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End of a String
A03 Link
Chapter Four
Extract:
“Seeing him… how?” Leia’s face was a mask of ice, as if one slip of an expression might crack her whole facade.
“Through the force,” said Rey, “he appears to me, and I to him. Snoke claimed he bridged our minds, but he’s dead now and I still… I still see him.”
“Is he here now?” Leia asked sharply.
“No.”
“Good,” said Kylo softly as he paced around the table. He was looking curiously towards Leia, as if he could almost see her. “But be careful. My mother is stronger in the Force than she lets on. She can sense lies too.”
Hi. Could you please explain me the meaning of the title of The End of a String. I know it's the phrase that Hux said in TLJ when he spoke about FO's ability to track Resistance ships. Does it have the same meaning in your fic, or maybe you plan to change the perspective?
I’m happy to explain! The End of a String is a metaphor and motif that popped up many times in The Last Jedi. Like you say, it was said by Hux to describe the inability of the Resistance to outrun their fleet, it was also visualised a few times, including as one of the last images of the film with Han’s dice:
It’s also reminiscent of a child’s game of using cups/tins and a string to speak to each other over a longer distance:
Which is a nod to the way Rey and Kylo communicate across the stars.
But most importantly, it refers to the ‘red string of fate’, which is a meta endorsed by Rian Johnson when he dropped these tweets shortly before the film was released.
After which, the many references and visual inclusions of strings in the film were even more meaningful. The red string is an east asian belief that two people destined to be lovers are connected by a red string tied between their fingers.
This is the string I refer to. :)
End of a String
Ao3 Link
Chapter Six
An achingly familiar wave of heat hit Rey as the door lowered to form a ramp into a sea of sand. She had grown accustomed to just how cold the rest of the galaxy was compared to Jakku, and though she hadn’t exactly missed the searing heat of the desert, her concept of an ideal temperature was a little higher than others. Wrapping the black linen shroud loosely around her head and shoulders, Rey descended the ramp with her old staff and took stock of the land. Niima outpost lay ahead like a heap of litter, barely distinguishable from the old wrecks that scattered across the graveyard, and the creeping brown clouds from the west hinted that a dust storm would arrive by nightfall.
Rey headed toward the settlement, still not entirely sure she was doing the right thing. It wasn’t too late. She had wrestled with the decision for most of the night and then most of the following two nights after. There were a hundred good reasons not to come back to Jakku, and she’d listed them all and still somehow ended up back here. It was not simply that she had left under a cloud, hence the need to hide the Millenium Falcon behind a dune and sneak back into town. It was how long she had fought with herself to realise this was not the place where she needed to be.
But there were truths here that she could not ignore.
End of a String
Ao3 Link
Chapter Five
“It is not merely the risk of moving our flagship while in the midst of sensitive repairs, it’s the reason why this was done. Not only has the Project been set back by 3 days, but so have fleet repairs - and for what? We have nothing to show for it.”
A few of the assembled generals nodded their agreement, but several more glanced at Kylo Ren to await his reaction. The attention irritated him beyond measure and Kylo’s thumb began to drum in a steady beat upon the round conference-style table. Those that knew him better could read this warning sign, but General Hux was fully swept up in his own oration as he circled the table, addressing the other generals.
“This criminal female should have been made an example of. We had an ideal opportunity in our hands to humiliate and demoralise the Resistance with a public execution - instead she was sent on her way with an all expenses paid trip back to her Rebel friends. This decision has made us a laughing stock!”
A pin could have been heard dropping two floors below in the silence that followed, and Kylo looked around at the generals. “I don’t hear much laughter,” he said quietly.
Op-ed: The unspoken Ethereum revolution: Are EOAs becoming obsolete?
Op-ed: The unspoken Ethereum revolution: Are EOAs becoming obsolete?
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Under the radar, one of the most significant changes to the Ethereum ecosystem has been announced with little to no community reaction. Account abstraction is a core advancement in web3 account management, but the current roadmap brings a new goal — to remove Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) entirely from the Ethereum ecosystem.
The term account abstraction refers to the process of abstracting away the complexity of a web3 account to create a more user-friendly experience for the end user. Initially, the goal was to generalize the web3 account model so that all accounts are treated similarly — regardless of whether they are EOAs or smart contract accounts. However, the Ethereum Foundation appears to have decided that there is no room for EOAs in the ecosystem’s future, favoring smart contract wallets as the default account model for users.
