#cemus

[medbeginner]

Perfil genético en síndrome de cáncer hereditario de mama y ovario.

Autor: Yáñez Félix Ana Lucía

Bibliografía: Hipervínculos 1. Vidal-Millán S. Cáncer de Mama Hereditario: Identificación y elección de pacientes para estudio molecular de los genes BRCA. Cancerología. 2008;3:51–61. 2. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Estadísticas a propósito del día mundial contra el cáncer. Datos Nacionales [Internet]. INEGI. Aguascalientes; 2017. 3. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel R, Torre L, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA A J Clin. 2018;00(00):1–31. 4. González-Teshima LY, Vargas-Cely FS, Muñoz-Sandoval JS, Ramírez-Cheyne J, Saldarriaga-Gil W. Síndrome de cáncer hereditario de mama y ovario: aplicación clínica. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol [Internet]. 2016 Mar 31;67(1):36. 5. DeVita VT, Lawrance TS, Rosenberg SA. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 9na ed. Filadelfia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2011. 2638 p. 6. Mutch DG, Babb SA, Disaia PJ. Genes y cáncer: consejo genético y conducta clínica [Internet]. 9na ed. Clinical Gynecologic Oncology. Barcelona: Elsevier España; 2018.  7. Villarreal-Garza C, Alvarez-Gómez RM, Pérez-Plasencia C, Herrera LA, Herzog J, Castillo D, et al. Significant clinical impact of recurrent BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Mexico. Cancer [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1;121(3):372–8.  8. Kobayashi H, Ohno S, Saski Y, Matsuura M. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes (Review). Oncol Rep [Internet]. 2013 Sep;30(3):1019–29.  9. Torres-Mejia G, Royer R, Llacuachaqui M, Akbari MR, Giuliano AR, Martinez-Matsushita L, et al. Recurrent BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in Mexican Women with Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2015 Mar 1;24(3):498–505.   10. Orozco-Quiyono M, Cano-Colín S, Gorráez-De La Mora MT, Del M, Chima-Galán C, Saavedra-Lladó D. Características epidemiológicas del cáncer de mama y ovario hereditario y del cáncer de mama esporádico en una muestra de la población del ISSSTE. Rev Esp Méd Quir Vol. 2012;17(4):291–9. 11. Bayraktar S, Arun B. BRCA mutation genetic testing implications in the United States. The Breast [Internet]. 2017 Feb;31:224–32.  12. Yamauchi H, Takei J. Management of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Int J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2017 Feb 28 [cited 2018 Sep 19];23(1):1–7.  13. Randall LM, Pothuri B. The genetic prediction of risk for gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol [Internet]. 2016;141(1):10–6. 14. Hall MJ, Obeid EI, Schwartz SC, Mantia-Smaldone G, Forman AD, Daly MB. Genetic testing for hereditary cancer predisposition: BRCA1/2, Lynch syndrome, and beyond. Gynecol Oncol [Internet]. 2016;140:565–74. 15. Vadaparampil ST. Pre-test genetic counseling services for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer delivered by non-genetics professionals in the state of Florida. Clin Genet [Internet]. 2015;87:473–7.

[lovelylayladylay]

Just one more debate article to share...

from again, my classmate/friend David. Sustainable development + kids. Please enjoy!

Children as Changes Agent

In our project group we have a plan to introduce the term sustainable development in a fifth grade class. Our goal is that the children is going to become interested in the environment in a young age, and can carry it with them as a foundation as they go on in their life. Our groups hope is that these kids will grow up to become changes agents. A changes agent is a person that actively tries to promote new ideas to other people, and make them go with the changes agents (Atkisson, 2011. p169).

Is it fair to put this kind of pressure on small children? Personal I think it is.  If we are going to solve our environmental problems I have three reasons why I think we should put this kind of responsible on young kids. The first is that young kids are still creative; the second is that they can influence lot of people in the community; People have to take responsible for our action, and we have to teach our children to take responsible for the environmental.   

If we start with that children are more creative and have the ability to see different solution in a young age and that they losing this ability when they get older and more educated (Robbinson, 2010).If we can get children to be changes agents and keep this ability we will get more ides and maybe coming up with new solutions and other way to attack our environmental challenges. Instead of getting educated people, that has already loosed their ability to think outside the box, and is stuck in the same pattern.

The second reason is children’s influence can influence more people in the community through school, friends, family and activities.

They could be community block Leaders from a young age.  If we teach them to do some new activities on our visit they can go home and tell their parents and they can the activities, let say eating vegetarian food ones a week, then other people will notice it and take after, the children can also tell their friends about it, and they in there turn tell their parents and then it will spread in the community and more people will follow (Prax,p46).

