the mixture separates and evaporates, and the bitumen gradually coats the road surface or around the aggregates, a process called emulsion failure.

Bitumen emulsions are divided into three main groups based on their stability against breaking: fast breaker (unstable), slow breaker (semi-stable) and slow breaker (stable).

Bitumen breaker emulsion (unstable) Unstable bitumen emulsions break down very quickly on the surface of the material, leaving a very thin layer of bitumen. Their main uses are in sealing with stone materials, sealing with sand, surface asphalts and penetrating macadam.

Accelerating bitumen emulsions are very slow to prevent them from flowing on the road surface. Slow-breaking bitumen emulsions (semi-stable) This category includes bitumen emulsions that are more stable than brittle emulsions and can be mixed with stone materials.

Because they do not break immediately after contact with the aggregates, the asphalt mixture maintains its performance for several minutes.

These emulsions are often prepared in mobile asphalt plants or used in the form of mixed asphalt on site. Slow-breaking bitumen emulsions provide a better coating on stone materials at high ambient temperatures.

Bitumen emulsion

Delayable bitumen emulsions This category includes bitumen emulsions that are very stable after contact with stone materials. These emulsions can be used with stone aggregates with continuous granulation and large amounts of fines.

Refractory bitumen emulsions have a small amount of frankincense, which can be further reduced by adding water. When diluted, this group can be used for surface coating, pavement sealing without aggregate consumption, and dust suppression.

Portland cement or hydrated lime can be added if a faster breaking rate is required in the asphalt mixture, for example in bituminous emulsion mortars.

Preparation of bitumen emulsions Using bitumen emulsions to build and maintain roads is not a new method. Its applications are limited to bitumen spraying and dust stabilization on sandy and dirt roads.

Currently, the most used of these bitumens in the free construction of roads and highways, main, secondary and rural roads by cold asphalt, types of protective asphalts (surface asphalt, bitumen emulsion sealing grout, etc.), surface coating, use in staining and maintenance and improvement Ways are soil stabilization and dust suppression.

One of the advantages of bitumen emulsion over soluble bitumen is that it can be used on wet surfaces, which leaves a thin layer of bitumen on stone materials or pavement surfaces without losing adhesion.

You can refer to the reputable site of Pioneers of Chemistry to prepare different types of bitumen emulsions. You can get the best materials in any field you want from this company. The materials provided by this team are in all fields of medicine and medicine, industry, cosmetics and so on.

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Cold asphalt

Cold asphalt Similar developments took place after environmental issues and the remoteness of some road construction workshops from asphalt plants provided the incentive to use cold asphalt. It has been implemented on roads and streets.

Cold asphalt has created new challenges for engineers accustomed to hot asphalt. While hot asphalt is based on the viscoelastic properties of bitumen, bituminous asphalt introduces other new factors and conditions for successful implementation. The surface chemistry of the materials is extremely important and the properties of the bitumen should be adjusted depending on the rock properties of the materials.

Cold asphalt mix theory The function of cold asphalt is such that it covers the material during mixing or compaction of broken bitumen and then increases with its strength time. Increased strength is due to the expulsion of water from the material and the clotting and joining of bitumen droplets together. In this situation, the characteristics of the initial workability or storage of materials and the increase of mechanical strength in situ are requirements that are not compatible with each other. By adjusting the properties of the bitumen in such a way that a workable mixture for several days or weeks will cause a delay in the consistency of the compacted mixture and as a result will increase the consistency of the asphalt. If the bitumen is designed to break quickly, then the strength of the asphalt mix will increase rapidly and its service life will be very short. For this reason, the field is open for new technologies to solve these problems and turn the process of applying cold asphalt into something like hot asphalt.

The introduction of HAUC characteristics motivated the development of cold asphalts that did not exist before. One result of the development work done is the development of technology that allows the transfer of knowledge and experience gained to other fields such as foundation, binder and pavement. Finally, it is possible to build a road where all the layers are composed only of cold asphalt mixtures.

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bitumen emulsions

Fast-breaking bitumen emulsions, slow-breaking bitumen emulsions and late-breaking bitumen emulsions Exporter of various types of emulsion bitumen, including fast bitumen emulsions, slow-breaking bitumen emulsions and slow-breaking bitumen emulsions.

Bituminous emulsion breaker Unstable bituminous emulsion breakers break down very quickly on the surface of the material, leaving a very thin layer of bitumen.

Their main uses are in sealing with stone materials, sealing with sand, surface asphalts and penetrating macadam.

Accelerating emulsion bitumen have a high mental slowness in order not to flow on the road surface.

Bitumen emulsion breaker This category includes bitumen-emulsion breakers, which are more stable than fast-breaking emulsions and can be mixed with heavy materials.

Because they do not break immediately after contact with the aggregates and the asphalt composition maintains its efficiency for a few minutes.

Slow-breaking emulsion bitumen is usually produced in mobile asphalt plants or used in the form of mixed asphalt on site.

Slurry emulsion bitumen gives a better coating to stone materials at high ambient temperatures.

Refractory bitumen emulsion This category includes refractory emulsion bitumen, which have a very high stability after contact with stone materials.

This emulsion bitumen can be used with stone aggregates with continuous granulation and large amounts of fines.

Bitumen emulsifiers have a small amount of psychedelics that can be further reduced by adding water.

When diluted, this group can be used for surface coating, pavement sealing without the use of aggregates and dust suppression.

If a faster breaking rate is required in the asphalt mix, for example in bitumen mortar, a refractory emulsion can be added to Portland cement or hydrated lime.

When emulsion bitumen from a mixture of bitumen emulsion in water such as asphalt or tar is used as a binder or coating for applications such as road asphalt, waterproof embankments, roof, paint and floor covering, sufficient bonding between the bed surface such as aggregate is necessary. Get sand, soil, cement concrete or metal and bitumen. This product is produced from a mixture of bitumen and aqueous phase for various uses, including single coat, prime coat, cold asphalt and asphalt repair, which is divided into three categories: cationic, anionic and neutral, depending on the type of rock material. The two-phase rate of the mixture is classified into four groups: fast breaker, fast breaker, slow breaker and slow breaker. This product complies with environmental requirements and is a suitable alternative to soluble bitumen.

