The book ‘Second nature’ by Gerald Edelman is a very interesting approach to the epistemology of brain science. “Burgeoning advancements in brain science are opening up new perspectives on how we acquire knowledge. Indeed, it is now possible to explore consciousness―the very center of human concern―by scientific means. In this illuminating book, Dr. Gerald M. Edelman offers a new theory of knowledge based on striking scientific findings about how the brain works. And he addresses the related compelling question: Does the latest research imply that all knowledge can be reduced to scientific description? Edelman’s brain-based approach to knowledge has rich implications for our understanding of creativity, of the normal and abnormal functioning of the brain, and of the connections among the different ways we have of knowing. While the gulf between science and the humanities and their respective views of the world has seemed enormous in the past, the author shows that their differences can be dissolved by considering their origins in brain functions. He foresees a day when brain-based devices will be conscious, and he reflects on this and other fascinating ideas about how we come to know the world and ourselves.”
“Truth is not a given, it is a value that must be worked for during our personal and interpersonal interactions. The richness of those interactions is no surprise given the associativity and degeneracy of reentrant interactions to the brain.”
“The brain is embodied and the body is embedded.”
“Degeneracy is seen at many levels of biological organization, ranging from properties of cells up to language. It is an essential property of selectional systems, which would be likely to fail without it. In perception and memory, many different circuits of neuronal groups could and do give a similar output. Degeneracy in brain circuits leads almost inevitably association, a key property required for memory and learning. Different brain structures can carry out the same function or lead to the same output.”
“Consciousness is a process that consists of an enormous variety of so-called qualia: the discrimination entailed by the widely distributed and highly dynamic activity of the brain speaking to itself.”
“Early human thought proceeded by metaphor. The metaphorical capacity of linking disparate entities derives from the associative properties of a reentrant degenerative system.”
“Human brains operate fundamentally in terms of pattern recognition rather than logic. They are highly constructive in settling on given patterns and at the same time are constantly open to error.”
“In a strict physical sense, only the present exists. The past and the future are concepts available only to higher order consciousness.”
“The brain relies on a number of mechanisms to enhance the specificity of its responses. One involves experiential selection through changes in synaptic strength, constrained by the activity of value systems. The contrast between specificity and range clearly emerges during learning in the change from an initial exploratory response o later conditioned responses.”
“There are two main modes of thought: pattern recognition and logic. ”