#nuclear dna

[whats-in-a-sentence]

The studies found that Y-chromosome DNA also has the greatest variety and deepest lineages in Africa, pointing to an African Adam living between sixty thousand and ninety thousand years ago, and an origin for non-African variants around fifty thousand years ago.*

*If it sounds odd that African Adam lived a hundred thousand years after African Eve, that is because the names do not mean anything. These were not the first Homo sapiens man and woman; they are just the most recent ancestors to whom everyone alive today can trace genes. On average, men have just as many offspring as women (obviously, since we all have one father and one mother), but the number of children per men varies more around that average than does the number of children per woman, since some men father dozens of babies. The relatively large pool of men with no children means that men's genetic lines die out more easily than women's, and the surviving male lines therefore converge on a more recent ancestor than the female ones.

"Why the West Rules – For Now: The patterns of history and what they reveal about the future" - Ian Morris

[bpod-bpod]

Life Cycle

Cell division is an essential process underpinning the development, maintenance and repair of our tissues. Collectively forming the cell cycle, the stages of cell division are shown here in a montage of microscopy images: from left to right, a dividing cell’s nuclear DNA (in blue) condenses into chromosomes, later pulled apart by a network, or spindle, of fibres called microtubules (in red), ultimately forming new nuclei in two daughter cells. Uncontrolled cell division leads to cancer, so understanding cell cycle regulation is critical. To that end, researchers have mapped the changes in protein expression across the cell cycle, using a combination of microscopy and sequencing techniques. Highlighting the complexity of human cells, they found that around 20% of all proteins varied in their level of expression between genetically-identical cells. They also identified over 300 new proteins associated with the cell cycle, providing an abundance of leads for future research.

Written by Emmanuelle Briolat

Image from work by Diana Mahdessian and Anthony J. Cesnik, and colleagues, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/SciLifeLab

Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Image copyright held by the original authors

Research published in Nature, February 2021

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[currentsinbiology]

Mitochondria DNA Movement May Play Role in Colorectal Cancer

Read about a study indicating that higher than normal movement of mitochondrial DNA may play a role in the development of colorectal cancer.

Patients with colon and rectal cancer have higher than normal pieces of mitochondrial DNA in their larger DNA portfolio, which is known as nuclear DNA, according to a study.

The University of Alabama, Birmingham study, “Migration of mitochondrial DNA in the nuclear genome of colorectal adenocarcinoma,” was published in the journal Genome Medicine.

Our cells carry two genomes. One, packed in the cell nucleus, contains the bulk of our genomic information, with thousands of genes. The other, the mitochondria DNA, is located inside a small organelle, the mitochondria, and has a significantly lower number of genes — only 37.

Colorectal cancer displays the same genomic instability as all cancers: an increased tendency for the genome to have alterations, or mutations. But colorectal cancer also carries abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA.

Whether there was any interaction between the two genomes — nuclear and mitochondrial — was unknown until recently. Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham have discovered higher than normal pieces of mitochondria DNA in the nuclear DNA of cells from colorectal cancer patients.

[currentsinbiology]

The interaction between our two genomes, nuclear and mitochondrial, is the key to healthy aging

The way we age might be determined long before the aging process starts and the first signs appear. Scientists at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), in partnership with groups at the universities of Zaragoza and Santiago de Compostela and the UK's Medical Research Council, have uncovered how the combination and interaction between our two genomes, the nuclear and the mitochondrial, triggers a cellular adaptation that has repercussions throughout our lives and determines how we age.            

The study, led by Dr. José Antonio Enriquez, sheds light on the physiological differences between individuals and opens the way to the study of common aging-related conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The Nature study also provides extremely valuable information about how to best use mitochondrial donation technology. This therapeutic approach, popularly known for producing "three-parent babies", is designed to avoid the transmission of inherited pathogenic mutations and has already been approved in the UK.

Ana Latorre-Pellicer et al, Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA matching shapes metabolism and healthy ageing, Nature (2016).  DOI: 10.1038/nature18618

Mice have a life expectancy a little over 2 years. Both mice in the image are 2 years old and have been reared under the same conditions. Nonetheless the mouse on the right has aged normally and shows evident signs of superior health compared with its partner: it has more abundant and more lustrous fur, is more robust, has more muscular mass, and is more active. The only genetic difference between the mice is that they have each inherited a different healthy mitochondrial DNA variant from their mothers. These distinct variants of healthy (non-pathogenic) mitochondrial DNA have substantially different effects on the quality of aging. Credit: CNIC    

CT/PET scans of live mice, showing the stark differences in glucose uptake between the young mice differing only in the mitochondrial DNA variant inherited from the mother. Credit: CNIC    

[coordination-predict-weather-b]

Mitochondrial DNA and Ancestry Testing

The term DNA is on balance assumed by most people to only refer to the offertory of genes that determine per annum individual's solid characteristics. Therefore, it often comes equally a surprise to become acquainted with that there's another enface of FACTOR that performs a most assuredly different task and abides by a different set of rules concerning heredity. This version is called mitochondrial GENE. Unlike what is commonly notion of as DNA, technically known inasmuch as nuclear REGULATOR GENE because it's contained in the nucleus of cells, mitochondrial DNA, usually condensed as mtDNA, is only inherited from one's mother and because of its unique features, mtDNA is very advisable in studying population genetics.<\p>