Deposition of emulsion bitumen on surfaces However, the surface of such substrates on which the bitumen emulsion is applied is generally so hydrophobic that it will be difficult for the bitumen to adhere if there is enough water. Therefore, it is necessary for water to evaporate and evaporate before the bitumen settles. This means that the drying time is sufficient for the bitumen to precipitate after the substrate is prepared, and therefore the drying time will be longer. If conditions such as high humidity and low temperature are added, the construction time will be longer. In addition, if there is rain during the rainy season, the applied bitumen will not be able to deposit on the bed surface, but will probably disappear. In addition, if the area of ​​fine aggregate or soil is large and the mixing emulsion is mixed with a porous material, the water in the emulsion is quickly removed by absorbing water through the pores by capillary action and wetting.

From the surface of the material, the affinity between the wet material as mentioned above and the bitumen will be short, and therefore the bitumen particles in the emulsion will only combine with each other, but will not be able to act as a binder between the materials and if Bitumen is due to the action of water such as rainwater or groundwater due to the above properties inherent in the aggregate. Bitumen is separated from the surface of the material.

Performance of fast-breaking emulsion bitumens, slow-breaking bitumen emulsions and late-breaking bitumen emulsions Bitumen emulsion is used to stabilize wind sand, asphalt the surface of dirt roads to prevent dust, and to prepare bitumen mixtures to stain pavements.

Bitumen spraying         Surface coating without aggregate         Penetration coating for permeable surfaces         Surface coating         Dust Address         Mulching         Filling the cracks         Immediate and non-immediate repairs and staining

Cold asphalt mixtures         Mixed asphalt in place         Protective and sealing asphalts         One-layer surface asphalt         Multilayer surface asphalt         Lined sealing with stone materials         Lined with sand

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Breaking of emulsions

Breaking of emulsions There are basically six parameters that can change the emulsion breaking properties: The amount of bitumen Blue phase composition Particle size distribution Environmental conditions Chippings Use of fragile agents Amount of bitumen: In large amounts of bitumen, bitumen particles are more likely to collide and accumulate with each other, and as a result, the emulsion failure rate is higher. Blue phase composition: It has been shown that by decreasing the amount of acid, increasing the amount of emulsion fire or decreasing the ratio between acid and emulsion fire in the emulsion, the failure rate increases. Particle size distribution: The smaller the bitumen particle size, the better their dispersion and consequently the lower the emulsion failure rate. Environmental conditions: The rate of water evaporation is affected by wind speed, humidity and temperature, respectively. Temperature and humidity are interdependent: when the air temperature decreases, the relative humidity increases. It will be difficult to work with the emulsion at night and at low temperatures, and it will completely stop the 100% moisture loss of water. At higher temperatures the bitumen particles in the emulsion are more mobile and the bitumen is softer. Under such conditions, the particles have a strong tendency to accumulate and therefore easily clot. Chipping Chipping: Emulsion spray conditions K1-70 start the emulsion failure process. Therefore, chipping is necessary immediately after applying the emulsion on the road surface. It is necessary to ensure that the emulsion is still capable of wetting the chips. When chipping is used, the failure rate is increased by adsorption of emulsifiers on the particles and evaporation of water. Absorption of emulsion fire can be completely stopped by using coated chipping. In contrast, dust can break the emulsion and prevent it from sticking to the chipping. Chipping surface area (size and shape) has a significant effect on emulsion failure. Inside the emulsion, emulsion fire molecules are present both in water and on the surface of particles. Some emulsion ions of micelles are in equilibrium in a stable emulsion, as shown in Figure 5.6. If some emulsion ions are removed from the solution, equilibrium is restored by the micelle ions and the droplet surface. This occurs when the emulsion comes in contact with mineral particles. The negatively charged mineral particle surface rapidly absorbs some soluble ions and the charge on the droplets is attenuated. This starts the failure process shown in Figure 6.6. At the point where the charge on the surface of the droplets is quickly discharged, rapid clotting occurs. The mineral particles are now covered by hydrocarbon chains, so the free bitumen is firmly attached to the surface. Use of fragile agents: The use of brittle agents can speed up the emulsion failure process. For surface coating emulsions, brittle agent spraying can be used simultaneously or after application of the emulsion to the surface. Caution is required when using emulsion brittle agents because using a small amount of brittle agent can be ineffective and using a large amount can affect adhesion and poor dispersion of brittle agent can have a similar effect.

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bitumen

bitumen: Crude oil is a thick, flammable liquid that is dark brown or dark green or black, and is found in the upper layers of parts of the Earth's crust. Oil contains a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons. With the development of drilling technology in the mid-nineteenth century and the technology of oil distillation and refining in the late nineteenth century and its use in non-fuel cases, an astonishing leap occurred. So that today the petrochemical industry has a fundamental role in meeting the general needs of society.

Most scientists consider the origin of oil formation to be plants and organic organisms in the early oceans.

The remains of animals and plants that lived in the sea millions of years ago have been buried for millions of years by mudflats and sediments and have been converted to oil under high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen and for a long time. Proper reservoir, large amounts of oil accumulate in the oil pond.

Crude oil is oily and comes in solid (petroleum) and liquid forms. It is sometimes called all forms of hydrocarbon oil. If oil accumulates in a place, it is called an "oil pool". From a total of several oil basins, an "oil field" is obtained. The porous rock containing oil is called "reservoir rock".

