#prevalence

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Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Typhoid Fever in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Typhoid fever, caused due to Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), is considered as one of the deadliest diseases, and a serious public health problem around the world. The prevalence of typhoid fever in city of Saidu Sharif Sawat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan was investigated in this study from October 26, 2017 to February 25, 2018. The blood samples of 400 patients of age group 1- 50 years old were used for clinical diagnosis applying widal test and their results were compared for analysis. A total of 76 patients were found positive of S. Typhi. The ratio of typhoid occurrence in males (66%) was found higher as compared to typhoid positive cases of females (34%). The ratio of typhoid patients was greater in young people having ages between 11-30 years. This study provides significant statistics regarding net incidence of typhoid in the city of Saidu Sharif Sawat that would help in proposed future health policies. Preventive strategies such as immunization programs, improved sanitary standards, clean water supply and proper sewerage system should be the focus of typhoid control in cities like Saidu Sharif Sawat.

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Farmers’ Knowledge and Management of Common Bean Anthracnose in Tanzania

Effective disease management requires farmers’ awareness of its cause, transmission mechanisms, and appropriate management methods. This study assessed the current status, farmers’ management knowledge, practices, and perceptions of common bean anthracnose in Tanzania. Field surveys were conducted during the February-June 2020 growing season in ten Districts, namely Misenye, Karagwe, Hanang, Mbulu, Hai, Kilindi, Arusha DC, Mbozi, Njombe, Mufindi, and Mukalama. Ten farms from each District were surveyed for the disease prevalence and incidences using a Z-survey technique. Structured questionnaires were also administered to 280 farmers to elicit their knowledge, management practices, and perceptions of bean anthracnose. The results indicate that the disease is prevalent in all the surveyed Districts and disease incidence varied significantly across districts (p

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This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school going children across District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 222 stool specimens (156 from boys and 66 from girls) were taken from participants of age 4-15 years. Among 222 inhabitants 81 were included from urban and 141 from rural areas. Overall prevalence of parasitic infection was found to be (73.87%). A total of 10 different species (7 helminthes and 3 protozoans) were detected. The parasites encountered were Ascaris lumbricoides (54.50%), Taenia saginata (16.22%), Hymenolepis nana (10.81%) and Taxocara species (10.36%), Trichuris trichiura (6.76%), Entamoeba coli (5.41%), Giardia lamblia (2.25%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.3%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.3%) and hookworms (0.45%). Ascaris was more frequent (75.18%) in rural community, while Taenia saginata (35.80%), Hymenolepis nana (25.93%) and Taxocara species (28.40%) were more prevalent among urban population.

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Ticks are second to mosquitoes as vectors of a number of human pathogens and cattle globally affected like viruses, spirochetes, bacteria, rickettsia, protozoa and filarial nematodes etc. So, this study was carried out to check the prevalence of ticks from buffaloes in different agro ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan. The collection of ticks was conducted in morning and evening during four seasons of the year 2016 to 2017. Ticks were collected systemically with the help of small forceps. In the laboratory, the process of preservation was carried out by keeping ticks into 50% alcohol. On the basis of morphology the collected ticks were identified microscopically with the help of dichotomous key. The prevalence of ticks was determined by using multiple logistic regressions and odd’s ratio (OR) at 95% confidence level in different zones of Punjab. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of ticks in buffaloes was 37.52% (1201/3200) from Punjab while the highest tick population was recorded from central zone of Punjab, Pakistan. The total nine tick species were identified but Hy. anatolicum and Hy. marginatum were the most abundant ticks species. The highest tick infestation was recorded during summer season and least during winter.

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Prevalence

At this time there has been no large scale studies on gender dysphoria, with most data on prevalence coming from the number of people who seek treatment at specialty clinics. Many people with gender dysphoria often do not seek these clinics due to barriers like financial concerns, fearing increases in the amount of transphobia if they were to go through with medical transition, and a combination of little to no clinics like these existing in their country. It should be assumed the numbers we do get are an underestimate of the true number of people with gender dysphoria that exists in the populace. (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

The prevalence for people assigned male and those assigned female at birth experiencing gender dysphoria, per the DSM 5, is at about 0.1%, but this is data taken solely from specialty clinics. When self-reporting surveys were done in the United States and Europe, those who identify as transgender ranged from 0.6 to 1.1%, those who feel they are a different sex ranged from 2.1 to 2.6%, and those who desire to undergo medical treatment such HRT or gender reassignment surgery ranged from 0.2 to 0.6%. *American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

When it comes to race, I was able to find that of the transgender individuals surveyed in "The National Transgender Discrimination Survey, which says that about 0.6% of the adult population in the United States Identifies as transgender, 55% identified as white (non-hispanic), 21% hispanic or latino, 16% black (non-hispanic), and 8% other race/ethnicity (non-hispanic). (Flores et al., 2016) From a different article I was able to find that when it comes to receiving a diagnose of gender dysphoria and receiving gender affirming care, black American youth were the least likely to receive a gender dysphoria diagnosis, and those who were on Medicaid or another type of government insurance were less likely to receive gender affirming care than their peers who were on private insurances. (Kahn et al., 2024)

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