EIP-4337 & Account Abstraction
Security Fellow for the Ethereum Foundation, Yoav Weiss, announced the launch of EIP-4337 while speaking at ETHDenver. The update to the Ethereum network upgrades the capabilities of smart contract wallets with elements of account abstraction, including decentralized bundlers, token fee payment, an alternative mempool, and other account abstraction features.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin originally introduced the EIP in September 2021 when he shared a concept on the Ethereum message board with the following message:
“An account abstraction proposal which completely avoids the need for consensus-layer protocol changes, instead relying on a separate mempool of UserOperation objects and miners running either custom code or a bundle marketplace.”
However, one key aspect of EIP-4337 that has seemingly gone unnoticed by many is the move toward removing EOAs entirely. The documentation for the EIP on the Ethereum Foundation website states that a core motivation for the upgrade is to “completely remove any need at all for users to also have EOAs.”
“Achieve the key goal of account abstraction: allow users to use smart contract wallets containing arbitrary verification logic instead of EOAs as their primary account. Completely remove any need at all for users to also have EOAs.”
CryptoSlate reached out to several wallet providers, but none were willing to discuss the potential elimination of EOAs entirely, given the lack of timeframe from the Ethereum Foundation. As of press time, the Ethereum Foundation has not responded to attempts for comment.
What is an EOA?
An EOA on Ethereum is a specific kind of account managed by a user who holds the private key, unlike a smart contract account. Essentially, an EOA serves as a user’s cryptographic identity on the Ethereum blockchain, enabling them to hold, send, and receive ETH, NFTs, or other tokens and interact with smart contracts.
An EOA is identified by a unique public address from its private key. Unlike a smart contract account, an EOA has no code or logic associated with it. However, it can still sign transactions to initiate transfers, deploy smart contracts, or interact with existing smart contracts on the Ethereum network.
The main distinction between an EOA and a smart contract account lies in their control. An EOA is managed by an external entity using a private key, while a smart contract account is controlled by the smart contract’s code and follows the rules specified within that code.
Do we need EOAs?
EOAs are the most tried and tested type of blockchain account. Popular software wallets such as MetaMask and hardware wallets like Ledger, Tezor, and SafePal are all founded in EOA accounts. Removing EOAs would dramatically impact such projects and require large-scale code updates.
While the issue of onboarding new users into web3 — by requiring them to safely record and store a complex private key or long seed phrase — is a widely accepted problem, removing a core component of the Ethereum ecosystem poses a drastic solution to the problem.
Furthermore, removing EOAs would bring countless potential issues that need to be addressed — including the loss of simplicity, increased complexity, higher transaction costs, compatibility issues, security concerns, EVM fragmentation, and even a potential decrease in adoption due to increased friction.
I am not suggesting that all of the above issues are insurmountable. However, the path to removing EOAs will include problems that have yet to be conceived. Furthermore, as Ethereum sits at the heart of the web3 ecosystem, removing EOAs from the Ethereum network will likely lead to compatibility issues across the entire EVM landscape.
Problems removing EOAs
In a bear market, it is easy to advocate for the use of smart contracts — which use, on average, more gas than EOAs due to the complex logic used in the execution of the code. As of press time, the cost of gas on Ethereum is 12 GWEI ($0.40), including the network base fee.
The chart below shows the change in the average gas price paid per transaction since the network was launched. Throughout the bull run 2021 – 2022, gas rose to a high of 305 GWEI and averaged around 120 GWEI, some ten times higher than it is now. Should EOAs be removed entirely, the cost of transacting on the Ethereum layer-1 blockchain network would almost certainly increase.
Source: Glassnode
However, the advancing progress of Ethereum scaling solutions — such as Polygon and dedicated industry-specific layer-2s like Immutable — will be even more vital to the network should transacting on the base layer become prohibitive.
Concerning the other issues identified, the changing landscape of regulatory guidance also needs to be considered. Recently, the European Parliament passed an act on the Internet of Things (IoT) industry — requiring all smart contracts to contain a ‘kill switch’ and therefore include ‘proxy upgradeability.’ Article 30 of the legislation has the following requirement:
“The deployment of smart contracts for others in the context of an agreement to make data available shall comply with the following essential requirements[…]
Safe termination and interruption: ensure that a mechanism exists to terminate the continued execution of transactions: the smart contract shall include internal functions which can reset or instruct the contract to stop or interrupt the operation to avoid future (accidental) executions.”
