Stazi makes a lot of great points in this vid. It's a bit long, but worth listening to the whole thing.
Have we considered that making your whole life about hate and hate watching is just not that healthy? That becoming a modern day witch hunter is just not a good thing?
There are so many better ways to handle things, especially if you actually want to help people change and grow.
does anyone want a bracelet? (examples above) i need some more activities to keep me from going crazy while i’m recovering from spine surgery and can’t walk
After watching "Oscar-winning actor & writer Tom Hanks gives the Oxford Union an acting lesson" on YouTube I felt inspired to write this blog. The link below if interested.
Public speaking is an art that transcends mere words; it involves a deep understanding of human psychology, effective communication techniques, and the strategic use of rhetorical devices. Among these, repetition stands out as a powerful tool that can elevate a speech from ordinary to extraordinary. In this blog, we delve into the Repetition class in speaking, exploring how this technique can captivate audiences, enhance message retention, and leave a lasting impact.
The Basics of Repetition:
Repetition involves the intentional reuse of words, phrases, or ideas within a speech. When employed thoughtfully, it can create emphasis, reinforce key points, and establish a rhythm that resonates with the audience. There are various forms of repetition, each serving a unique purpose:
Anaphora: This involves repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. For example, Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech masterfully uses anaphora with the repetition of "I have a dream."
Epistrophe: In contrast to anaphora, epistrophe repeats a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences. Winston Churchill's famous "We shall fight on the beaches" speech is a classic example of epistrophe in action.
Anadiplosis: This technique involves repeating the last word of one clause or sentence at the beginning of the next. This creates a seamless connection between ideas and builds momentum. Yoda's sage advice, "Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger, anger leads to hate, hate leads to suffering," is an example of anadiplosis.
The Impact of Repetition:
Emphasis: Repetition serves as a spotlight, directing the audience's attention to specific words or ideas. By repeating a key point, a speaker can emphasize its importance, making it more likely to be remembered.
Rhythm and Flow: A well-crafted repetition adds a musical quality to a speech, creating a rhythmic flow that engages the audience. This cadence can make the message more memorable and enjoyable.
Connection: Repetition helps to establish connections between different parts of a speech. It ties ideas together, creating a cohesive narrative that is easier for the audience to follow.
Persuasion: Through repetition, a speaker can subtly persuade the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or take action. The consistent reinforcement of a message can influence attitudes and beliefs.
Practical Tips for Using Repetition Effectively:
Choose Key Points: Identify the core messages you want to convey, and strategically repeat key words or phrases associated with these points.
Consider Your Audience: Tailor your repetition to resonate with your audience. Understanding their preferences, values, and expectations will help you use repetition more effectively.
Vary Your Approach: While repetition is a powerful tool, overusing it can diminish its impact. Vary your repetition techniques to keep the audience engaged and interested.
Practice Pacing: The timing and pacing of repetition are crucial. Practice delivering your speech with the right rhythm to maximize its impact.
In the world of public speaking, the Repetition class is a formidable ally. When wielded with skill and precision, repetition can transform a speech into a compelling, memorable experience for both the speaker and the audience. By understanding the various forms of repetition and practising its implementation, speakers can elevate their communication skills and leave a lasting impression on those who listen.
