"Many tribal cultures from Tasmania to North America, from Malaysia to Africa, use the word “shadow”—or a word like it, such as reflection, image, echo, double, dream-body—to signify that part of a human that can detach itself from the body, notably at death. As well as surviving bodily death, the shadow was believed to appear to others separately from its body. It could be placed elsewhere, hidden in a secret place; for it is vulnerable to attack and can even be eaten.
It is almost universally agreed, then, that the soul can detach itself from the body. It can wander off on its own—during sleep, for example. Sometimes it becomes lost, cannot find its way back to its owner, and has to be retrieved by a shaman, who flies into the Otherworld of dreams to bring it back. Sometimes the soul is held in the Otherworld by spirits of disease whom the shaman has to persuade or overcome in order to release the soul. Sometimes it is not so much lost as stolen—by witches, supernatural animals, or the dead. In such cases the body that is left behind is but a husk that wastes away and, sometimes, dies if its soul is not returned to it.
In Irish folklore, for instance, it is said that when a young man or woman is taken by the fairies they leave behind a “log” or “the likeness of their body or a body in their likeness.” What remains, in other words, is not human but a kind of “living dead” like the Haitians whose souls, they say, can be locked up in jars by sorcerers while their bodily remains are abducted—as zombies—to work as slaves.
Even in death, when the soul might be thought to have finally separated from its body, they remain close. As many Africans say: “The dead are still living.” Thus, if you want to strike out at a dead man whose “shadow” is remote and invisible, you have only to act on his bodily remains. The Aboriginals of the Brisbane district were known to have mutilated a dead man’s genitals to prevent his having sex with the living, whereas those of the district of Victoria might tie his toes together to stop him “walking.” In West Africa the Ogowe for the same reason would break all the bones in a corpse and hang it in a bag from a tree.
Often, if misfortunes do occur after a death, the body of the dead person will be exhumed. Sometimes it is found to be intact, with a blush still in its cheeks, and an appearance more of being asleep than dead—a clear sign that the dead person was during life a witch or sorcerer who had gone undetected. Such a belief is not only found in places as far apart as Nigeria and Burma; it is also found in Europe. There, however, it is usually reversed: the intact corpse is held to be that of a saint rather than a sorcerer. When the coffin of St. Cuthbert, for instance, was opened some four hundred years after his death in 687, his body was found to be unchanged and undecayed. These signs of sanctity can be read in an opposite way, however: unnaturally healthy-looking corpses in eastern Europe used to be reburied with a precautionary stake through the heart.
We have tended to polarize body and soul to such an extent that, as a tribesperson might say, we have allowed our souls to stray so far from our bodies that we are in danger of losing our souls altogether. Our bodies are therefore left to wander the Earth like zombies who tell themselves that there never was such a thing as a soul: that we must simply face up to our inanimate condition, and grin and bear it."