#quantum electrodynamics

[stem-imposter]

Quantum electrodynamics

Lecture 6

The prediction of antiparticles; Dirac (fermionic) field; introductory notes on Beta decay

[wayti-blog]

Listening to electrons 'talk': Lithium-like tin's g-factor measured with 0.5 parts per billion experimental accuracy

Researchers from the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik present new experimental and theoretical results for the bound electron g-factor in

"Researchers from the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik present new experimental and theoretical results for the bound electron g-factor in lithium-like tin, which has a much higher nuclear charge than any previous measurement. The paper is published in the journal Science."

"Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the fundamental theory describing all electromagnetic phenomena including light (photons). At the same time, it is the most precisely tested theory in physics at all."

"QED understands the electromagnetic interaction among charged particles as the exchange of "virtual" photons—the way electrons in an atom "talk" to each other and to the nucleus—and with themselves via emission and reabsorption of a photon, a QED effect called "self energy."

Furthermore, it turned out that the physical vacuum is not empty but filled with virtual particles such as electron-positron pairs, which appear all the time "out of nothing" but have to disappear within the limits set by the uncertainty principle of quantum physics.

Though this might sound spooky, it is just the way to explain the underlying physics of experiments performed in atomic physics already in the 1940s.

A state-of-the-art access to QED phenomena is the so-called g-factor of the electron, which describes the relation of its mechanic (intrinsic angular momentum: spin) and magnetic properties."

continue reading article

[mudwerks]

(via Wittgenstein, Feynman, and the Limits of Intuition and Objectivity in Quantum Theory | Blog of the APA)

Richard Feynman, over the course of his long career, wanted to convince students and even the public that quantum theory does not make sense. In his 1965 textbook on Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), the theory for which he won the Nobel Prize, he wrote:

The theory of quantum electrodynamics describes Nature as absurd from the point of view of common sense. And it agrees fully with experiment. So I hope you accept Nature as She is—absurd.

[itsgerges]

Best Greetings

Why Does Mercury Day Period Equal =176 Solar Days?

The answer is summarized in three point

1-Preface

2-The Rate Of Time Definition

3-The Rate Of Time Using

 1-Preface

The rate of time shows 2 major problems in the physics book

 First problem

The rate of time can't be discovered by the planets motions observation- because- while we observe the planets motions we can't conclude that each planet has its own clock and by that the motions be done based on some system we know nothing about

One method only by which the rate of time can be discovered which is the planets data analysis because we can discover each planets uses its own clock by comparison the planets data one another.

Shortly - The planets data analysis neglect causes to hide the most important part of the solar system motion-

 Second problem

The sun rays is created by the planets motions energies- means -  the sun is not doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays- instead- the planets motions energies total be used as the source of energy to produce the sun rays  

Understandable the planet motion energy is so small and isn't sufficient to produce the light beam – for that reason – the rate of time is used to accumulate the motion energy

Means

The planet motion energy is accumulated day after day during a period of time and when this energy is enough to produce the light beam the energy be used  

Shortly

The rate of time is the method by which the planets motions energies be accumulated, that explains the major effect of the rate of time using- it accumulates the energy –

I want to say

The rate of time is the treasure in which the solar system puts its energy -  and by that- all basic actions in the solar system is done to enable the using of the rate of time or to use the energy be stored by the rate of time –  

I explain (why it's so pity) the science didn't use the planets data analysis– because- the rate of  time is solar system backbone – it's the main motor behind the machine and no clear understanding for the solar system motion can be caught without the rate of time understanding.

Briefly

The real machine is so different from that one be explained currently -  the gap is created by the neglect for the planets data analysis.

2-The Rate Of Time Definition

 (1) (The Rate Of Time Meaning)

The rate of time  means – each planet has its own clock –

 The rate of time is defined by the velocities rate –

For  example – Earth velocity (29.8 km/s) = Pluto velocity (4.7 km/s) x 6.3

Based on that – one hour of Earth clock = 6.3 hours of Pluto clock

This is the method by which the rate of time be created

 (2) (The Rate Of Time Reason)

The solar system is created out of  one light beam energy- means- the planets matters and their distances are created from one energy and this one energy is one light beam energy –

Shortly – the planets are geometrical points found on one light beam – and the planets move with this light beam motion.

