"We have a tendency to think of just war as the normal case, and war crimes as a bizarre aberration done by monsters. In reality, the natural state of any army is to commit war crimes. Until the formation of the modern laws of war in the late nineteenth century, every army on every side of every war committed what we would think of as war crimes. As merely one example, in Europe up until the Napoleonic Wars, the socially accepted reward for taking a city was being able to steal whatever and rape and murder whoever you wanted. Today, after a great deal of moral progress and expansion of state capacity, we can produce armies that occasionally don’t commit war crimes. This is a fragile state, the product of a lot of good people doing an unimaginable amount of good work, and we should be grateful for it."