(ashjhfsdhgfkgjjs sorry this is so late! i will reblog it in the morning! also, i do not own the photos used for the cycles)
Homeostasis and the reflex arc
Homeostasis: maintaining/controlling your internal environment (e.g. body temperature, blood glucose levels, glucose content)
Stimulus is detected by receptor cells, information is sent as an electrical impulse, impulse travels to brain and spinal cord, brain coordinates a response, impulse goes to motor neurones, which sends information to the effector (gland or muscle)
In reflexes, the impulse bypasses the conscious part of the brain (involves chemical diffusion between the synapses of two neurones) so they are rapid and automatic
The brain
Cerebral cortex: consciousness, intelligence, memory and language
Hypothalamus: involved in controlling body temperature
Pituitary gland: produces hormones and chemicals
Medulla: concerned with unconscious activities (heartbeat, breathing etc)
Cerebellum: controls muscles activity and balance
Brain is protected by skull and encased in meninges
Can be studied by matching changes in memory/behaviour to areas of trauma, electrical stimulation, or MRI scans
The eye
Made up of cornea (lets light in), sclera (protects eye, outer layer), retina (light sensitive cells send impulses via optic nerve), suspensory ligaments/ciliary muscles (holds lens), lens (fine-tunes light), iris (controls pupil size), and pupil (changes light entry)
Dim light causes pupils to dilate – circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract
Near objects are refracted strong as the lens thickens – ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments loosen
Far objects are refracted only slightly as lens thins – ciliary muscles loosen, suspensory ligaments contract
Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers released by a gland in response to an internal change and carried in the blood
Negative feedback is doing the opposite of something to return it to normal
Example: thyroxine (thyroid gland in the throat) – uses iodine in your diet to control metabolic changes (remains stable in adulthood)
Adrenaline is not caused by negative feedback – triggers ‘fight or flight’ response (heart rate increase, glycogen converted to glucose, pupils dilate, mental awareness increase, blood diverted from digestive system to big muscles)
Insulin is released when blood glucose is high, glucose taken in by cells or converted to glycogen in the liver
Glucagon is released if too low, and glycogen is broken down into fats/amino acids, fat broken down for energy
Diabetes symptoms include thirst, glucose in urine, fatigue, weight loss, and overactive bladder
Treated by injecting insulin, pancreas/pancreatic cells implant, embryonic stem cells, diet, exercise and weight loss
Male reproductive hormone is testosterone – causes puberty (growth spurt, pubic and facial hair, larynx grows, testes grow/become active, shoulders and chest broaden)
Female puberty is caused by oestrogen (growth spurt, pubic hair, breast enlargement, external genitals grow, fat deposits on hips/buttocks/thighs, brain changes and matures, menstruation begins)
The menstrual cycle: egg matures, uterus lining thickens to prepare for pregnancy, at 14 ays a mature egg is released (ovulation), if egg is not fertilise by day 28, the uterus lining sheds along with egg
Controlled by 4 hormones – FSH (matures eggs in follicle, stimulates ovaries to create oestrogen), oestrogen (secreted with rising FSH levels, stimulates build of uterus lining, high levels inhibit FSH and stimulate LH), LH (stimulates release of egg, drops after ovulation), and progesterone (inhibits FSH and LH, secreted by empty egg follicle, maintains uterus lining/pregnancy)
Fertility
In IVF, mother is given LH and FSH to stimulate oestrogen, eggs are collected and fertilised with father’s sperm in the lab, fertilised eggs are kept in a special solution until they become embryos, and are then implanted back into the uterus
Contraception is a method of preventing the sperm cells and egg cell meeting fertilised
Includes hormonal methods (pill, implants, injections, patches), chemical methods (spermicides), barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms, IUD), and surgical methods (vasectomy, cutting oviducts)
Thermoregulation
Too cold = vasoconstriction (shunt vessel opens), blood vessels keep blood way from skin surface, less heat loss, muscles contract to raise hair to trap heat, shivering
Too hot = vasodilation (shunt vessel narrows), blood travels near surface of skin, sweat glands produce sweat, takes heat away from skin with radiation as it evaporates
A change in a few degrees can affect enzyme activity and how energy is transferred (i.e. CO2 diffusing out of cells down conc. gradient, body must maintain this steep conc. gradient)
Kidneys
Urea made when amino acids are broken down by deamination (removes amide group), makes ammonia which is converted to urea for safe excretion
Nephrons filter blood
Glucose, mineral ions, water and urea move out of blood
RBC/WBC/proteins are too large to be filtered so bypass kidneys
All glucose is reabsorbed
Water and mineral ions reabsorbed by selective reabsorption
Urine trickles to the bladder
Receptor cells in the brain detect conc. of solutes in plasma
If the blood is too concentrated, lots of ADH is produces, and a small volume of concentrated urine is produced
If blood is too dilute, less ADH is produced, and a large volume of dilute urine is produced
