Born in 1945 in Newark, New Jersey, Kruger grew up during the golden age of American advertising, which permeated all aspects of life and informed her now-signature style. She began her training at the School of Art at Syracuse University in 1964, continuing her art and design studies in 1965 at Parsons School of Design in New York under Diane Arbus and Marvin Israel.
Barbara Kruger’s work speaks directly to us. Using pronouns like “I,” “You,” and “We” and bold declarative statements, Kruger’s work prompts us to question what we see and hear in mainstream media, and to contemplate how these messages shape our identities and society.
I try to make work that joins the seductions of wishful thinking with the criticality of knowing better.
Through a canny combination of imagery and text appropriated from magazines, television, video, and newspapers, Kruger's practice, spanning more than four decades, challenges how we assign meaning to visual signifiers of faith, morality, and power.
Politically engaged, Barbara Kruger’s work questions the power of words and images. By intercepting the injunctions of advertising, it alerts the viewer to the alienations of consumer society and its signs. She also addresses the themes of violence, power and sexuality.
After working as a graphic designer in advertising and fashion, Barbara Kruger has become familiar with the conventions of mass communication. Since the end of the 1960s, her artistic practice has taken place in the context of the development of gender studies and feminist struggles. Like Cindy Sherman, she diverts the codes associated with the female gender in popular imagery, from cinema to fashion magazines, to deconstruct the dominant discourse. As early as 1979, she presented what has been her signature to this day: photomontages composed of black and white photographs, mostly from magazines of the 1940s and 1950s, which she intercepted and enlarged, and slogans printed in Futura Bold Italic font.
Questions around who has a voice in society—and how—are key in Kruger’s practice. Her portfolio of lithographs Untitled (We will no longer be seen and not heard), from 1985, assigns a word from the work’s title to each image, suggesting a vaguely recognizable sign language. The work exhibits Kruger’s desire “to ruin certain representations” of hierarchical roles through its contradictory message: viewers may guess who the speaker is and who is included in the “we.”
Kruger’s use of commonplace objects to circulate her work beyond the gallery or museum focuses our attention on how structures of control operate and are insidiously interwoven with our everyday life. Her Untitled matchbook series from 1986 allowed for wide distribution of dark messages and violent images, providing immediate access to her ideas and statements—such as the phrase “You construct intricate rituals which allow you to touch the skin of other men” superimposed over an image of a man being physically harassed—packaged as ordinary, ephemeral objects. As her work becomes part of the larger consumer realm of merchandising, it is important to note how others, most notably the lifestyle brand Supreme, have co-opted her iconic style for their own purposes, further underscoring questions about originality and ownership.
Creating architecturally enveloping installations has long been a part of Kruger’s practice, beginning with her 1991 exhibition at Mary Boone Gallery in New York, which featured a site-specific installation covering all four walls of the gallery with provocative text and images. In 2022, she will cover MoMA’s Marron Family Atrium with her characteristic declarations about power, voyeurism, and the horrors of war. Rather than infiltrating mundane spaces through objects, Kruger noted that her installations “construct and contain our experiences” against the overwhelming onslaught of graphics and text. Printed phrases covering a building or a room punctuate our lived experiences, hopes, and fears, inviting viewers to understand “how [spaces] form us as much as we form them.”