Research Questions for the Technology Knowledge Domain
What is hydraulic fracturing? How does it work?
Hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking”, is a method in which to extract natural gas from shale deposits deep within the Earth’s crust. First a vertical well is dug a mile into the ground and then slowly turns horizontal into the shale deposit. Tanker trucks carrying millions of gallons of fracking fluid come to the well and inject it with the fluids at very high pressure thus cracking the shale and releasing the gas into the fluid. Fracking fluid is a mixture of sand, which helps to hold open fissures in the shale to let gas escape, water and several variants of chemicals.
Why is there so much gas in the Marcellus shale?
Over many years organic material deposited within the Earth compresses and is heated by the core temperature which forms hydrocarbons. Among such hydrocarbons is natural gas, which is located in the pore spaces between mineral grains of shale that absorbs into the organic matter. Sand is what helps to create space enough for the gas and organic material to flow into the fluid because of the fine scale of the rock. This method of natural gas extraction is a process petroleum engineers refer to as “stimulation”.
How would a pipeline be built in the county? Where would it go? What effect would it have on land and animals?
The pipeline would be built through the far side of Madison County cutting through a lot of farmland. Pipeline construction is a very large and expensive process, first the land must be dug out in the planned pathway for the pipeline before it is lined and prepared for the laying of the pipe. Costs for the pipe vary based upon the diameter of the pipes themselves, but after a diameter is selected the pipe is laid and welded together. During the entire process foreman walk around on site and inspect to make sure everything is done to standard. When the procedure is done the pipeline is buried and ready for use. It runs the risk of pipeline leaks which can pollute water supply thus effecting local wildlife and communities. In order to build the pipelines and clear the land they must clear cut all trees and shrubbery because of this fact many habitats in the area near the pipeline will be harmed or destroyed.
If a problem were to arise, how will the people involved who are effected be compensated?
While gas leaks are not common form pipelines it is still a valid issue. If there were to be a leak, the ground water source for communities in Madison county as well as natural habitats will b compromised. The animals cannot be directly compensated, but the gas companies can compensate citizens that were effected with tax breaks, insurance claims, or buyouts.
"Shale Gas and Hyrdraulic Fracturing in Depth." US Department of Energy. 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. <http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/04/f0/hyrdraulic_fracturing_poster.pdf>.
"Water Resources and Natural Gas Production from the Marcellus Shale." UsGS. USGS, 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. <http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3032/pdf/FS2009-3032.pdf>.
"Affected Property Owners." Pipeline Awareness. National Pipieline Awareness, 11 Aug. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. <http://nhpipelineawareness.org/affected-property-owners/>.