This means that any smart contract wallet would have to contain a function that would allow the developer to remove the account — eliminating the self-sovereign nature of the account if this were implemented by anyone other than the account owner.
Furthermore, if Ethereum moves away from EOAs entirely, any EVM chain would need to implement the same functionality — or risk losing compatibility with Ethereum Mainnet. The implementation across other chains would unlikely be synchronized, resulting in a fragmented ecosystem and potentially incompatible dApps.
Projects that currently have full compatibility with multiple EVM chains could lose access to some networks during the transition.
EOA Innovation
So why remove EOAs? The Ethereum Foundation appears to have given up the potential to innovate in the EOA space with the call to remove EOAs entirely. However, I advised a project called Intu in 2022 that is doing precisely this, and it is unlikely to be the only one. For total transparency, I was paid for my time advising the project, but I have no incentive for Intu to succeed other than believing in the team’s vision.
The point of this article is not to shill any solution or create FUD within the Ethereum ecosystem. Instead, I wish to raise awareness for this problem and facilitate debate and coordination within the space.
I do not believe we should have statements from the Ethereum Foundation declaring the removal of EOAs without there first being a proper public process. Such a process would ensure that EOAs need to be removed, what the timeframe looks like, and how all potential security, compatibility, and usability issues would be solved prior to the transition.
It is also critical to emphasize that the removal of EOAs is not confirmed. Ethereum is a decentralized ecosystem without any centralized controlling party. However, the Ethereum Foundation holds a lot of sway within the developer community. Therefore, I believe it’s important to continue this conversation for the health of the ecosystem.
I understand the Ethereum Foundation’s point of view. I simply wish for the conversation to be more openly held to ensure we move toward account abstraction with our eyes fully open. As Paul Saffo so wisely said, “Strong convictions, weakly held.”
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Web3 News
ISRO SSLV launch: श्रीहरिकोटा येथील सतीश धवन स्पेस सेंटरवरून EOAS 02 व Azadi SAT लॉन्च
ISRO SSLV launch: श्रीहरिकोटा येथील सतीश धवन स्पेस सेंटरवरून EOAS 02 व Azadi SAT लॉन्च
ISRO SSLV launch: श्रीहरिकोटा येथील सतीश धवन स्पेस सेंटरवरून EOAS 02 व Azadi SAT लॉन्च या उपग्रहाचे वजन आठ किलोग्रॅम आहे. यात सोलर पॅनल, सेल्फी कॅमेरे आहेत. यासोबतच लांब पल्ल्याच्या कम्युनिकेशन ट्रान्सपॉन्डरही बसवण्यात आले आहेत. हा उपग्रह सहा महिने सेवा देणार आहे. Go to Source
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[EoAS] Prequel Short Story: the Sandlers
The Sandlers
Queen Morgana searched the castle frantically for her son, but he was nowhere to be found. Not in his bedroom, not in the game room, not in the throne room, and not even in the balcony garden, which he would frequent and gaze off into the distance from. He didn’t leave a single trace. All across the House of Obsidian, all anyone could find was that he was completely gone.
She collapsed at the table, groaning to her husband. “Doesn’t a young man 19 years of age know better than to run off before a war?”
King Mare took a sip of his coffee. “Evidently not.”
“But our young man? The one we raised so carefully, and lovingly? Shouldn’t he know better?” She grabbed her coffee, served in an obsidian goblet, like Mare’s.
“He should,” he answered. “But I’m sure he knows to come back.”
“And if he doesn’t?”
“Well, he’ll learn soon enough, I’m sure. There’s not one person in the House of Pearl who’ll mercy him.”
“I fear that there is.” She began to mutter to herself, forlorn. “Why did I ever approve Mattia’s stupid ball?”
A knock at the door interrupted them, causing Morgana to straighten herself. She assumed her proper dignified face.
“Your midnight?” called a muffled voice from the other side of the door.
She knew her advisor when she heard him. “Come in, Mattia.”
He strode in, his tousled brown hair bouncing from underneath his black cap. “I bear you n-”
“News,” she completed. “What is it?”
“We’ve heard word from the castle guards that Prince Arturo has been spotted heading in the direction of the House of Pearl.”
Of course, she thought. “So the guards saw him but didn’t try to stop him?”
“Um, well… I’m sure they tried to stop him, your midnight, but… one must keep in mind, they’re the new recruits.”
“Where are the regular guards?” she pressured sourly.
“You conscripted them, dear,” Mare reminded her gently.