Crude oil is usually divided into two criteria: specific gravity and sulfur content. Oils that have a lower specific gravity, viscosity and density are called light oils and oils that have a higher specific gravity, viscosity and density are called heavy oils. Oils with less sulfur are also called sweet oil and oils with more sulfur are also called sour oil. Extraction, handling and refining of light and sweet oils are easier and less expensive, and more products such as gasoline, naphtha, kerosene and jet fuels derived from kerosene, and high quality diesel can be obtained from them, so these types of oils Most are preferred by refineries and have higher prices.

Oil, raw or unprocessed, is not very useful and has little use if it comes from the heart of the earth. Although sweet oil (low viscosity as well as low sulfur) was used unrefined in steam powertrains, its gases and other lighter solutions usually accumulated in the fuel tank and caused an explosion. Apart from the above, in order to use oil, in order to produce other products such as plastics, foams, etc., crude oil must be refined. The refinery products are in light to heavy order:

Liquefied natural gas (LPG)

Petrol

Naphtha is a cut between gasoline and kerosene and its properties are a combination of the two

Kerosene and related jet fuels

Diesel and oil and diesel fuels in general

Furnace oil known as fuel oil or black oil

Bitumen is a black, pasty material used in moisture insulation and asphalt construction. There are different types of bitumen, each of which has a specific application. Bitumen is a derivative of oil.

Bitumen is a black to dark brown hydrocarbon that dissolves completely in carbon sulfide and carbon tetrachloride. Bitumen is solid at ambient temperature. But as the temperature rises, it becomes a paste and then liquefies. The important use of bitumen is due to the existence of two important properties of this material;

Bitumen is usually obtained from the distillation of crude oil. Such bitumen is called petroleum bitumen or distilled bitumen. Petroleum bitumen is the product of two stages of crude oil distillation in the distillation tower. In the first stage of distillation, light materials such as gasoline and propane are separated from crude oil. This process takes place at a pressure close to one atmosphere (units). In the second stage, heavy compounds such as diesel and kerosene are extracted. This process takes place at a pressure close to vacuum. Eventually, a mixture of very fine solid particles called asphaltene remains, which is immersed in a grease-like fluid called malton.

However, some types of bitumen are obtained in nature due to the gradual conversion of crude oil and the evaporation of its volatiles over many years. Such bitumen is called natural bitumen and it is more durable than oil bitumens. Such bitumen may exist purely in nature (lake bitumen), such as Behbahan Bitumen Lake in Iran and Tirinidad Lake in the United States, or it may be mined.

Petroleum bitumens

Petroleum bitumens are solid and semi-solid bitumens that are obtained directly from the distillation of crude oil or by other additional operations such as blowing air. Residual or heavy oil bitumen is the distillation of crude oil. The amount of crude oil bitumen varies from zero to more than half of it. In addition, bitumens obtained from different sources can have many differences. Therefore, bitumen refineries must carefully choose their crude oil to ensure the quality of bitumen.

Direct extraction of bitumen from crude oil

Distillation is a fundamental process in the refining of crude oil. The first stage is atmospheric distillation, which typically involves heating crude oil to a temperature of about 650 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit and then injecting it into a separation column. In this way, the lighter cuts as the top product of the tower and the bituminous deposit are called atmospheric deposit. This is the first step in the whole purification process. Many crude oils contain high percentages of high boiling points that cannot be distilled in an atmospheric distillation unit. To separate these cuts and prepare bitumen with the desired characteristics from one bar

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Standards for the use of emulsion bitumen are reviewed

In an interview with Shana, Fatemeh Sadeghi pointed out that the Fuel Consumption Optimization Company in the Working Group on Public Transportation Development and Fuel Consumption Management is obliged to cooperate with the Ministry of Roads and Transportation to limit the use of soluble bitumen in rural roads and use To prepare emulsion bitumen as a substitute for soluble bitumen, it was reminded: for this purpose, the plan "Review of emulsion bitumen standards and completion and compilation of instructions and regulations for its use instead of soluble bitumen" in the management of energy optimization in the transport sector Done. Accomplished.

According to him, in line with the implementation of this project, while forming a working group of representatives of organizations related to this issue, including the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Road Research Center, Housing and Urban Development, National Petroleum Products Distribution Company, Pasargad Oil Company, Jay Oil Company, Industry Research Institute Oil, the Organization of Municipalities and Rural Affairs, etc., and the management of energy optimization in the transportation sector, by holding several meetings, issues, problems and obstacles to replace emulsion bitumen with soluble bitumen were discussed.

Sadeghi, referring to the full capacity of emulsion bitumen production in the country, according to the representatives of Pasargad and Jay oil companies, as well as the lack of legal barriers to its use in the Ministry of Roads and Municipalities, stated: From the knowledge of production and consumption, the relevant instructions and regulations, education and review of problems and obstacles of implementation and application were identified as the main problem.

He stated that in this project, while introducing emulsion bitumens and their different types, standards, instructions and regulations for production, quality control, transportation, storage and implementation have been prepared and compiled according to the local conditions of the country, he said. : The existing standards were reviewed, after which the steps of reviewing and compiling the relevant standards in the standard technical commissions are underway.

According to the senior expert of diesel alternative fuels, another important result of this project is to study the current status of emulsion bitumen production in the country, to develop technical specifications and knowledge of making different types of emulsions for various road construction applications and to propose new standards.

The need to acquire knowledge of producing emulsion bitumens in the country

Referring to the very unfavorable environmental effects of solvent evaporation and the indiscriminate consumption of valuable solvents such as kerosene, Sadeghi said: "The use of soluble bitumen is severely limited worldwide and for more than 80 years, developed countries have sought to replace soluble bitumen with These are emulsion bitumens that have resulted in a gradual reduction in the use of soluble bitumen.

He said that today in most developed countries, emulsion bitumen is used instead of soluble bitumen, adding: "Using emulsion bitumen has many advantages in various aspects, including not using petroleum solvents, no need for heating, saving on consumption." Fuel and energy are non-flammable and non-polluting.

