The Historical Development of CALL
The historical development of CALL can be examined in three different stages:
· Behavioristic CALL
· Communicative CALL
· Integrative CALL.
In Behavioristic CALL, Skinner's operant conditioning is dominant. Learning is seen as a process which occurs through practice. Learning is not interactive and based upon computer-learning interaction. Repetition is crucial. Despite its disadvantages, one point is remarkably important. In Behavioristic CALL, students have the chance of studying at their own paces.
In Communicative CALL, the major point is teaching students to create utterances not simply memorize them. Generally, students give more original answers because questions are more flexible. Communicative CALL gives three different roles to the computer:
· The Computer as a tutor
· The Computer as a stimulus
· The Computer as a tool.
In Integrative CALL, there are two key factors:
· Multimedia
· Electronic Communication.
The content is divided into four sections (listening, speaking, writing, and reading) and Integrative CALL gives more importance to the content rather than learning approaches. Also, students have the opportunity of making their own way of learning.