“Right, they’re preparing for the first battle.” She noticed Mattia standing awkwardly, as he always did once he’d run out of things to say. “You may go, Mattia. Tell the guards to stay put and keep watch for Arturo. He’ll come back eventually.”
“I will. Would you like refreshed refreshments?”
She held up her index finger as she drank from her cup, signaling for him to wait. Finally, she placed the empty cup down on the table. “Yes.”
Queen Alessia scoured the halls of the House of Pearl, roaming the palace in desperate search of her daughter. Not in her bedroom, not in the game room, not in the library, and not even in the sun room, filled with light, which she would frequent and gaze out of the magnificent window from. Not a single resident of the palace, nor Dario- her eagle-eyed advisor- said they’d even seen her since last night.
Frustrated, she took sips of candyleaf tea from her glimmering white glass, but despite the extra spoonfuls of sugar, it still tasted bitter. King Dante sat with her, eating his preferred white biscuits.
She drummed her fingers anxiously, collecting dust on her white satin gloves. “Now is not the time for a girl like her to be running away…”
“Is there ever a good time?” Dante asked.
“Well, there’s no good time, but there are certainly better ones,” she argued, her eyes turning to the chess board battle map in front of her. “Certainly better ones than this… It’s been generations since the House of Caïssa split, years since I became queen, and many months since she first started talking about Arturo after going to that Obsidian ball. She could have left any time, but she chooses to leave now, right before we declare war.”
Dante stroked her arm. “If it’s any consolation, I’m sure she’ll be safe. Adelina’s headstrong, but she’d never jump into something unprepared.”
She wove her fingers in with his and twirled a strand of platinum blonde hair with the other. “It doesn’t make me feel much better knowing she’s had a plan of her own just as long as I’ve had mine.”
“Your radiance!” called a voice from the door. “I come bearing news.”
“Speak it, Dario,” she responded, quickly brushing hair out of her face.
“Fair Princess Adelina ha-”
“Did you find her?” bubbled Alessia with hope.
Dario felt bad saying it. “Not… quite. It was the scouts who found her, but not soon enough.”
“What do you mean?”
He gestured with his hands. “She was, well…” He bit his lip. “Maybe I should have started with ‘they saw her off in the distance running off into the woods.’”
Alessia sighed and grabbed her tea cup. “Send them off to find her and come back with more tea.”
“Your radiance, you ordered them to survey the field and keep watch for ambushes.” He grabbed the ornate teapot. “Does this new order supersede the old?”
She paused, thinking as her eyes scanned the chessboard, following the white pieces to the black queen. She counted her pieces, and those of the enemy. White had yet to take its first move. “No,” she concluded. “No it doesn’t. Keep them on watch.”
Dante leaned in. “And then after the battle, they can go find her, surely?”
“After the war,” she decided. “After.”
Adelina watched from the tree as Arturo finally arrived, his backpack sagging, heavy. “Took you long enough.”
“Oh c’mon,” he panted. “We both know the Pearl Palace is closer.”
“Maybe so,” she teased, “but shouldn’t adventurous Arturo be able to make it to something so important in a timely manner?”
“Well it doesn’t matter what Arturo’s capable of, does it? I’ll be Mr. Sandler, soon enough,” he pointed out. “Speaking of, has… he arrived yet?”
“The officiator?” she asked, peering around. “No, not yet.”
“But we have!” came two voices from the bushes. One after the other, the twins Mattia and Dario appeared, removing their Obsidian and Pearl garb as they walked towards the makeshift pews in the clearing. “Sorry for the wait,” Mattia began.
“We both had messages for our queens to deliver first,” Dario finished.
“But now they are filled in on the situation,” Mattia continued.
“And their drinks are filled up,” his twin added. “That should keep them preoccupied for a while. I know Alessia is already back to plotting war.”
“As is Morgana,” Mattia confirmed. “So that leaves us to sit back and watch the newlyweds.”
“Soon to be newlyweds,” corrected Adelina.
Dario rolled his eyes. He was used to the Pearl princess’s fondness for technicality. “Still, we’re just as happy as you that our little plan has finally come together.”
“As the lovebirds finally will,” versed the officiator lyrically as he appeared from the brush, carrying a book under his arm.
“There you are, Edgar!” exclaimed Arturo. “Glad you could make it.”
“Well, I just barely did. It’s potato season, so there were plenty of orders, but I got them done plenty quick. My dad should start looking for me any second now… he never vends our harvest without his assistant.”