Referring to the lack of sufficient knowledge about emulsion bitumens in the country, the senior expert on diesel alternative fuels said: The lack of regulations, instructions and standards related to production, quality control, transportation, maintenance and execution also overshadowed the use of this material and Faced.

Sadeghi pointed to the significant consumption of soluble bitumen or cutback in road construction operations in the country and specified: These bitumens contain about 25 to 35% by weight of kerosene as a solvent that evaporates after consuming bitumen.

According to him, the use of petroleum products as a solvent in the preparation of soluble bitumen, in addition to problems and risks in transportation and consumption, also creates many environmental problems.

Sadeghi pointed out that using emulsion bitumen instead of soluble bitumen is a way to save on the consumption of petroleum products such as kerosene and reduce environmental pollutants. "In all cases where soluble bitumen is used, Used bitumen emulsions. It is also possible to use emulsions in many other technical applications, including repairs, staining, mulching, etc.

The senior expert of diesel alternative fuels pointed to the need to create a large number of bitumen emulsion production units in the country and the use of products in the road construction industry and added: "After the creation of these units, the necessary instructions and standards can be prepared, but unfortunately Due to these defects, this technology is not common in the country and soluble bitumen is still used.

News ID 247550

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Know the steps of the road construction project step by step

Before starting any project, we need to know the steps of the project and know what steps we need to take.

For the convenience of your work in designing your project, we have brought you all the steps of the road construction project step by step so that with the help of these tips, you can easily prepare your project. Steps to complete the road construction project step by step: 1- Preparing a topographic map: Your topography must have alignment curves with elevation code. 2- Specify route characteristics and defaults: Assuming technical specifications of the road: road type, road grade, number of lanes per route

3- Determining the type of land: Use the tips in Section 3-3 of Journal 415 to determine the type of land. (Mountainous, Mahuri hill, plain)

Read the road classification article to get acquainted with the methods of determining the type of land based on different land classifications.

4- Determining the design speed: Determine the speed of your route plan according to the type of road and the type of land based on Section 3-4 of Journal 415.

5- Determining the allowable longitudinal slope: Depending on the design speed and type of land, determine the minimum and maximum longitudinal slope of your project based on Section 5-3-2 of 415.

6- Route compass: Given the maximum allowable slope and the difference in the alignment lines of your topographic map, obtain the appropriate radius for compassing and move from the starting point to the destination point with circles of the obtained radius.

To learn the method of compression and its concepts, you can read the article on compression method.

7- Identifying the initial broken lines: After drawing the bows, draw the different paths of your project using a few broken lines.

8- Selecting the optimal broken line: Determining the optimal path based on points such as the minimum path length, the minimum number of path fractures (the location of the horizontal curve), the minimum deviation angles of your path

9- Design of horizontal arches: Depending on the speed of the design, the angle of deviation, design the car designed in Section 5-2 of the 415 issue of your horizontal arch.

10- Determining the maximum height (wall): Determine the maximum elevation in the arches using the tables in Section 5-2-2 of 415 and the radius of the horizontal arcs and the speed of the design. 11- Design of vertical arches: Design your vertical arches according to the design speed and limitations set out in Section 3-5 of 415. 12- Drawing longitudinal profiles: Draw a curve consisting of the horizontal axis (distance from the origin) and the vertical axis (height of natural ground points). Note that in this step, you must specify the distances of different stations, which are determined according to the type of land and special situations. 13- Drawing the project line: Draw a project line in the longitudinal profile of your route according to the permissible longitudinal slope and the maximum length of each slope. 14- Determining the specifications of cross sections: Determine the characteristics such as the slope and width of the rider and the shoulder according to the contents of Chapter 6 of issue 415. 15- Pavement design: Calculate the thickness of the design pavement layers according to 234 Journal of Pavement Planned Roads and Traffic. You can also find out the role of important factors in the design and behavior of road paving through the article of road paving. 16- Drawing cross sections: Draw the cross section of each station separately using the following information: The height of the middle points and the left and right of the path on the natural ground from the plan B- The difference between the height of the middle points of the route and the project line in each station from the longitudinal profile 17- Observing special points in drawing cross sections: In drawing cross sections, you should pay attention to several issues: Drawing longitudinal profiles in excavated areas Drawing of embankment and excavation gables with suitable and gentle slopes 18- Calculating the level of excavation and embankment in each section: Calculate the area between the natural ground line and the top of the road pavement: Places where the natural land line is lower have embankments and places that are higher have excavation. 18- Preparing a table of earth operations According to the level of excavation and embankment between each station, prepare a table of soil operations of the project route. 19- Preparation of Bruckner curve: Start drawing the Bruckner curve according to the volumes obtained in the earth operation table. The Bruckner curve diagram is plotted based on distances from the origin and volumes of earthworks. 20- Calculating the determination to carry: It is determined based on the area enclosed between the Bruckner curve and the baseline.

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How did counterfeit bitumen get into road construction projects?

How did counterfeit bitumen get into road construction projects? Home Reconstruction: Billions in profits keep the market for counterfeit bitumen still hot, and although the entry of this raw material into construction projects is limited, supply to the market continues.