By that –

The planets be similar to carriages in one train and the light beam is this train engine – this idea explains perfectly the real motion of the solar planets

Now –

The light moves (one motion) and passes (one distance) in (one period of time)

And

Because the light moves with all planets – for that –

The planets have to move (this same motion) and pass (this same distance) in (this same period of time)

Shortly- the planets move (equal distances) in (equal periods of time)

And – because the planets velocities are different that necessitates to use rates of time for the planets motions –

 (3) (The Rate Of Time Geometrical Effect)

Let's consider a river of water

The engineer creates some tool to control the passed amount of water from a point to another – they control the rate of passing water by this tool

Similar to that –

The solar system is a continuum of energy– means -  the planets matters and distances are created from the same one energy (light beam energy) and this one energy is in motion – the rate of time defines the amount and direction of the passed energy from a point to another –

(4) (The Useful Result Of The Rate Of Time Using)

The rate of time helps to accumulate the motion energy

The planet moves and produces motion energy daily, the rate of time causes to store this motion energy daily – by that the energy can be accumulated day after day

(5) (The Rate Of Time Real Effect)

Let's summarize this effect in following

(a)

The space has mechanical features

In details - The space is similar to the sea of water and the planet motion energy creates a wave in the space, this wave is similar to the water wave and it moves far from  its source and can be reflected typically as the water wave –

(b)

Because the planets revolve around the sun in the same one direction the motion energies create waves  move in the same direction (toward Pluto) perpendicular  on the revolution direction-    

In Pluto orbit the energies be unified together into one unified energy  

And

(c)

The unified energy wave is reflected from Pluto toward Venus -  means-  the wave is reflected from Pluto to Neptune then to  Uranus and reach to Saturn (but) – in  Saturn the wave is reflected one more time inside the planet body (as if the planet body be similar to two mirrors and the energy is reflected between them) – then the wave  left Saturn moves in the same original direction toward Venus – and the wave reach Venus – then – Venus reflected the wave to Mars and the wave energy is stored in the Earth moon orbit between Venus and Mars    

(d)

Shortly

The planets motions energies total is stored in the moon orbit in (moving wave form)

Means

There's one wave moves around the sun and this wave moves through the Earth moon orbit – and – this wave velocity = The Planets Velocities Total  

This is the wave in which the energy will be stored and the rate  of time will have effect on this wave to cause to accumulate the energy

Let's see how that can be done

(e)

The energy is stored in (a moving wave form) and this wave revolves around the sun moves by velocity (= the planets velocities total)

Then – let's ask (How Can We Increase The Energy Of This Wave?)

By increasing its relative motion velocity- what does that mean??

 The wave revolves around the sun point- The revolution motion causes to create 2 velocities on the 2 sides of the sun point – these 2 velocities are equal in value and opposite in direction –then the total is Zero – means- the revolution motion creates a stationary point in the center –

Based on that - We have a relative motion between 2 points

The unified wave motion moves by the planets velocities total and the sun point of space its velocity is (Zero) relative to this wave motion      

Shortly

The wave moves by velocity 176 km/s (The 9 Planets Velocities Total)

The sun point of space velocity (Zero)

This is the relative motion

How can we increase the energy of this relative motion?

If we can increase the different velocity between the two points– as much the different velocity be increased much energy be added

 The rate of time does a great effect because it uses this wave its velocity 176 km/s and causes to increase its velocity to be (300000 km/s)

We should discuss that in the next point

 Now we understand how the rate of time works and what's its effect on the solar system motion.

 Notice

The creation of the moving wave around the sun – this idea I have proved and discussed in details in my previous paper- please review it for all details because here I can't analyze the planet motion energy because I try to explain in details how the rate of time works in the solar system

My previous paper

The Mass Gravity Force Can't Cause Any Motion (Newton Definition Is Wrong)

 In following I explain how the rate of time works – and – I use this energy wave which revolves around the sun – this wave its velocity 176 km/s and the sun point velocity Zero

This is the basic tool  to explain how the rate of time works and be used

Let's do that in the next point

 3- The Rate Of Time Using

(i)

Let's refer to the basic rates of time in the solar  system before to discuss how the rate of time works

There are 3 basic rates of time we should know

 First rate is (One Second Of Light Clock = One Solar Day Of A Planet Clock)

This rate is produced by the planet creation from the light beam energy

 Second rate is (One Second Of Mercury Clock = 24 Seconds Of Any Planet Clock)

This is the solar system general rate

 Third rate is (One Second Of Any Planet Clock = 24 Seconds Of Saturn Clock) and by that (One Second Of Mercury Clock = 576 Seconds Of Saturn Clock)

Later I should explain and prove how these rates are created.

Now let's see how the rate of time works in following

(ii)

We know – the planets motions energies are unified together into one wave revolving around the sun- this wave motion creates a relative motion with the sun point of space  Means- we have a relative motion between the wave motion (its velocity =176  km/s) and the sun point of space (its velocity Zero) and by that the different velocity is 176 km/s.