“Let’s make this quick, then,” suggested Adelina. “I know our large audience has places they need to be.”
“Will do,” said Edgar as he placed the book on the podium and began flipping through the pages. He mumbled to himself as he searched. “Botany, botany, more botany, sales figures, maps, potato defects- ah! There it is.” He cleared his throat and readied his adult voice. “Family and- well, just friends- thank you all for coming today to share in this wonderful occasion. Today we are here together- well I’ll skip ahead, we all know what we’re here for. Do you Adelina, take this man to be your lawf- um, wedded husband, to live together in matrimony, to love him, comfort him, honor and keep him, in sickness and in health, in sorrow and in joy, to have and to hold, from this day forward, as long as you both shall live?”
“I do,” she said, as she wove her fingers with Arturo’s.
“And do you Arturo, take this woman to be your wife, to live together in matrimony, to love her, comfort her, honor and keep her, in sickness and in health, in sorrow and in joy, to have and to hold, from this day forward, as long as you both shall live?”
“Yeah,” he said smiling, until Adelina jokingly punched him on the shoulder. “I mean, I do. I do.”
“Good,” said Edgar, closing the book. “You two are now Mr. and Mrs… what was the name you came up with again? Oh, Sandler, right. We don’t have any rings, and I don’t have any authority vested in me, so I skipped those parts.”
“Hey, isn’t there a part where they kiss?” asked Mattia, disappointed. Everyone, including Dario, turned their head to stare.
Edgar shrugged, unsure. “I mean, maybe? Does it really matter at this point? You two are married, you can kiss each other as much as you want.”
“Like we weren’t doing that before,” lulled Mrs. Sandler as she placed a gentle hand on her new husband’s face, eyelashes fluttering ever so romantically.
Edgar and the twins exchanged awkward glances. “And on that note,” said Mattia, “we’ll be off.”
“You two have fun making out!” called the waving Dario as he began to walk away, with Mattia angrily following after. The couple watched awkwardly.
“I’ll be taking my leave too,” announced Edgar. He tipped his cap. “Enjoy yourselves. If you ever want some potatoes from your favorite potato vendor to relive the moment, feel free to stop by. I’ll give you an ‘I Married You’ discount.”
“Thanks, Edgar,” chuckled Arturo. “We’ll keep in touch.”
Adelina waved as he submerged into the foliage. “Goodbye!”
The two waited until they couldn’t hear his footsteps, and then joined hands. “Let’s find some scenery for this romantic evening,” suggested Mr. Sandler, a lusty fire lighting his eyes. “Someplace private.”
Mrs. Sandler took a step closer, the fire spreading. “There’s plenty of those in the middle of the forest, dear.”
“Perfect.” His lips formed a devious smile.
“You always said you wanted us to go on adventures together,” recalled Mrs. Sandler as she wrapped her hands around his neck. “Will this be the first?”
He leaned in. “The first of many.”
Her lips imitated his. “Oh, many indeed.”
She held the nest of blankets close to her chest, shielding it and the note inside from the rain. Carefully, she climbed the wall, keeping her grip tight against the slippery stones. Peering over the wall, she found the house, with the same beat-up wagon leaning against it. The order board beside it was empty, the faded lettering still remembering when it used to read “William and Son’s.”
Hopping down from the wall and into the cobbled street, she dashed to the door. She knew she didn’t have much time; this village wasn’t fond of outsiders. Neither of them were welcome there, but she was the only one of the two who could leave. She hoped he’d be accepted eventually, at least at Edgar’s house. She hated to leave a burden like this on him, but she knew this was a better home. She dropped the bundle at the doorstep, keeping the note facing up. Then she knocked and left.
He got up from the desk and opened the door. No one was there, but he heard a baby crying. He looked down, and saw a child wrapped in blankets. He picked him up and read the note:
Nathan Sandler
He took the child inside.
Author's Notes:
The House of Caïssa is named after Caïssa- a "goddess of chess" invented by an Italian poet.
All characters except Queen Morgana, Edgar, and Nathan have Italian names, as such.
King Mare of the House of Obsidian- Mare (pronounced "may-ray") means "sea."
Queen Alessia of the House of Pearl- Alessia could potentially mean "defending warrior."
The twin advisors Mattia and Dario both have Italian names.
The star-crossed lovers Arturo and Adelina have amazingly alliterated Italian names.
The Houses of Caïssa, Obsidian, and Pearl will not be around by the time the Eye of All Suits starts. But, they are important to it. You'll see.