Aqeel Ghadim, the head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, in an interview with Mehr, explained the violations that occur in the field of bitumen production. He said: "Unfortunately, some bitumen factories try to produce this valuable and expensive product from worthless raw materials, which leads to the production of poor quality bitumen." He added: "We have a phenomenon in the country called counterfeit bitumen; According to studies that we have done in the past few years and have regularly observed, when the price of bitumen increases, the production and supply of counterfeit bitumen to the market is highly justified, and in periods when bitumen becomes cheaper, the economic justification for bitumen production Non-standard and counterfeit are also eliminated. Counterfeit bitumen, by combining standard bitumen with furnace oil, produces acidic sludge that has no refinery-based derivatives, burnt engine oil, recycled plastics, or some low-value minerals. The head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center described the source and raw material of counterfeit bitumen production as different materials and added: "One of them is furnace oil. The other is acid sludge that does not have refinery base derivatives;" Burnt engine oil, recycled plastics or some low-value minerals that melt and mix into bitumen. He added: "Another case of low-quality bitumen that exists in the country is a substance that is imported from Iraq under the name of bitumen, but it is not in any way compatible with a product called bitumen and it can not be called bitumen;" Because its raw materials are not materials used to produce real bitumen at all. This material is imported from Iraq if it was supposed to be swap, but it has entered the country's road construction industry. How to prevent counterfeit bitumen from entering road construction projects? Ghadim stated: The more accurate the controls at the source, the more the possibility of producing poor quality bitumen is reduced. Currently, 181 road bitumen factories in the country are licensed. The number of bitumen producers is 376 production units, but the producers who claim to produce road bitumen and asphalt roads are 181 units, of which only 25 production units are qualified to produce quality bitumen for the road construction industry. If we increase the controls at the source, which are the production units, and control them along the way, we can be somewhat sure that counterfeit bitumen does not enter the road construction industry. In this regard, the employer body and the subdivision of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development should cooperate He added: "If we increase the controls at the source, which are the production units, and it is controlled along the way, we can be somewhat sure that counterfeit bitumen does not enter the road construction industry." Employer body including the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Transportation Infrastructure Construction and Development Company, Highways and Road Transportation Organization, Municipal and Rural Cooperation Organization, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation (as the custodian of asphalt of rural roads in rural pilot projects ) And Iran Airports and Air Navigation Company (as the custodian of airport runway development) should cooperate in this field. One thousand percent profit of counterfeit bitumen production! / Supply to the market this year was one third The head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center pointed out that the economy of producing counterfeit bitumen is very strong and profiteers get wide profits from this place and traders have a high incentive to produce counterfeit bitumen. Tons of bitumen have fluctuated from 2 million and 300 thousand tomans to 4 million and 200 thousand tomans in recent months. On the other hand, a liter of furnace oil is 300 tomans, which if we consider bitumen to be 3 thousand tomans (average) per kilogram, the production of counterfeit bitumen for fraudsters is 10 times or one thousand percent. He added: "According to our estimates, 300,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen entered the market in 1996, which was a figure of about 300 to 400 billion tomans of counterfeit bitumen economy." Therefore, the profit from the production of counterfeit bitumen is very high and it is justified for traders to bring this type of bitumen into the market. According to the official, our estimate is that this figure will be reduced to one third this year and 100,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen will enter the market. Ghadim pointed out that the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center has signed memoranda of understanding with bitumen and asphalt consuming devices, noting that these devices consume 85% of the country's bitumen and with the controls that the Bitumen Research Center consumes. Consumption of these devices, we have been able to reduce the consumption of low quality and counterfeit bitumen in the asphalt of roads. I believe that the production of counterfeit bitumen is now less than the volume of low-quality bitumen in 1996. Of course, the supply of poor quality and counterfeit bitumen is high; But employers have become more aware and demand for counterfeit bitumen has declined. If employers did not control the production of bitumen, it was likely that the production of counterfeit bitumen would reach one thousand billion tomans this year. In 1996, 300,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen entered the market, which was a figure of about 300 to 400 billion tomans of counterfeit bitumen economy. We estimate that this year this figure will be reduced to one third and 100,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen will enter the market. He pointed out that the employer's profit in setting up the passage is of quality: "For this reason, the employer does not benefit from the contractors' quarrels with the producers of counterfeit bitumen." While life projects

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Road privacy

It has been a long time since the so-called passages and dirt roads that were used for the passage of humans and animals until today, when complex and advanced structures for land, sea and air transportation are designed for commercial, tourism, military and other purposes. . Today, the construction, construction, maintenance and protection of roads is considered as one of the government duties and demands of the people, which is of special economic, political and social importance. according to the law; The Ministry of Roads and Urban Development has been appointed as the custodian of road construction and maintenance. Defines and specifies the privacy of each of these ways.

Due to the importance of the subject of types of roads and road privacy; Yasa Lawyers Group has prepared and compiled this educational article to provide technical and practical information to our esteemed compatriots. Studying this educational material will pave the way for obtaining information and understanding of technical issues related to roads and those audiences who, for legal reasons, raise questions about the extent of road privacy; They can use this content. Defining the privacy of the road Before defining the types of roads and expressing the privacy of each of the roads briefly; We need to have a definition of road space that is well-defined from a technical and general point of view. In the technical and common definition of road space provided by relevant devices; To all longitudinal and transverse lands that are considered for road construction, widening and measures related to maintenance, road maintenance and safety between the final limit to the axis of the road (road axis) on both sides in compliance with the rules and regulations, road space Is applied. Pursuant to Article 17 of the Roads and Railways Reform Law: "Or it is responsible for maintaining it without obtaining permission from the said ministry." Types of roads and the degree of privacy of each of these roads In terms of technology and expertise, types of roads are classified into 8 main groups, some of which include subcategories. The specialized team of Yasa Lawyers Group has introduced the types of ways and their privacy from a technical point of view with a simple and fluent statement: Freeway In general, we have a free way in the definition that; Freeway is a way that the roundabout is designed completely separately and does not have any flat intersections. Also, its input and output are installed in specific, definite and limited points. The freeway consists of four or six or eight lanes that lead to the island or the middle barrier of the freeway on either side of the runway, two, three or four lanes, respectively.

