Corporate capitalism had a twofold effect on local economies: it both undermined and strengthened them. In the cases of Trenton, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and Chicago, corporate scale and scope economies weakened central-city locational assets. In some cases, this led to firms’ moving out of the city. In others, firms slowly disinvested, causing plants to fall into physical disrepair and productive inefficiencies. Factories closed as production was transferred to newer sites in the suburbs or other areas across the country. The more flexible and smaller staple producers that dominated sectors such as textile, clothing, furniture, and machine tools were unable to implement the strategies used by the bulk and staple firms found in other sectors. In his analysis of Philadelphia’s textile industry, Scranton notes that flexible and batch producers “simply ran down their capitals, liquidating on the death of the proprietor or when insolvency threatened.” These trends did not occur at the same time in all sectors. Decline was lagged and sequential within and between sectors, occurring in different ways at different times. Nevertheless, these processes contributed to the decline of central cities’ industrial bases after 1920.
In other words, a different picture emerges of the industrial histories of US urban districts after 1920 if we view the city and suburbs as different places with different industries. To understand the long histories of (de)industrialization forces us to explore the impact of differential place-based economic growth.
Several writers have noted that the suburbs became home to an increasing share of the nation’s industry after 1920. This work, however, has ignored the connection between industrial decline and suburbanization, and has not taken note of differential sectoral trajectories. Rather, the focus has been to describe and explain industrial decentralization, with the aim of showing how industrial clusters emerged on the metropolitan fringe. The notion that postwar suburbanization before 1945 was linked to deindustrialization has not been pursued.
A key finding of this book is that industrial decline in Chicago had a specific intrametropolitan geography from the early twentieth century. While the forces driving deindustrialization after 1970 may have swept across many of the older industrial regions of the United States, industrial decline before then operated at a different spatial scale. The closing of factories, the loss of employment, and low reinvestment in older facilities that haunted the Rust Belt after the postwar glory days had its parallels in the pre–World War II period. The suburbs become the growth engine of metropolitan development, leaving the central cities behind. As industry flocked to the Chicago suburbs from the 1920s, the story in the city of Chicago was quite different. Industrial growth in the suburbs after 1945 was paralleled by large-scale decline in most of the central city’s industrial districts.