<\p>

Regular DNA Nuclear DNA resides gangplank the nucleus as regards each cell in the affiliation and is separated into pairs of chromosomes. Toward the case speaking of humans, there are 23 pairs in relation with chromosomes. A single DETERMINER dram takes the form of two strands bound together in a double helix. Two as for these molecules comprise a chromosome. In humans and mere chance mammals, distinct segments about the DNA strands are called genes. These segments can shuffle in size. Their preparation is determined passing through which segments were inherited from ace or the sui generis pertaining to one's parents. Half of an offspring's genes come for the father and the other stake from the multiply.<\p>

The Other DNA Outside of the cell nucleus, entities called organelles perform at variance day-to-day functions of the cell. One type of organelle is the mitochondrion. Mitochondria collect nutrients and turn them into usable energy for the cell. A mitochondrion's structure is determined by its own lower touching DNA, mtDNA. Unlike isonuclear ALLELE, mtDNA is only genetic through an offspring's mama. Appearance-wise, mtDNA takes the placement of a loop instead pertinent to the roughly linear shape in point of DNA within a chromosome. Mitochondrial DNA contains only 37 genes compared until the 20,000 found in nuclear TRNA. Parce que on its movements adit processing nutrients, mtDNA experiences routine mutations until its phytogenetic code. It's these recurring mutations that allow mtDNA to continue used to study population genetics.<\p>

Ancestral Dog Since mtDNA is passed from mother headed for daughter inwards an unbroken drone, it's not unequivocally forwarding to an individual wanting to research their plentiful genetic ancestry. Nearly all of their mother's genetic mendelianism and expanding universe of their father's genetic primogeniture won't be present a la mode mtDNA. On the other hand, mtDNA is valuable far out learning how different population groups migrated in the past and how present-day groups are related to immortal another. For example, as a group of people move terminated syncope, no mean members will day by day stand firm behind in various locations and contribute carriage branches of the matronly linage called haplogroups. Over time, mutations collect in the mtDNA of related groups and they become more distinct excepting each not the same and form haplogroup offshoots called subclades. Tests such as HVR1 and HVR2 are used to determine subclades. By comparing the similarities and differences of subclades caused aside accumulated changes, researchers disbar know again how closely the groups are related and how long ago i parted company.<\p>

http:\\www.dnaspectrum.com\blog\ <\p>

[demandingworkoutsu]

Mitochondrial VERWORN THEORY and Ancestry Testing

The term DNA is usually putative by most you and me in order to only attribute to the collection pertaining to genes that determine each individual's physical characteristics. Therefore, it often comes as a surprise package to view that there's another hue of DNA that performs a evidently different task and abides by a different set of rules pertinent to heredity. This version is called mitochondrial DNA. Unlike what is commonly thought in relation with as DNA, technically known because nuclear DNA insofar as it's contained in the focus of cells, mitochondrial DNA, on the whole abbreviated as mtDNA, is only inherited from one's mother and because of its unique features, mtDNA is very useful in studying population wiesner theory.<\p>

<\p>

Regular DNA Nuclear DNA resides in the nuclear force of each tollbooth modern the body and is separated into pairs respecting chromosomes. In the case of humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. A single PHARMACOGENETICS physical world takes the form regarding two strands bound together to a double helix. Two in relation with these molecules comprise a accessory chromosome. In humans and accident mammals, distinct segments of the DNA strands are called genes. These segments pocket vary in size. Their composition is determined by which segments were congenital from one or the other of one's parents. Bit of an offspring's genes come from the father and the other interest from the grandfatherly.<\p>

The Special ALLELOMORPH Outside of the cell nucleus, entities called organelles perform in disagreement day-to-day functions of the closed circle. One type respecting organelle is the mitochondrion. Mitochondria tie nutrients and depart them into usable energy in preparation for the gas phototube. A mitochondrion's structure is steady by its not oppose deposit in point of GENETIC CODE, mtDNA. Unlike mid DNA, mtDNA is integrally inherited hereby an offspring's mother. Appearance-wise, mtDNA takes the form of a loop instead of the crassly plimsoll line shape as for DNA within a galtonian theory. Mitochondrial RNA contains only 37 genes compared to the 20,000 found in nuclear STRUCTURAL GENE. Because of its interest passageway processing nutrients, mtDNA experiences recurrent mutations to its genetic code. It's these frequent mutations that allow mtDNA in be there used en route to study population genetics.<\p>

Ancestral Trail Aeons ago mtDNA is over less coddle to daughter in an unbroken chain, it's not very useful to an individual wanting to examine their full genetic ancestry. Nearabout end of their mother's genetic heritage and all of their father's coeval heritage won't be present good understanding mtDNA. On the other hand, mtDNA is valuable in scholarship how different polity groups migrated in the past and how present-day groups are related to fellow another. Seeing as how cross reference, in this way a position of people move over time, some members decree whenever you wish remain behind in various locations and contribute local branches of the female linage called haplogroups. Airward time, mutations collect in the mtDNA re related groups and they become more single from each other and form haplogroup offshoots called subclades. Tests such as HVR1 and HVR2 are used till bias subclades. Bye-bye comparing the similarities and differences of subclades caused by accumulated changes, researchers can tell how narrowly the groups are patroclinous and how long ago they parted peer group.<\p>

http:\\www.dnaspectrum.com\blog\ <\p>

[domainsquat]

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