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Description of road construction

Description of road construction operation of single-layer surface coating: Road construction operation is to prepare a path on the ground with a specified width that users and users can cross from one point to another. Many two items of excavation and excavation in the operation They confuse civil engineering with each other. In fact, excavation is the low and high ground harvest and the excavation depth is about 60 cm. This means that in excavation, only low elevations and surface heights are removed from the ground. In contrast, excavation has another meaning. Excavation means removing the low and high ground with a depth of more than 60 cm. Description of single-layer surface coating road construction operations Road construction operations consist of three main steps: • Asphalt bitumen base • Primekt foundation • Final pavement of surface coated asphalt - single coat (Tack Coat) to impregnate any asphalt or concrete surfaces with bitumen and Bringing adhesion with a new asphalt layer A variety of liquid bitumens are used as a thin layer. This layer is called surface coating (single coat) and creates a connection between the pavement surfaces with each other. Obviously, the use of surface coating is necessary to create adhesion between the two layers of existing and new asphalt. The use of emulsion bitumens is recommended to apply a single coat layer and the use of soluble bitumens should be avoided. CRS-1 and CRS-2 emulsion bitumens are recommended for applying single coat top layer. Due to the rapid breaking of the emulsion and the rapid readiness of the new asphalt layer, these two types of emulsions are more suitable. The amount of emulsion bitumen required for surface coating is about 250 to 500 grams per square meter. Although the exact amount of consumption is determined by the monitoring device, the amount of emulsion bitumen used on old and worn asphalt surfaces varies according to the amount of damage compared to new asphalts. The best conditions for performing a single coat at a temperature of 15-10 degrees Celsius and in such conditions should not be less than 5 degrees Celsius. Although it is possible to apply a single coat with emulsion bitumen in wet road conditions, but in rainy weather conditions or when it is likely to rain, it should be avoided. The important point is to apply the top coat on the same day that the top coat was applied. Obviously, during this period, traffic should be prevented from passing over the single coat layer, and before spraying bitumen, the road surface should be thoroughly cleaned of any contamination, soil and possible debris. To do this, you can use a mechanical vacuum cleaner and air compressor, and you must ensure that the single coat layer is uniform and the same size for all surfaces. It is important to control the bitumen nozzles and the angle and height of the spray nozzle from the road surface. The bitumen spraying machine must be equipped with the necessary tools and without defects, and it must have a speedometer and, if necessary, and according to the ambient temperature and the bitumen must be equipped with a heater. The bitumen spraying machine should be designed in such a way that the operator can activate or stop the spraying at any time and can control the volume of spraying and the machine and bitumen sprayer can circulate and heat the bitumen and can spray by means of a pump. . Also, the bitumen tank should be double-walled in order to maintain a constant temperature inside the tank. Characteristics of a good bitumen sprayer: • The quality and type of all nozzles of a bitumen sprayer should be the same. • The speed of the vehicle carrying the bitumen should be constant and uniform. • The height of the bitumen distribution pipe from the road surface is constant when the tank is full or empty. • The installation angle of the nozzles should be the same along the distribution pipe. • Bitumen sprayer must be able to change the width. • Bitumen sprayer should have internal plates to prevent bitumen turbulence in bitumen.

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Bitumen blown

Blowed bitumens are obtained by blowing hot air into the pure bitumen in the last stage of the purification process. The procedure is as follows: pure bitumen, which is in a liquid state and at a high temperature, is inserted into a special chamber and blown from the bottom of this chamber with the help of air pipes. This operation is usually performed at a temperature between 200 to 300 ° C and the bitumen finds the desired properties. The atoms in the bitumen molecules blend with the oxygen in the air to form water and heavier hydrocarbons. The resulting blown bitumen has a lower degree of penetration and a softer point than pure bitumen. Blown bitumen is less sensitive to temperature changes and therefore maintains its hardness better than the original bitumen at higher temperatures. Blown bitumen is less used in road construction and they are used to make roofing sheets, car batteries, waterproof paints and coatings. In road construction, blown bitumen is used to fill cracks in concrete pavements and also to fill cavities and voids under concrete slabs. Adding special catalysts to the blown bitumens during their manufacture causes the bitumen to become pasty and maintain this state at low temperatures where pure bitumens are brittle at those temperatures. This type of blown bitumen, which is somewhat similar to rubber, is used to cover the floor of canals

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Types of bitumen used in road construction

Bitumen is a black, pasty material used in moisture insulation and asphalt construction.

There are different types of bitumen, each of which has a specific application.

Bitumen is a black to dark brown hydrocarbon that dissolves completely in carbon sulfide and carbon tetrachloride.

It is solid at room temperature, but as the temperature rises, it becomes a paste and then liquefies.

Bitumen is a derivative of oil.

Crude oil:

Crude oil is a thick, flammable liquid in the color of garlic or dark green or black.

Oil is found in the upper layers of parts of the Earth's crust.

Oil contains a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons.

With the development of drilling technology in the mid-nineteenth century and the technology of oil distillation and refining in the late nineteenth century and its use in non-fuel cases, an astonishing leap occurred.

So that today the petrochemical industry has a fundamental role in meeting the general needs of society. Most scientists consider the origin of oil to be plants and organic organisms in the early oceans.

Remnants of animals and plants that lived in the sea millions of years ago have been buried by mudstones and sediments for millions of years.

They are converted to oil under high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen and for a long time.

If these conditions are present, along with a suitable reservoir rock, a large amount of oil will accumulate in the oil basin.

If oil accumulates in a place, that place is called an "oil pool."

From a total of several oil basins, an "oil field" is obtained.

The porous rock containing oil is called "reservoir rock".

From the history and definition of bitumen, it is believed that the name (Bitumen) is derived from Sanskrit and from the word (Jate) meaning (Pitch).

It is also claimed to be the Latin equivalent of Pixtu-men, which was later abbreviated to Bitumen and then translated from French into English.

Bitumen has been used as a waterproofing and bonding agent for more than 5,000 years.

The oldest recorded use dates back to 3800 BC by the Sumerians.

The first emulsion was recorded in 1922 by Hugh Allen Mackey.

At that time, the automobile industry was thriving and many roads were being built.

Emulsion production in France, known as the birthplace of this technology, increased from 10,000 tons in 1923 to 300,000 tons during World War II.In 1970 it reached 1,200,000 tons.