Where (V1)= 176 km/s = The 9 Planets Velocities Total   and

(V2) = Zero = The Sun Point Of Space Velocity

 (iii)

We know the rate of velocities creates the rate of time – and we have 2 velocities

V1= 176 km/s and V2= Zero

Based on that – a rate of time will be created – which is (1 second = 176 seconds)

Means

One Second Of The Wave Clock = 176 Seconds Of The Sun Clock

But

The wave is reflected as I have explained and proved before

The reflection of energy causes to reflect the players and as a result  

One Second Of The Sun Clock = 176 Seconds Of The Wave Clock

And

One Solar Day Of The Sun Clock = 176 Solar Days Of The Wave Clock

 This rate is very effective in our discussion for two reasons -  

First reason because– the sun obliquity is 7.25 degrees where the inclination and obliquity is considered as a rate of  time means this value (7.25) causes a rate of time between the sun and Mercury

Shortly

One second of the sun clock = 7.25 seconds of Mercury clock

And

One second of Mercury clock = 24 seconds of any planet clock

By that

One second of the sun clock = 176 seconds of any planet clock – that causes

One second of the sun clock = 176 seconds of the wave clock

 (iii)

Second reason

(One Solar Day Of The Sun Clock = 176 Solar Days Of The Wave Clock)

We know that – 176 solar days = Mercury Day Period

Also – the sun has no a day by definition

Because – the planet days is created by its rotation around its axis in front of the sun- the sun itself has no day period

For that -  the sun uses Mercury day period in place of its own day because Mercury is the most near planet to the sun

 That means- Mercury day period =176 solar days because the 9 planets velocities total =176 km/s

Here we have no any confusion with Mercury rate of time (1=24) -  Mercury day (176 days) is defined for the sun rate and not for Mercury rate.

 (iv)

As we know the rate of time is created by the velocities rates-  for that we have to ask – how can Mercury have one rate of time with all planets?

The answer is understandable by the data -  because the rate depends on the velocity 176 km/s which is the 9 planets velocities total – means – mercury depends on the velocities total to create one rate of time with all planets –as we have seen

The rate is (1 =176) and the sun obliquity (7.25 deg) causes (176 =24 x 7.25)  and by that Mercury rate of time be (one second on Mercury clock = 24 seconds of and planet clock)

That tells (because of the interaction between the sun and Mercury) – Mercury has this chance to have one rate of time with all planets

Notice

The reflection of energy (inside Saturn) caused to double its rate and by that the rate (1=24) is doubled to be (1=576)

This relationship is done between Saturn and Mercury and by that Saturn depends on Mercury to create one rate of time for  himself with all planets which is

(one second of any planet clock = 24 seconds of Saturn clock)    

 (v)

Why does Mercury move in its day  period (176 solar days)  a distance =720 million km = Mercury Jupiter distance?

This behavior is similar to Venus and earth behaviors- because –

Venus Jupiter distance= 671 mkm and Venus orbital circumference =680 mkm (1.2%)  

And

Earth Jupiter distance= 929 mkm and Earth orbital circumference =940 mkm (1.2%)  

We have to discuss this data later with other questions as

Why does Mercury day period = 2 its orbital period =3 its rotation period?

Where

Mercury moves in its rotation period a distance 240 million km  

Mercury moves in its orbital period a distance 360 million km  

More data

(1.6)^3 x 2 x 176 days = 1461 days

176= 24 x 7.25 = 7 x 25.2  

But (58.66/88) = cos (41.8)

Notice

We understand that Mercury day period causes Mercury to rotate around its axis through the same ancient point – means -  Mercury doesn't change its starting point of rotation in each day period – means – Mercury depends on the ancient design of the solar system.

Thanks a lot - Kind regards

Speed Of Light Has An Effect On Matter Creation Process

https://www.academia.edu/s/053a0a794e

or

https://www.academia.edu/98508585/Speed_Of_Light_Has_An_Effect_On_Matter_Creation_Process

or

https://app.box.com/s/tpl1shsi2m28dqo6rq6x6j7ncid0zl4g

or

https://app.box.com/s/x52am353v74fwieeodg4a73yv9c31l2r

Gerges Francis Tawdrous [phone]

Physics Department- Physics & Mathematics Faculty  

Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow   (2010-2013)

Curriculum Vitae            https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c

E-mail                           [email protected], [email protected]

                                     [email protected]                    

ORCID                          https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147

Facebook                       https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous

VK                                 https://vk.com/id696655587

Tumblr                           https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges  

Researcherid                   https://publons.com/researcher/3510834/gerges-tawadrous/

Google                                https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2Y4ZdTUAAAAJ&hl=en

Livejournal                     https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile

Pocket                                                                     https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar

PUBLICATIONS

box                                https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv

Academia                       https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous

List of publications         http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous

Slideshare                             https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis

[reginaldhubbub-deactivated]

Björk calculates the electron’s anomalous magnetic moment (g-2)/2 to 10th order in quantum electrodynamics by representing typical self-energy diagrams in terms of 32 gauge invariant subsets (mid 1990′s).