Doing lots of exercise/sweating/drinking little means less urine as more water/mineral ions are absorbed to make sweat
Doing little activity/drinking a lot produces lots of urine
Dialysis involves blood passing between partially permeable membrane surrounded by dialysis fluid with the same conc. of dissolved ions and glucose as a healthy person
Fluid contains urea, meaning a steep concentration gradient means only urea and excess mineral ions diffuse across
No active transport unlike in the kidneys because, contrary to what AQA believe, inanimate objects cannot respire
A transplant can be given but the risk of cell rejection means a patient must be on immune-suppressant drugs for life
Plant hormones
Roots grow down due to gravity (positive gravitropism)
Shoots grow up towards the light (phototropism)
Auxin distribute to bend due to gravity/the shaded side respectively to elongate plant cells and curve growth
Gibberellins stimulate breakdown of food stores in seeds at germination – used to speed up germination
Ethene controls cell division and ripens fruit
To make clones of the same plant (i.e. it has good properties/can be grown quickly), cuttings are taken and mixed with rooting powders
Auxin can be used as a weed killer
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction: one parent, genetically identical offspring, mitosis
Sexual reproduction: two parents, variation in offspring, gametes created by meiosis
In meiosis, genetic information is copied so there are 4 sets of each chromosome, each chromosome forms a pair of chromatids, and the cell divides twice in quick succession to form 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes (23)
Fungi are made of hyphae, in which spores reproduce asexually but undergo meiosis to make the spores
Genetics
DNA: long polymer chain of repeating units, twists and folds into a double helix structure, paired up homologous chromosomes
Genes code for specific sequence of amino acids to make specific proteins by protein synthesis (transcription – DNA unzips, mRNA complements strand, carried out by ribosomes, and translation – tRNA complements mRNA codon and brings amino acid to ribosome, mRNA is entirely decoded until a chain of amino acids forms polypeptides)
The genome is the entire genetic material of an organism
A nucleotide is the combination of a sugar, phosphate backbone, and base
Nucleotides are grouped into 3 (codons)
The complementing base pairs are adenine & thymine, and cytosine & guanine
Non-coding parts of DNA are used for switching certain genes on/off (controls gene expression)
Mutation: change in sequence of bases in DNA, forming a different protein
Mutations in non-coding DNA won’t affect the phenotype, but how certain genes are expressed
Alleles are different versions of the same gene – each code for different protein
Inheritance was first developed as an idea by Gregor Mendel
If only one gene is involved, it is monohybrid inheritance
Polydactyl – dominant, cystic fibrosis (in the paper it’s meant to be in) – recessive, sickle cell anaemia – recessive, Huntington’s disease – dominant
Genetic screening can be done by amino centesis (fluid taken from foetal fluid via needle), chorionic villus sampling (sample of tissue from placenta), or by screening embryos (DNA isolated from embryo cell and tested with fluorescent dye which binds to specific alleles)
Variation and evolution
Discontinuous variation: characteristics can only result in certain values
Continuous variation: characteristics can take any value within a certain range (shown by normal distribution curve)
Speciation is natural selection due to a change in location
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection (good mutation leads to higher survival rate and therefore is inherited more and more over time)
Lamarck said that animals change to suit their environment, but this was disproven as animals cannot change their genotype
Biotic factors – food, predators, pathogens, competition between species
Adaptations may be structural, behavioural or functional
Extremophiles live in extreme environments
Population: group of one species living in a habitat
Biodiversity: the variety of different species on earth – allows interdependence
Threats include pollution, over-exploitation, decay/burning of peat, deforestation and global warming (rising sea levels, changes migration, disrupt species distribution etc)
Solutions include breeding programs, protecting rare species, encouraging farmers to leave hedgerows (stop monoculture), reducing deforestation/CO2 emissions, fishing quotas, and adapting net sizes
Decomposition occurs by detrivores beginning the breakdown and then decomposers secreting enzymes to partially digest waste and leave small, soluble food molecules which are absorbed by soil
Producers -> primary consumers -> secondary consumers -> tertiary consumers (apex predators have no predators above them)
In a stable community, predators and prey rise/fall in cycles
Carbon cycle:
Water cycle:
Pyramids of biomass show trophic levels
Energy is lost due to faeces, excretion, urine, respiration etc so there are less organisms in higher trophic levels
Feeding animals high-protein food increases energy transfer, along with lowering temperatures and movement (although this is unethical)
Biotechnology uses Fusarium in large vats called fermenters with glucose syrup to make mycoprotein, which is then harvested and purified
Mycoprotein is low in fat, high in fibre/protein
Genetically modified crops can provide nutritional value (i.e. golden rice in Asia)