Today, 30% of all roads in France are made of emulsion and are being built all over the world.

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Bitumen in road construction

Bitumen in road construction Bitumen in road construction means black adhesives used in road construction, which include bitumen and tar materials. The main property of bitumen is that it sticks the stone grains together and turns them into a single body. Bitumen is a black body made of a large number of hydrocarbons.

Pure bitumen is solid or semi-solid at ambient temperature and is liquefied by heat. Bitumen dissolves in mineral oils and solvents such as carbon sulfide, carbon tetrachloride and ethylene trichloride. Tar, which is black but brown in color, is obtained by distilling gases from heating coal, wood, and schist rocks. This substance is called raw tar and is obtained by refining that tar. Tar is produced in very small quantities in Iran and its use in road construction works is not common in the country. Types of bitumen There are two main types of bitumen used in road construction. If it is obtained from a mine, it is called natural or mineral bitumen, and if it is obtained from the refining of crude oil, it is called petroleum bitumen or refinery. Petroleum bitumen should be used in road construction. If the use of mineral bitumen is in the desired projects, the mixing ratio of petroleum or mineral bitumen should be specified in the private technical specifications.

Petroleum bitumens Bitumens obtained from crude oil refining are divided as follows according to the type and conditions of its use in road construction and other industrial uses.

Pure bitumen Bitumens that are obtained directly from the refinery vacuum in the distillation tower or briefly exposed to the aeration process are called pure bitumens. These bitumens should be homogeneous and free of water and should not foam at 176 degrees Celsius. Pure bitumen deforms into a thick, watery liquid due to pressure and heat, and is elastic and springy at low temperatures.

Soluble bitumen Soluble bitumen, or back bitumen, is obtained by dissolving pure bitumen in solvents or petroleum oils. The type and quality of soluble bitumen depends on the quality of the original pure bitumen, the type and amount of solvent. The higher the amount of petroleum solvents in the bitumen solution, the greater its fluidity. Usually, the percentage of solvent used in soluble bitumens varies from 20 to 50%. Soluble bitumen is used in road construction for surface coatings, infiltration, surface asphalt, cold factory asphalt or on-site mix. Soluble bitumens are divided into the following three groups according to the setting speed and the type of solvent.

Instant soluble bitumens If gasoline is used to dissolve pure bitumen, dissolved bitumen is called quick-setting. Because the solvent in the bitumen evaporates shortly after the consumption of bitumen and the main bitumen remains. Quick bitumen is classified into four types in terms of RC-70, RC-250, RC-800, RC-3000.

Solution bitumen Slow bitumen is made by dissolving pure bitumen in kerosene, which is slower and longer than gasoline. Slab contraction joints should intersect at the openings for columns, and should intersect at the openings for columns, at a minimum of 30 to a maximum of 6,000 cm.

Delayed bitumen solution In addition to dissolving pure bitumen in refractory oils and petroleum solvents, such as diesel or black oil, retardant soluble bitumens can be obtained directly from the distillation of crude oil, such as pure bitumen, from which solvent oils have not yet been separated. It takes a long time for these bitumens to fully set after consumption. In fact, retarded bitumens do not evaporate under normal climatic conditions, but undergo molecular deformation that is relatively gradual and long.

Blown bitumen Pure bitumens are pressurized at 200 to 300 ° C to combine the hydrogen atoms in the bitumen molecules with oxygen in the air, resulting in polymerization reactions that produce heavier hydrocarbons with lower penetration and softer points than bitumen. Have an initial net.

Blowed bitumen is not widely used in road construction. These bitumens are used to fill cracks in concrete pavements and to fill joints in concrete surfaces. The elasticity of blown bitumens is usually increased by the use of special chemical additives, and this condition remains constant even at low temperatures where pure bitumen becomes brittle. This type of blown bitumen, which is somewhat similar to rubber, is used to cover the floor of water pipes.

Functional bitumens Functional classification for bitumen selection in road construction has been developed by SHRP. In this classification, which is based on recognizing the behavior of bitumen and its functional characteristics, with the characteristics of resistance to deformation, resistance to cracking due to cold, resistance to cracking due to fatigue, prediction of how hard bitumen in the asphalt plant When preparing the asphalt mixture, how the bitumen hardens over time and with the tests specified in the specifications, and the appropriate bitumen according to the temperature of the project site, traffic, loading speed and geographical location selected It becomes.

Bitumen type and traffic conditions Traffic conditions including the type and amount of heavy traffic, how to load (fast, slow or static loading) and the total number of equivalent axes of 80 kN and traffic are effective in choosing the type of bitumen in each project. In general, the heavier the traffic, the denser and more directed it is, and the steeper and more steep the slopes and the more exposed to the intense sun, the harder the bitumen is used.

Based on SHRP research, bitumen consumption is determined by the condition that the asphalt mixture is under rapid loading. In slow loading mode, such as traffic at intersections, toll booths, crossing steep and long slopes, and generally traffic was slow and controlled

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What is cold asphalt? Its use in road construction

Application of cold asphalt in road construction: Cold asphalt (Cold Mix) is a mixture of rock materials and bitumen or bitumen emulsion whose raw materials are mixed at room temperature. Cold asphalt is prepared by mixing aggregates with soluble bitumen or bitumen at room temperature. And at the same temperature it spreads and condenses. The mixing time with bitumen can be wet, but with soluble bitumen, it must be dried at room temperature or under heat. Cold asphalt can be transported and then spread over long distances or stored in a workshop and used later. Stay with us until the end of this article.

What is cold asphalt? Its use in road construction Cold asphalt is prepared by mixing aggregates with soluble bitumen, bitumen or tar at ambient temperature and spreading and compacting at the same temperature. Aggregates can be wet when mixed with bitumen, but for soluble bitumen, the moisture content of the material must be dried at room temperature or under heat. Cold asphalt mixtures prepared with concentrated soluble bitumens such as 3000-MC or 3000-SC are practically mixed with bitumen at a temperature of 95 ° C or higher and spread and compacted within the same temperature.