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Physicists have developed the most sensitive method ever for measuring the potential energy of an atom (within a hundredth of a decillionth of a joule -- or 10-35 joule), and used it to validate one of the most tested theories in physics -- quantum electrodynamics (QED).

Physicists at the Australian National University have developed the most sensitive method ever for measuring the potential energy of an atom (within a hundredth of a decillionth of a joule -- or 10-35 joule), and used it to validate one of the most tested theories in physics -- quantum electrodynamics (QED).

The research, published this week in Science relies on finding the colour of laser light where a helium atom is invisible, and is an independent corroboration of previous methods used to test QED, which have involved measuring transitions from one atomic energy state to another.

"This invisibility is only for a specific atom and a specific colour of light -- so it couldn't be used to make an invisibility cloak that Harry Potter would use to investigate dark corners at Hogwarts," said lead author, Bryce Henson, a PhD student at ANU Research School of Physics.

"But we were able to use to investigate some dark corners of QED theory."

"We were hoping to catch QED out, because there have been some previous discrepancies between theory and experiments, but it passed with a pretty good mark."

Read more.

[a-typical]

 The real progress in the postwar era was made in developing a complete quantum theory of light and electrons, called quantum electrodynamics, or QED. The goal was to combine Dirac’s theory of the electron with Maxwell’s theory of light, thereby creating a theory of light and electrons that obeyed quantum mechanics and special relativity.

 Back in 1930, Robert Oppenheimer (who would later lead the project to build the atomic bomb) realized something profoundly disturbing. When one tried to describe the quantum theory of an electron interacting with a photon, one found that the quantum corrections actually diverged, yielding useless, infinite results. Quantum corrections were supposed to be small—that had been the guiding principle for decades. So there was an essential flaw in simply combining the Dirac equation of electrons and Maxwell’s theory of photons. This haunted physicists for nearly two decades. Many physicists worked on this problem, but little progress was made.  Finally, in 1949, three young physicists working independently, Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger in the United States, and Shin’Ichiro Tomonaga in Japan, cracked this long-standing problem.  They were spectacularly successful, able to compute things like the magnetic property of the electron with enormous accuracy. But the way they did it was controversial and still causes physicists some unease and consternation even today.  They started with the Dirac equation and Maxwell’s equation, where the mass and charge of the electron are given certain initial values (called the “bare mass and bare charge”). Then they calculated the quantum corrections to the bare mass and charge. These quantum corrections were infinite. This was the problem found earlier by Oppenheimer.  But the magic occurs here. If we assume that the original bare mass and charge were actually infinite to start with, and then calculate the infinite quantum corrections, we find that these two infinite numbers can cancel each other out, leaving a finite result! In other words, infinity minus infinity equals zero!  This was a crazy idea, but it worked. The strength of the magnetic field of the electron could be calculated using QED to an astonishing accuracy—that is, one part in one hundred billion.  “The numerical agreement between theory and experiment here is perhaps the most impressive in all science,” Steven Weinberg noted. It is like calculating the distance from Los Angeles to New York to within the diameter of a hair. Schwinger was so proud of this that he had the symbol for this result carved on his gravestone.  This method is called renormalization theory. The procedure, however, is arduous, complex, and mind-numbing. Literally thousands of terms have to be computed exactly, and they all have to cancel precisely. The tiniest error in this thick book of equations can throw off the entire calculation. (It is no exaggeration to say that some physicists spend their entire lives calculating quantum corrections to the next decimal place using renormalization theory.)  Because the process of renormalization is so difficult, even Dirac, who helped to create QED in the first place, did not like it. Dirac felt that it seemed totally artificial, like brushing things under the rug. He once said, “This is just not sensible mathematics. Sensible mathematics involves neglecting a quantity when it turns out to be small—not neglecting it just because it is infinitely great and you do not want it!”  Renormalization theory, which could combine Einstein’s special relativity with Maxwell’s electromagnetism, is indeed supremely ugly. One has to master an encyclopedia of mathematical tricks in order to cancel thousands of terms. But you cannot argue with results.

The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything by Michio Kaku

[gregorygalloway]

Julian Schwinger (12 February 1918 – 16 July 1994)