"[William T.] Hornaday's views about the natives of sub-Saharan Africa mirrored [Samuel Phillips] Verner's own, conscripting Darwin in the service of racism: he told the New York Times that "there exists a close analogy of the African savage to the apes." Scientific American agreed: "the Congo pygmies [are] small, ape-like, elfish creatures, furtive and mischievous, they closely parallel the brownies and goblins of our fairy tales. They live in the dense tangled forests in absolute savagery... while they exhibit many ape-like features in their bodies."
But Hornaday espoused a more progressive vision as a scientific artist, and we have him to thank for the modern American zoo. As Chief Taxidermist of the National Museum (the Smithsonian), a position he held until 1890, he had inherited a static mausoleum of tatty taxidermy enshrined on plaster pedestals with only laconic placards to suggest what the animal have been like in life.
In 1888, Hornaday persuaded the museum to add a wing of living animals and life-like settings, which proved so popular a revolution that it became the National Zoological Gardens. He resigned over differences of vision, but in 1896 he reemerged as the first director of the New York Zoological Gardens (known as the Bronx zoo), the world's largest, luscious, and most varied zoo...
So when [Ota] Benga was locked in the monkey house, before the staring crowd and with keepers always nearby, he was given a bowl and arrow to brandish, his cage was littered with bones, and his two cage mates were Dinah, a gorilla, and an orangutan named Dohung. The placard on Benga's enclosure read, "the African Pygmy, 'Ota Benga'. Height 4 feet 11 inches. Weight 103 pounds. Brought from the Kasai River, Congo Free State, South Central Africa by Dr. Samuel P Verner. Exhibited each afternoon during September."
...Black New Yorkers were incensed, and representatives of the clergy, led by the Reverend Dr.MacArthur, pressed mayor George B. McClellan to withdraw the city's support from the exhibit. Another minister, a Reverend Gordon, told the New York Times "Our race... is depressed enough without exhibiting one of us with the apes. We think we are worthy of being considered human beings, with souls.""
Chapter 3- Medical Apartheid, Harriet A. Washington