Classification of cold asphalt Cold asphalts can be classified according to the following factors:

1- Method of preparing and applying asphalt 2- Cold asphalt granulation

Classification of cold asphalt in terms of method of preparation and implementation Cold asphalt can be divided into two categories according to the method of preparation and implementation:

Factory cold asphalt Cold asphalt mixed on site Factory cold asphalt Cold asphalt is prepared in fixed and central asphalt factories and then transported to the place of consumption for distribution. In cold asphalt plants, the necessary controls are observed to regulate granulation, distribution of aggregates and mixing with bitumen similar to hot asphalt. Of course, when using emulsion bitumen, provided that the moisture content of the material is not more than 3%, the heating or drying steps of the aggregates are often removed from the mentioned operation cycle. Stone materials are heated either under the conditions of using soluble bitumens or emulsion bitumens.

Cold asphalt mixed in place Cold asphalt mixed in place is divided into two categories:

A- The type of mixture in place, where the aggregates are spun along the path and sprayed with bitumen, and then the mixing and spreading operation is done with a grader or similar equipment. Cold asphalt prepared with soluble bitumen, the prepared asphalt mixture should be turned over and over again by machines (loaders and graders) in the open air as necessary to reduce the amount of solvent in the soluble bitumen.

B- The type of mixture in the mobile workshop, where the bitumen and aggregates are mixed in mobile factories and the prepared mixture is transported to the place of consumption for distribution.

Scope of application of cold asphalt Cold asphalt has three uses, which are:

Cold asphalt in road construction Maintenance of pavements In special cases such as the floor of sports venues Application of cold asphalt in road construction Cold asphalt is used in all layers of pavement, provided that all design criteria and traffic restrictions of the route are observed. This type of asphalt can be used in surface layers, bitumen base and foundation for light and medium traffic and in bitumen base layer for heavy and very heavy traffic. Cold asphalt is used in the surface layer in light and medium traffic conditions and its implementation. For conditions Heavy traffic is possible as a base layer. If the traffic situation changes from light to medium to heavy for the route in which this type of asphalt is used as a surface layer, hot asphalt should be used as a cover to prevent damage.

Application of cold asphalt in road repair and maintenance Staining of pavement failures is one of the most important road maintenance operations. In general, the use of high quality hot asphalt mixes, although more expensive, is more convenient, but in many areas, It is not possible to produce and apply hot asphalt throughout the year, staining operations can be done using cold depot mixtures. In general, cold asphalts are used in local repairs such as staining, filling holes, filling cracks and.. In general, two types of cold asphalt mixtures are used for staining operations and pavement repairs. They are cold asphalt mixture with immediate use and cold asphalt mixture with non-immediate use. Cold asphalt mixtures with immediate use can be produced in late summer or early fall, and for later use (during the colder months of the year), Chapter 1 - Introduction of cold asphalt types and their application in remote areas. Depending on the type of bitumen used in the preparation of cold asphalt, these mixtures can be used for up to six months and can be used without the use of heat.

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Soluble bitumens are obtained by dissolving pure bitumens in solvents or petroleum oils. The type and quality of soluble bitumens depends on the quality of the original pure bitumen, the type and amount of solvent. The higher the amount of petroleum solvents in the bitumen solution, the greater its fluidity. . Lack of access to bitumen heating equipment, decomposition of bitumen at high temperatures, cooling of bitumen during operation, impossibility of its penetration into porous minerals, necessity of workers' safety, fire and time spent, which in some cases of soluble bitumen to be used. Soluble bitumen is used in road construction for surface, infiltration, surface asphalt, cold factory asphalt or mixed on site. Slag bitumen (MC) is prepared by dissolving pure bitumen in kerosene, which is the suffix number representing the viscosity of the bitumen in centimeters. Types of soluble bitumen can be prepared and used in Shiraz bitumen market with Sinarad brand and reasonable prices. The extent of the bitumen production and supply market in Iran has allowed some manufacturers to consider the best samples of soluble bitumen as a special product and good sales for these products can be found in the country. witnessed. The selling point of soluble bitumen in Iran is only available to some of the largest manufacturing companies, which can make consumers more reasonable prices and more quality. For this purpose, all customers of soluble bitumen in certain cities of Iran, such as Shiraz, can easily, together with Sinarad Trading Company, as the most reputable company for the production and sale of soluble bitumen, very good and suitable samples of these products at a reasonable price. Provide suitable and in the required types of packaging. 

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Import Drummed Bitumen from Iran Asphalt and Bitumen West Company has proceeded to pave the way for exporting drummed bitumen since 2013 by merchandising them and achieving international standards and certificates, which was finally accomplished by exporting MC30 bitumen (MC30 in 200 Kg blue drums) and other cutback grades for the first time in Iran. After a year, merchandising bitumen emulsion was inserted into company’s agenda, leading to accomplishment in country’s first bitumen emulsion export. At the present time, by dispatching hundred tons of cutback bitumen and emulsion bitumen filled within drums to major ports whole world, the company is indeed one of the key suppliers of bitumen, both cutback and emulsion, in the Middle East, allowing demanders to import bitumen from Iran. The company is able to supply and deliver bitumen as below-mentioned terms: - EXW: (EX-WORKS) delivery of goods at Asphalt and Bitumen West Company factory - FCA: (Free Carrier) delivery of stated goods at Kermanshah Customs - CPT: (Carriage Paid-to) delivery of goods at a specified destination - FOB: (Free on Board) delivery of goods on board - CFR: (Cost and Freight) delivery of goods at destination porthttps://www.europages.co.uk/ASPHALT-AND-BITUMEN-WEST-CO/00000005371099-682608001.html

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https://www.europages.co.uk/ASPHALT-AND-BITUMEN-WEST-CO/00000005371099-682608001.html