My final reason is that all people on this planet should take more responsibility, so why don’t teach our children to take responsible in early ages. “If democracy is to endure in any meaningful way, our educational system mist foster habits of participation in and responsibility to the larger community” (Smith, MacGregor, 1992. P2)

 If children start learning about sustainability in young ages and no the relevance of it, I think they will be more understanding about the environment end how important this Issues are. With the knowledge the responsibility will come to, it will come natural to them, and it will help the work to a more sustainable world. I also think it will be inspiring for young children to have a “purpose” in the society in young age and something to care about, and the responsibility will make them grow and be more involved in the community.

In the project we have design a workshop that will introduce sustainability in to 5 grader, and our goal is to plant a seed and give them tolls to make a change and take responsibility. Because if we don’t teach the children to take responsibility for our planet, who will in the future?

[lovelylayladylay]

Being Nature

Hello there everyone! A while ago I published an article here about sustainable development and open space technology for a course I just finished at Uppsala University. The following is another debate article written by my classmate and friend, Magda; she talks similarly about sustainability, but also Sweden, humans in nature and some other lovely things. So if you're interested, please have a look...

Not many people around me say that the meaning of life is to consume vast amounts of commercial shit, designed to find its way to the nearest landfill within 12 months time, nor is the meaning of life to pollute and degrade our environment with such staggering perserverance that there will be close to no environment left at the end. But this is what we, we Westerners, we Swedes, do. We pollute the shit out of the environment, and we adhere to fashion magazines were they totems of spiritual completeness. At the same time, most people say that the meaning of life is love, family and friendship.

I want us Swedes to stop comparing Sweden to other countries in order to make us look better. Stop looking to the United States, Germany, Canada or China. When I was a teenager, I was cross with my parents for giving me curfews. Whenever I told my parents that my friends’ parents did not give them curfews, my parents would just say “We don’t care. You are our child, and you will be home at 10 pm. It is as simple as that. It doesn’t matter what Elin’s parents are saying. 10 pm”. At the time, I thought life was unfair but I had a lot of respect for my parents so I did as they said. Today I appreciate the curfews my parents gave me. Not only was it good for me to come home early, but my parents showed a great deal of backbone denying this demanding teen to do whatever her friends were doing. They taught me that we all have personal responsibility for our actions, and you do not need to crumble under the weight of “what everybody else does”. (Unless it is a good thing).

Through University I am involved in a project directed towards school children, 10 and 11 years of age. The purpose of this project is to introduce sustainable development to these school kids and hopefully encourage them to actively reflect on the choices they make in their daily life.  Some of them have already done this in school, but we figured we might as well help the schools a bit. We believe our project to be important. However, I wish we could conduct a project more in line with the thoughts of David Suzuki or Neil Evernden. We can keep on promoting less consumption, public transport and organic food (like we do in our project), but we must get to the root of the problem. I believe that the root of the problem is humans vain belief that we are somehow different from nature, above nature, separate from nature. If we really want to do sustainable development, we must step away from this unethical, blasphemous, dualistic notion of human as separated from nature. We are nature. But I fear that we are not there yet, society is not ready to rediscover our spiritual connectedness to nature, our place in nature, our identity as nature. Or are we?

And I wonder: why do we (you, me, society, school etc.) keep on telling children and anyone who is looking for the meaning of life, that the meaning of life is family, love and friendship, at the same time as we communicate that the way to get there is through consumption and pollution (often through the devastating management of nature)? With our project, we make an attempt at introducing the notion of a good lifestyle that is free from overconsumption and environmental degradation, but I feel we are fighting an uphill battle. However, research shows that money and stuff cannot buy you lasting happiness. “...A widely noted fact about human nature – that once our basic material needs are comfortably met, more consumption tends to make little difference to our well-being.” (The Happy Planet Index 2.0, 2009) I need food, shelter, security, love, friendship, companionship. I need to express my identity and find recognition in others’. However, I live in a society where my identity is increasingly understood in terms of how much and what I consume, as well as how much money I make. I call for a new source of identity, or really that we rediscover our ancient source of identity – nature, kinship, family, love. The environmentalist David Suzuki’s book The Sacred Balance is a beautiful reminder of human kinds humble positition in the web of life (2007). “We are made from the Earth, we breathe it in every breath we take, we drink it and eat it, and we share the same spark that animates the whole planet. Our stories tell us this, so does our science” (Suzuki 2007, p.265).

Alan AtKisson argues that “...for a sustainable solution to be adopted , it has to be seen as so much better than what people are already doing that it outweighs whatever additional time, trouble and money are required to make the change” (AtKisson 2011, p.179). I fear that AtKisson is correct, and that implies that we have a problem. The modern conception of humans as separated from nature is toxic, and difficult to modify – we need a paradigm shift. And that can take time, and I fear we do not have too much time. My friends want to spend time in nature, they do not want to be nature. But in order to do sustainable development, we must recognise that things that are immeasurable, like being nature, are important too (Meadows 2001). We must speak up for what is important, and difficult, and immeasurable. My plan is now to think of how I can encourage people to rediscover their place in nature. To spend time in nature is seldom enough. What can a school do to teach a fifth grader about connectedness to Earth? What can society do? Why are we trying so hard to keep us separated from nature?